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preface
In the Sui Dynasty, there were two imperial history platforms, namely the Kaihuang Imperial History Platform and the Daye Imperial History Platform, which were two inconsistent institutions. The first was created by Emperor Wen, which was the guard institution of the Yulin Army. The Yulin Army was established during the reign of Emperor Zhao and was the base camp of the Emperor's Guards. This army was originally an army specially formed by the emperor of the Sui Dynasty, and was later incorporated into the Great Cause Command, and after the Jiangdu rebellion, it either died in battle or surrendered, and has since disappeared.
This thesis chose him on this issue because his rebellion was of great significance to the demise of the Sui Dynasty and the rise of the Janissaries at the northern gate of the Great Tang Dynasty. Occasionally, there are some arguments, but they all discuss history in terms of historical sources, not in the military method, so everyone's views are different, and it is difficult to judge who is right and who is wrong. It is to study his behavior, restore the reality of the relationship between the fruitful system and the preparation of the body, and explain the reason for its change due to circumstances in order to make up for the difference.
On the origin of Xiaoguo's establishment and the essence of the troops
"Xiaoguo" was established in the second year after Emperor Zhong's defeat in Goryeo, and the purpose of their conscription was to fight, so the way of service was different from that of ordinary officials and soldiers. The government soldiers were formed according to the military service system, subordinate to sixteen states, called "guards", which was a regular army. Compared with "guards", "Xiaoguo" is more like an obligation to recruit soldiers. They were called up to their respective gathering places, reorganized, and then fought in battle.
Xiaoguo was led by a general named "Zhenchong", not an ordinary official army, nor a royal army, and at the beginning of its formation, it could not be confused with the local army. Therefore, Xiaoguo's army system, under the army system of Daye, is a special war system, and at first it was not intended to be classified into the armies of the sixteen states and major forces.
According to the military system, the six generals of the four ranks, respectively, are the four commanders, and their status is equal to that of the commanders of the left and right commanders, since they do not belong to any of the sixteen provinces, nor do they belong to any army that conquered Liao, then according to the military system, it is an independent legion.
When Emperor Wudi of Zhou led an army of 200,000 to attack Northern Qi, there were six legions under his command, a total of 600,000 people, and when the emperor of the Sui Dynasty attacked Goryeo, he also had six legions. Therefore, in this expedition, the six newly formed generals should be the commanders of the six directly subordinate armies of the Sui Dynasty, unlike other armies, because they participated in the battle on the orders of the emperor, so they did not have their own army.
Whether these six brigades have replaced the previous six brigades is unknown to me, but because they are all temporarily formed, they are different from the royal guards, because the essence of the royal guards is the protection of the emperor and ministers, which are all composed of regular troops.
It can be said that the reason why the Self-Defense Forces are called "resolute" is because they are brave and good on the battlefield and dare to go to the soup, which is also in line with a saying in the Northern Qi army: "Even if they are killed on the battlefield, we must keep them behind, so as to ensure that their blood is not lost." ”
Therefore, he recruited soldiers throughout the country, and after arriving at the assembly point, he integrated in the three larger regions of Guanzhong, Jiangdong and Lingnan according to the new system, and then the soldiers recruited from various townships and towns formed a small local army when they arrived in a specific prefecture, and then integrated according to the original system, naming his army a certain place in a certain state, which has little to do with the "township soldier group" mentioned by Kigaze.
Although the Gaisy Wei township soldiers were also born from their neighbors, most of them were mainly to protect their families and townships, not conscripted into the army, but born of local prestige, generally called commanders, and there was a great personal dependence between commanders and commanders, just like in the original army system, soldiers followed the commander, which is very different from the new army system of leadership.
Emperor Wu of Zhou had led an army of 200,000 against the state of Qi, and twelve years later Emperor Wen of Sui had led an army of 500,000 to Ping Chen, but this time, he was still in the vanguard, and it was not until three years ago that he led this army and defeated Tuyuhun.
According to the theory of the art of war, the victory of a battle mainly depends on the comprehensive strength of a country, in addition to natural conditions such as weather and disease, the most important thing is battlefield strategy, the command of the commander, the discipline of the army, morale, training effectiveness, logistics equipment and so on.
After the "opening of the imperial dynasty", the Sui Dynasty's strength should be much stronger than that of Goryeo, so when the Sui Dynasty's army personally went to war, its strength would decline significantly, largely because he personally went to war. It was often a big mistake for the emperor to go out in person, and in order to ensure the safety of the emperor, the generals would not rashly start a war with the emperor, thus losing the freedom to march.
It is a pity that Emperor Wen of Sui did just that, not only did he not reflect on his mistakes, but he also accused the generals of being timid and fearful, and threatened to use military law to deal with them, from this point of view, this defeat was not only inevitable, but even if he personally went out, it did not play much role, because his habits did not change.
Surprisingly, he lost at the hands of a powerful country, which has little to do with the decline in the strength of his army, if his bravery and fearlessness, then the decline in the strength of his army, it is just an empty phrase.
The military strength and military power of the Xiao State belonged
According to the "Shen Guang Biography", there were "tens of thousands of people, all from below". He was talking about the elites in the "world" and "more than 10,000 people", that is, the elites collected from the whole country this time, not just the elites in Guanzhong alone.
This time, the "recruitment of troops to buy horses and horses" did not directly say that it was the "Xiaoguo Army", but the deserters along the way, that is, the word "recruitment" should be forcibly recruited by them for their third expedition, and must not be misunderstood as the "Xiaoguo Army". Until the town of Yanmen was broken and after returning to the capital, "recruit braves and fill the army", this was their second conscription of braves, and it was also their third conscription of braves.
The first thing to say is that this rebellion and Yuwen Shu's second son, that is, Yuwen Zhihe, are inextricably linked, but the rank of the second son is not Xiaoguo's person, so they do not know that they are the main figures of this rebellion.
Sima Dejun, the "general leader Xiaoguo" of that year, was subordinate to He Wei and his name is unknown, and the relevant officials are the imperial shangshu of Menxia Province, the imperial shangshu of Neishi Province, the royal shangshu of the Inner History Province, the royal shangshu of the palace inner province, the royal shangshu, and the royal doctor.
As for the martial generals, there are general Wu Bianlang, Ying Yanglang general, subordinate to He Wei, but his identity is unknown, there are honorary attendants, and there is another who is the chief manager. Obviously, this was a joint rebellion of the imperial court and the army, so what Jihito said about "thousands of rebels" is not entirely true.
From this point of view, the riot began when Emperor Zhao was trapped in Huaizuo, and then there was a rebellion in the borderlands, and Sima Dejun took this opportunity to launch a rebellion, not meaning to rebel, but fled west with his subordinates. Due to Yuwen Tomokazu's proposal, it became a rebellion, and Yuwen Kazu, who did not know the truth, was taken as the main figure.
The "Records of History" continues the role of the King of Qi in it, saying that Deji said: "If you want to threaten the King of Qi with trickery, you say to Xu Hongren and Zhang Kai: ... You can go to the spare tire and tell those who know him that the emperor heard that the king of Qi was going to rebel and prepared a lot of wine, so he killed him and his subordinates. Thus, there was the teaching of "virtue", which was exchanged for the guards of the city gates. Qiantong opened the city gates, took hundreds of people, went to meet the emperor, and then killed the emperor in the palace."
Although the number of rebels is large, most of them are Guanzhong people, and according to the "Legend of Sima Dejun", the "general leader Xiaoguo" is only "commanding the left and right cavalry, commanding 10,000 Xiaoguo cavalry". If these tens of thousands of people are all fierce fruit troops in Guanzhong, it is somewhat overestimated.
In fact, even if it is a Guanzhong person, even a prepared private army, there are people who are unwilling to join, such as Zhao Cai, Qianniu Beipai, and Dugu Kaiyuan. Those who did not join, or those who did not want to join, would inevitably gradually be divided into two factions, one was the rebels and the other was the people loyal to Li Mi, so the people of these two factions must be studied.
Mai Meng is the son of Mai Tiejie, who died in Liaodong, I don't know if he has General Wei Wu Lang, there are thousands of Jianghuai soldiers under his command, and I don't know if he is a fierce general of Jiangdong, but he must contact Shen Guang's cronies in the palace to make meritorious contributions. As for Shen Guang, he had already been transferred to the original army, so although his sergeants were all in the army, they were only the personal guards of the emperor and empress. It can be seen that Shen Guang and Meng Cai's centaurs are not good things.
Organization and command of the reserve battalion and the Xiaoguo battalion
In the "Sui Hundred Officials", it is said: "The two mansions on the left and right, the commander of the thousand oxen sixteen people, the sixteen divisions, and the four rank of the three generals, hold the military power." "Its majesty, set up the commander of Wufu Xiongwulang, and Wuyonglang as the deputy commander, with Ying Yang and Ying Strike."
The horn of the "Xiaoguo Army" is specially prepared for soldiers, who have a special identity and their names on their graves. In this tomb, in addition to Liu Shigong, there is also a military general who served in the Sui Dynasty, Mao Sheng, who served as the captain of the flying cavalry team in the Great Tang Dynasty, Wang Xiaoyu, who served as a military general among the military generals, and a military general named An Bao.
Although the commander of the Xiaoguo Battalion and the captain of the Xiaoguo Battalion were not seen, Mao Sheng and others could also be seen as the commander and captain of the Xiaoguo Battalion. The officials of the Bi Shen Mansion are all royal families and dignitaries, and their names have the word "Bei Sheng" to indicate the special status of their status, and Xiao Guo is also the same, indicating the difference between himself and the twelve guards.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the military system of the Northern Zhou was followed, and the army was divided into two sequences, left and right, so the army commanded by twelve guards, each sequence had a number, such as Lü Wu, that is, in the fourth year of the emperor's reign, he was appointed as a general of the horse riding and commanded the right guards for ten years, no matter how high their military rank and how much military strength they commanded, they must be estimated according to their military strength.
I estimated that this elite force was about 60,000 people, and if they were to be incorporated into six commanders, then each commander would have 10,000 people, each subordinate to his own Xiongwu Province. This also explains why Sima Dejun, the commander of Wu Yuanlang, is on an equal footing, but he can get 10,000 iron horses.
The question now is, will these two commanders only be responsible for the left and right two Xiongwu Mansions? If so, then, there are five thousand people in each Xiongwu Province.
However, since the two mansions are of the same level, there should not be much difference in the regular establishment of the two mansions. Although I don't know how many ordinary arms there are in a Yingyang County, the iron cavalry army similar to Yingyang County can be incorporated into a thousand cavalry in wartime.
According to the "Sui Hundred Officials", in the Daye military system, there are twelve town guard generals, who are third-grade generals, and their posts are "in charge of military affairs and military affairs", that is, under the military affairs system, they command more than ten military affairs systems in various states, and in the military affairs system, there are also these military affairs systems.
Since General Xiongwulang has already "joined the eagle Yang", then his top boss is General Zhechong Lang, and his status in the Xiao Brave and Good Battle System is equivalent to the general of the Eagle Yang faction. The only difference is that he does not have his own official position, so he can only "take charge", that is, he will be the commander of Xiongwuro.
It is precisely because of this difference that the six generals are all officials of the fourth rank or above, each of them is in charge of ten military camps commanded by the emperor, and after receiving the emperor's order, he immediately orders his own military camp commander to order his military camp to complete his mission, which is called "leading Xiaoguo". Therefore, once he becomes a member of the Bishi Mansion, he must obey the orders of General Bishimiro, the lord of the prefecture.
What's more, when the Sui and Tang armies carried out orders, they did not need to be fully mobilized, and often only needed to send a small part of their own troops, so the emperor would often take a small part or several from one of his forbidden armies and assign them to various guards to let them complete their tasks.
And the Imperial Forest Army they have, whether they are commanders or presidents, is mainly overseer, not the real commander of the army they have, and their army will return to its post after completing its mission.
epilogue
In the eight years of his great cause, Emperor Sui led 1.13 million soldiers and horses to attack Goryeo, Liaodong was blocked, and 300,000 soldiers and horses were completely destroyed in Pyongyang. Emperor Zhao's request to them was to have courage and change their cowardice, so their name was "Xiaoguo".
This army, composed of cavalry or infantry, was flexible and extremely aggressive, and was directly commanded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the commander-in-chief of the war. The unit has been called up twice and has about 60,000 soldiers, a number known as the "old number." These 60,000 people are "led" by six people, and each legion has an army of about 10,000 people, and the ten or so Xiongwulang below them are the real "leaders". The establishment of Xiongwu Province is about 1,000 people, and according to different orders, it is divided into two teams, left and right.
Because this army directly obeys the orders of the general, when the general receives the order, he can directly order his army to do what he wants without building his own residence. On the contrary, the real General Yumuro needs to mobilize military forces in order to cooperate with it. The Tiger Battalion, commanded by 6 commanders, has only the military strength of one of the twelve provinces and cannot replace the military system.
bibliography
1. "Sui Shu Emperor Ji"
2. "Sui Shu Hundred Official Records"
3. Research on Ethnic History
4. "The Fruits of the Sui Dynasty"