With the implementation of the policy of expanding the enrollment of graduate students, the number of people applying for the postgraduate examination has increased in the past two years, and the competition has become fierce. However, the sudden arrival of the three-year epidemic and increasingly fierce social competition pushed many master's graduates to choose to continue their studies - Kaobo, as a buffer, and a new word appeared: Kaobo fever. From the perspective of direct relations, the increase in the number of postgraduate students will inevitably promote the Kaobo fever, and even the Kaobo fever will become a norm.
In addition, according to the "Professional Degree Graduate Education Development Plan (2020-2025)" issued by the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council and the Ministry of Education, the number of doctoral degree graduate students will be greatly increased. This also means
The era of "Kobo fever" has finally come...
Due to China's national conditions and the current situation of social development, choosing to study for a PhD in economics is an option for many people who intend to study for a Ph.D. Because this makes our country obtain a continuous input of talent power in the field of economics, so that our country will have more vitality in the future world competition. Moreover, because "continuing to study for the saints and opening peace for all generations" should be, and should be, the original intention of most Ph.D. readers.
At present, the test questions of the professional courses of colleges and universities in previous years are generally not announced and do not provide answers. Although major universities generally do not specify bibliographies or the designated reference textbooks are different, they are all the same, and many test questions are similar. In order to alleviate the difficulties of candidates in finding test questions and sorting out answers, and to allow readers to obtain the most key questions and difficult questions (including reference answers) in the least amount of time, we refer to authoritative textbooks and related materials in economics to collect and sort out many college exam questions and common examination problems over the years, and provide detailed answers. The exams selected in this article are selected from dozens of famous schools in economics, and they have been carefully selected. Hope it can be helpful to the people of Kaobo.
Chapter 1 Consumer Theory
1.1 Detailed explanation of the real questions of the famous school examination
1.1.1 Explanation of terms
1 Consumer surplus and producer surplus [Ph.D., Nanjing University, 2001; Ph.D., Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, 2004; Harbin Institute of Technology 2010 Ph.D.]
A: Consumer surplus and producer surplus are two important tools for economic welfare analysis.
(1) In the analysis of utility and economic welfare, consumer surplus refers to the difference between the maximum amount that consumers are willing to pay to obtain a certain amount of goods (or services) and the amount they actually pay. In the case of a unit of good (or service), consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price that consumers are willing to accept and the market price, which is used to measure the total net return that consumers receive from consuming a good (or service). Consumer surplus arises because different consumers evaluate the same commodity differently, so they are willing to pay for this product differently. Under the condition that manufacturers cannot demand differential prices from consumers, it is the marginal buyer (or marginal purchase volume) who determines the market price, and he is the consumer with the lowest evaluation of this product. In this way, those non-marginal buyers (or marginal purchases) receive an additional "perk", which creates consumer surplus.
(2) In the analysis of economic welfare, producer surplus refers to the difference between the amount of money that a producer receives for selling a certain good (or service) and the cost of production. In the case of a unit of good (or service), it is the difference between the selling price of that unit of good (or service) and the marginal cost of producing that unit of good (or service). It measures the total net income of producers from selling a certain amount of a certain good (or service). Producer surplus is a tool for analyzing producer behavior and producer economic welfare.
Producer surplus and consumer surplus are shown in Figure 1-1.
2 Compensatory changes [Huazhong Agricultural University, 2004]
A: Compensatory change refers to the amount of money that must be paid to consumers after the price change in order to maintain their utility level at the new price. Assuming that the original price level is p0 and the corresponding monetary income is y, an indirect utility level v(p0,y) = u0 will be produced, and now the price has changed, rising to p1, and the minimum expenditure is e[p1,v(p0,y)], which must exceed y, and the excess should be compensated in order to enable consumers to maintain the original utility level, and this change is called compensation change. Denoted as: CV=e[p1,v(p0,y)]-y.
The compensation change caused by the price change of a certain commodity x1 is shown in Figure 1-2.
3 Utility function[Agricultural Policy Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2001, 2004]
A: The utility function is a function that represents the quantitative relationship between the utility obtained by consumers in consumption and the combination of goods consumed. In ordinal utility theory, the utility function assigns a number to each possible consumption bundle such that the number assigned to a consumption bundle with more preferences is greater than the number assigned to a consumption bundle with less preference. That is, the preference for the consumption bundle (x1, x2) exceeds the preference for the consumption bundle (y1, y2), and the utility of (x1, x2) is greater than the utility of (y1, y2), which is expressed by symbols:
An important feature of utility assignment lies in the arrangement of consumption mixes. The value of the utility function is meaningful only when arranging bundles of different goods; The size of the utility difference between any two bundles of goods is irrelevant. Because this utility emphasizes the order in which the bundle of goods is arranged, it is called ordinal utility.
Geometrically , the utility function is a way to label an ordinal to an indifference curve. Because the utility of each bundle of goods on an indifference curve must be the same, the utility function is a method of assigning numbers to different indifference curves by making the indifference curve that represents the more efficient use of the indifference curve get a larger assigned number.
Dear Examiners:
First of all, I say to you: hard work!
It is precisely because of your persistence and efforts that the mainland will have more reserve talents in the future economic and social development.
After studying at the graduate level, all of you who are ready to continue your doctoral studies have experienced the meaning of persevering in striving for your dreams. The road to preparation for the exam is difficult and meaningful, it can make us meet a bigger world, a stronger self, here is still to remind everyone:
1. Different from the general exam, the number of questions is small but the difficulty is large, therefore, for each question (including concept questions), give as detailed answers as possible when answering the questions, clear and clear handwriting. Concept questions should be answered as short-answer questions, short-answer questions should be answered as essay questions, and the answers to essay questions should be like essays, and more answers should not be deducted.
2. Many test questions involve current or future hot issues or phenomena, such questions in addition to more practice, but also pay more attention to the hot issues in real life, for excellent review articles or some content can try to memorize, answer to the analysis thoroughly, coherent.
Finally, I wish you a blossoming spring and a bright future!
Changxueyuan postgraduate examination exchange
May 2023
Sharing is a positive attitude towards life!