1293-1527 Majapahit banner
Majapahit (Javanese: ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; Also known as Wilwatikta, Javanese: ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ) was a Hindu-Buddhist maritime empire in Southeast Asia centered on the present-day Indonesian island of Java. The dynasty began in 1293 and ended around 1527. The reign of Hayam Uruk (1350 to 1389) was the height of the empire, when the territory conquered spread across Southeast Asia. Hayam Uruk's achievement is also due to the assistance of Badi (equivalent to Prime Minister) Gacha Mada.
According to Prabanza's Nagarakretagama (Desawarñana), written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributary states that stretched from Sumatra in the west to New Guinea in the east; These include present-day Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand, East Timor, and the southwestern Philippines (especially the Sulu Islands), but the actual sphere of influence of Majapahit remains the subject of debate among historians. Majapahit was the last major Hindu-Buddhist empire in present-day Indonesia and is considered the greatest and most powerful empire that Indonesia and Southeast Asia have ever seen. Sometimes its domain is seen as a precedent for the borders of modern Indonesia.
Flag of the Sultanate of Ternat 1257-1950
Flag of the Sultanate of Ternate from 1950 to the present
The Sultanate of Ternate (Indonesian: Kesultanan Ternate) is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia, founded in 1257 by Baab Mashur Malamo. It reached its peak during the Baabullah era (1570–1583). The Sultanate covers eastern Indonesia and part of the southern Philippines. The Sultanate of Ternate was a regional power in the 15th and 17th centuries and a major producer of cloves in the world. Now the Sultanate of Ternat is only a symbol of culture, and the Sudan is only a symbolic existence and has no political rights. The dynasty founded by Baab Mashur Malamo, like the Sultanate, continues to the present day.
Flag of the Sultanate of Malacca 1402-1511
The Sultanate of Malacca (Malay: Kesultanan Melayu Melaka), known as Manchuria, was a state founded in 1402 by Bairimi Sura on the Malayan Peninsula, with its capital in present-day Malacca City and its heyday covering Pattani (present-day southern Thailand) to southwestern Sumatra. In 1511, Portuguese colonists invaded the Sultanate of Malacca, and in 1528, Malacca was colonized, directly contributing to the Sultanate's demise. Subsequently, the legal successor of the Sultanate, Sultan Ala Uddisha II, established the Sultanate of Johor in the area of present-day Johor.
Flag of the Sultanate of Cirebon 1447-1679
The Sultanate of Cirebon (Indonesian: Kesultanan Cirebon, English: Sultanate of Cirebon) is an Islamic sultanate established in West Java in the fifteenth century. The Sultanate of Cirebon was the economic and trade center of the nearby region from the 16th to the 17th century until its first division in 1677 and the second in 1807, when it formally became a protectorate for the Dutch East India Company in the 19th century.
Flag of the Sultanate of Aceh 1496-1903
The Sultanate of Aceh was a 16th-17th century government in present-day Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia, with its capital at Kutaraja (present-day Banda Aceh). The ethnic origin of the Acehnese is the Cham people, and after the destruction of Champa by Vietnam, some of the Cham people fled to various parts of Southeast Asia, and Aceh is one of the important locations. At its peak, the Sultanate of Aceh became a formidable rival between the Johor Sultanate on the Malay Peninsula and the Portuguese Malacca, which continued to seize control of the Strait of Malacca and the export of pepper and tin. In addition to its military power, the court of the Sultanate of Aceh was an important center of Islamic scholarship and trade.
1347-1833 Flag of the Sultanate of Pajaruron
Flag of the Sultanate of 1527-1813 Vandan
The Banten Sultanate (Indonesian: Kasultanan Banten, English: Banten Sultanate) was an ancient state in present-day Java, Indonesia, which lasted from 1568 to 1813. Because of the rise of commerce and trade, the Muslim kingdom, which embraced Islam, was a theocratic state, and its kingdom was ruled by the Sultan. In the mid-16th century, Banten became a commercial port to replace Malacca, and in the mid-17th century, Banten was suppressed by the Dutch East India Company, and civil unrest was frequent. In 1813, the kingdom was annexed by the Dutch East India Company.
1586-1755 Flag of the Sultanate of Mataland
The Sultanate of Mataram is an Islamic kingdom in Central Java, Indonesia. It was founded in 1586 by Sutovizoyo, lord of Mataram (present-day Jalan District), after overthrowing the state of Bajang. Sultan Argonne unified Central Java during his reign and twice attacked Batavia under Dutch rule. After a long period of civil strife, in 1755 it was divided by the Netherlands into the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the Sultanate of Solo , two vassals attached to the Dutch East India Company.
Flag of the Republic of Lanfang 1777-1884
The Republic of Lanfang, also known as the Great Republic of Lanfang, is the name given by modern scholars to a community or regime established by overseas Chinese in Borneo, which called itself the Lanfang Company. In 1776, Luo Fangbo of the Hakka family of Jiaying, Guangdong (present-day Meizhou, Guangdong) established the "Lanfang Company" in Pontianak, West Borneo (present-day West Kalimantan, Indonesia), and in 1777, Luo Fangbo changed the "company" to "republic", that is, the company republic, but still used the "Lanfang Company" when claiming vassals to the Qing Dynasty.
1602-1800 Flag of the Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India Company, also known as the United East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, abbreviated VOC), is a Dutch historical chartered company established for the development of Asia, founded on March 20, 1602, dissolved in 1799, is the world's first multinational company, limited by shares (referring to public rather than privileged shares), the world's first stock exchange was also founded in Amsterdam by the Dutch East India Company. The logo is V in series O and C (the A above is the abbreviation of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, indicating that the ship or equipment was sent by Amsterdam, and if it is sent by the city of Middelburg, the M is added, and so on). In its nearly 200 years, a total of 1,772 ships were sent overseas, and around 1 million Europeans traveled from the Netherlands to Asia on 4,789 sailings. On average, each overseas base has 25,000 employees and 12,000 crew members.
Flag of the Dutch East Indies 1800-1949
Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands (ch)-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) refers to Indonesia ruled by the Dutch from 1800 to 1949. In 1596, a Dutch fleet led by the Dutchman Hotmann reached Banten on the island of Java. In 1603, the Dutch built a trading station in Java; In 1605, the islands of Ambon and Dili in the Maluku Islands, which are rich in spices, were conquered. In 1619, Jakarta on the island of Java was captured and named Batavia, as the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company in the East. Before the arrival of the Dutch, the Portuguese had already established some trading posts in the Indonesian region. Later, the British also landed in Indonesia and established colonies. The Netherlands became the most territorial occupation of these European countries. The Dutch initially colonized these areas through the Dutch East India Company. After the dissolution of the East India Company in 1799, the colony was taken over by the Dutch government, and it was historically known as the Dutch East Indies.
1942-1945 Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands during the Japanese occupation of the East Indies
The period of Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, also known as the period of Japanese occupation in Indonesia (Japanese: 日occupation時のインドネシア), refers to the transfer of control of the East Indies colony (Blue India (Blue Territory East Indies)) by the Netherlands to the Japanese army on March 9, 1942, until the official issuance of the "Indonesian Declaration of Independence" by the Indonesian Independence Preparatory Committee on August 17, 1945. Military occupation of the Maluku Islands and western New Guinea.
Civilians living in strategically important areas experienced torture, rape, arbitrary arrests and executions, and other war crimes by Japanese forces. Thousands of Indonesians, both men and women, were taken out of Indonesia to become forced laborers ("laborers" in Japanese) in various Japanese-occupied areas, used to build fortifications, manufacture munitions, and enslaved in Japanese military programs, including the Thai-Burma railway, many of them dying of abuse and starvation. In Java, 4 million to 10 million "laborers" were forced to participate in Japanese military engineering. Of the approximately 270,000 Javanese workers sent to other Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia, only 52,000 were repatriated, meaning an 80 percent fatality rate. Thousands of Indonesians starved to death, worked as slave laborers, or were forced to leave their homes. Later U.N. reports noted that 4 million people died from famine and forced labor during the Japanese occupation, including 30,000 civilians in Europe who died in internment.
In the later stages of the war, the Japanese army imposed more severe labor on Indonesia, and on March 1, 1944, the mobilization headquarters established on April 16, 1943 was changed to the Java Bongguild (ジャワ庆會), and the recruited Indonesians were forced to become laborers (ろうむしゃ), and these Indonesians who responded to Japan's call could not return to their hometowns.
The Indonesian flag has been in use since 1945
The Indonesian flag (Indonesian: Sang Merah Putih), also known as Glory Red and White, is a flag consisting of a red and white horizontal band. The flag is based on the flag of the 13th century Majapahit . First raised on August 17, 1945. It has not changed since. The design of the flag is simple, it is two horizontal bands of equal width, the upper one is red and the lower one is white. The overall ratio is 2:3. The flag is similar to the flag of Poland and Singapore, except for the proportions of Monaco. Red is a symbol of courage, while white represents purity. There is also a song in Indonesia called "Merah Putih" (Red and White).