Text丨Cognitive history
Editor丨Cognitive history
preface
The architectural structure and construction methods of ancient China have undergone a long evolutionary process, from the "knotted rope record" in ancient times, to the emergence of "roof tiles" and "roof beams" in the Xia Dynasty, and then to the development of a more mature architectural form - "roof" in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Then experienced the rapid development of "roof" architecture in the Qin and Han dynasties, and finally formed the ancient Chinese architectural structure we see today in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The construction method of ancient Chinese architecture has influenced the development of architectural structure and construction methods in later generations, from "Kaogongji" to "Zhou Li" to "Building French Style", a complete and mature construction French style has played an extremely important role in the ancient Chinese architectural space and architectural structure. This paper uses the Han Dynasty drapery as an example to study the way of space creation in ancient Chinese architecture.
The way of creating space under the influence of Han Dynasty culture
The spatial construction method of ancient Chinese architecture has undergone a long and complex process, it has experienced the development from "knotted rope notes" to "roof tiles" and "roof beams" to "roofs", in this process, "roof" architecture gradually replaced "knotted rope notes". In the history of the development of ancient architecture on the mainland, corresponding cultural factors will have an impact on it at each stage.
The Qin and Han dynasties were the first peak of the development of ancient Chinese architecture, and it was also the formative period of the way of space creation in ancient Chinese architecture, during which political, economic, cultural and geographical factors had a profound impact on ancient Chinese architecture.
Chinese culture in the Qin and Han dynasties was in a stage of rapid development, at this time the political, economic and cultural environment have undergone earth-shaking changes, during this period, science and technology have been greatly improved, building construction technology has also made great progress. In the Qin and Han dynasties, architectural construction technology developed rapidly, and a relatively complete French system of construction was formed.
In Han Dynasty architecture, drapery appeared in people's lives as an ornament. The appearance of drapery as an interior decoration in Han dynasty architecture is also a cultural phenomenon.
The drapery originally originated from the daily necessities of primitive tribes, but with the development of the times and cultural changes, the drapery gradually evolved into an interior decoration and gradually became an important part of the creation of ancient Chinese architectural space.
During the Han Dynasty, people had a certain understanding of the decorative function of the drapery. Before the Western Han Dynasty, people used some fabrics such as straw mats and mats as interior decoration materials. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, people had a clearer understanding of interior decoration: "mat is the first thing in the table", "sitting and sleeping equipment" and so on, which are enough to prove that people have a certain understanding of interior decoration.
Overview of Han Dynasty drapery
The way Han Dynasty architecture was created in space can be summed up in two words – "romantic". In Han Dynasty architecture, the way of creating space is mostly "romantic", and the most important embodiment of this romance is the use of drapery.
The drapery is an indispensable and important part of the architectural space construction of the Han Dynasty, and it is an important part of the architectural space construction method of the Han Dynasty. The use of drapery in Han dynasty architecture was very extensive, not only indoors, but also for outdoor activities.
In the "Kaogongji", it is recorded that "the system of palaces and rooms, the upper to control the sky, the lower to control the earth", that is to say, in the construction of architectural space, we should follow the three principles and five permanent ways of "heaven, earth and people".
"Heaven" represents the most important things in the universe, such as the sun, moon, stars, mountains and rivers, etc.; "Land" represents the ground environment in which people live, such as palaces, altars, temples, etc.; "People" means things related to people, such as families, family members, etc.
One of the most important links in the process of building space in the Han Dynasty was the use of drapery. The use of Han Dynasty drapery plays a very important role in the creation of architectural space: First of all, drapery is an important part of the Han Dynasty architectural space construction process, whether indoor or outdoor need to use drapery to ensure the privacy of the space environment.
Secondly, the drapery can provide a relatively private and suitable environment for the architectural space; Thirdly, drapery can also provide a certain degree of security for indoor activities.
Due to the extremely strict and meticulous requirements for drapery in the construction of architectural space in the Han Dynasty, the drapery used in Han Dynasty architecture often has a certain degree of "uniqueness".
For example, a tent model consisting of four columns, four horizontal logs and a tent-shaped bracket was unearthed in a burial chamber found in the Qin-Han cemetery on the northern outskirts of Xi'an. The drapery model is fitted with a hollow square roof mounted on top. A wooden base plate with grooves was also installed at the bottom of the model.
Functional exploration of drapery
Han Dynasty drapery from the point of view of shape, can be divided into indoor and outdoor two types, indoor drapery is divided into inner drapery and outer drapery, and outdoor drapery can be divided into "upper forest garden" style and "garden pavilion" style, from the shape point of view, indoor drapery tent is mostly used for interior decoration and furnishings, while outdoor drapery is mostly used in gardens or garden architecture.
As far as the interior of Han Dynasty architecture is concerned, the space of the building is mainly composed of several functional areas such as living room, bedroom and kitchen, of which the living room is the most important area. In the Han Dynasty, the living room was the main activity space of a family, usually in a more spacious hall for ceremonies or events.
Placing a drapery in the living room can provide guests with a comfortable and private resting space. For example, in the tombs of the nobles of the Han Dynasty, many tombs with tents will be found, and the owners of these tombs had more social activities to be carried out here during their lifetime, such as banqueting guests. Therefore, most of these tombs will have a burial chamber or burial chamber space dedicated to the drapery.
The "Shanglinyuan" style building was a place where Han Dynasty emperors or high-ranking nobles lived and played fun. The "Shanglinyuan" style building is generally located near the emperor's residence and is an architectural form dominated by garden landscape. According to records, "Shanglinyuan" style buildings first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty, such as the ruins of the double locust tree in Gongyi, Henan and the ruins of Zhangqiu Chengziya in Shandong.
With the development of history, Shanglinyuan-style architecture gradually replaced other types of buildings and became the main place for recreation and large-scale ceremonies and activities of the Han Dynasty. According to statistics, a large number of exquisite drapery components and used drapery textiles were unearthed in the "Shanglinyuan" style building of the Han Dynasty.
For example, a large number of exquisite drapery components, painted drapery tents and used drapery textiles have been unearthed at the site of Gongyi double locust tree in Henan; A large number of exquisite and practical drapery components have been unearthed at the site of Zhangqiu Chengziya in Shandong.
In addition, many large-scale buildings based on the "Shanglinyuan" style building have also been found in Han Dynasty architecture, such as the Pingyin Han Tomb in Shandong, the ruins of the Han Xianyang Palace in Xianyang, Shaanxi, the ruins of the Han King Mausoleum in Surabaya, Shandong, and the underground palace of Fufeng Famen Temple in Shaanxi.
"Garden pavilion" style building refers to a kind of building specially used for recreational activities, generally set in gardens or gardens, such as Henan Xingyang Jia Yuhan Tomb, Shandong Yancheng Taohuashan Han Tomb, Sichuan Qionglai Jinyang Temple Ruins, etc.
"Garden pavilion" style architecture is a unique type of ancient architecture in the mainland, which appeared not earlier than the Qin and Han periods, but developed rapidly in the Two Han Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Garden Pavilion" style building developed particularly rapidly in the northern part of the mainland.
The space of the "garden pavilion" style building is mainly composed of doors, corridors and pavilions, among which the doors are generally wooden structures, while the corridors and pavilions are mainly made of masonry. "Garden pavilion" style buildings are generally built in gardens or gardens, in which the pavilion is generally composed of three parts: pavilion pillars, pavilion beams and pavilion roofs, and there are doors, windows and railings on them.
The doors and windows in the Han Dynasty "garden pavilion" style buildings generally used round or square windows, and there were usually pillars and bases on the columns. In addition, most of the pillars in Han Dynasty "garden pavilion" style buildings are in the form of one through pillar and the other without a pillar base.
In addition to "garden pavilion" style architecture, there are other types of buildings in the Han Dynasty that also used the form of drapery as decoration and furnishing of their interior spaces.
For example, a wooden building with a gatehouse and a cloister was found in the ruins of Jinyang Temple in Qionglai, Sichuan, which is the largest tomb in the Jinyang Temple site, and a total of 16 exquisite wooden components have been unearthed in the burial room. Among these elements are six pillars that incorporate drapery as their ornament, while four doorways and two gatehouses have also been found, among others.
The decorative nature of the drapery
The decoration of Han Dynasty drapery is also very rich, in addition to the common red, white, yellow, black, but also includes a variety of other colors, such as: white drapery often has green, blue, red and other patterns, red drapery often has black and green patterns, black drapery often has white and blue patterns.
In addition to the decoration of the drapery itself, the drapery contains a large number of decorative details. The Han Dynasty emperor's residence and the concubine's residence will hang a large number of draperies, which are divided into two forms of decoration, one is the "finishing touch" decoration, and the other is the "gold and jade" decoration.
The finishing touches of the Han Dynasty were mainly reflected in the appearance of screens in the palace in the form of screens as the main wall or partition wall. In Han Dynasty palaces, screens existed as the main wall, and when the emperor needed to meet with ministers, the screens would be pushed out of the walls, allowing ministers to enter and exit freely; When the emperor went out, the screen would be pushed out of the wall, so that the ministers could not enter and exit freely.
The finishing touch is also reflected in the decoration of the screen. In the Han dynasty, the most common thing is to modify the pattern. There are three main forms of Han dynasty finishing decoration on the screen:
The first form is to directly decorate the text or pattern directly on the screen. For example, on a painted wooden figurine unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, there is a decoration of the small seal book of Li Si of the Qin Dynasty.
This is a wooden figurine unearthed in the Western Han Dynasty, and it can be seen from the wooden figurines that the content painted on this wooden figurine is mainly two fonts: Li Si Xiaojishu of the Qin Dynasty and Li Sizhishu of the Qin Dynasty.
The Qin Dynasty Li Si Xiaoji Shu is a very important font in the history of Chinese calligraphy; The Qin Dynasty Li Si Zhishu was created by the Qin Dynasty Li Si, who summarized and classified Chinese characters in his "Cangjie Chapter", some of which used the popular font of the people at that time - small seal.
The author's opinion
The author believes that the Han Dynasty drapery not only impressed people in terms of shape, decoration and color, but also became one of the important elements of Han Dynasty architecture and interior design.
The author believes that the Han Dynasty drapery is not only an interior decoration, but also a kind of "furniture" or "furniture decoration", which mainly plays the role of partition, separation space and decoration.
In Han Dynasty architecture, drapery tents often existed as a partition between the building and the interior. The author believes that the drapery is not only an interior decoration, but also a functional furniture decoration.
Because the layout structure of Han Dynasty buildings is different from traditional Chinese architecture, the drapery in Han Dynasty architecture is usually decorated with screens, which can not only play the role of partition, but also play the role of separating space and decoration.
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