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Text|Editor: Rijin
Preface:
The rhetoric process of Guozi learning to Tai Xue in the Song Dynasty is an important event in the history of Chinese education, which is of great significance for understanding the education system of the Song Dynasty and the history of ancient Chinese education.
Today, I will take you to discuss the historical background, development and evolution of the Song Dynasty Guozi and Tai Xue, and the reasons for the transformation, in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the changes in the education system of the Song Dynasty.
Thesis: The rheological process and influence of the Song Dynasty Guozi Xue to Tai Xue.
Historical Background:
In the early Song Dynasty, the functional division of labor between Guozijian and Taixue was relatively clear, with Guozijian responsible for imparting scripture, scripture and etiquette, while Taixue mainly cultivated the learning and talents of civil and military attachés.
Later, the status and role of Guozijian and Taixue underwent great changes, especially in the middle and late Song Dynasty.
In the middle of the Song Dynasty, Guozijian's status gradually rose and became the center of the national education system, and its teaching scope was no longer limited to scripture and scripture, but began to involve literature, history and other fields.
Taixue, on the other hand, began to decline, and its role was gradually replaced by the Guozi prison as an institution symbolizing imperial power. At the end of the Song Dynasty, taixue was abolished, and Guozijian became the sole center of the national education system.
First, the background of the establishment and development of Guozijian and Taixue in the Song Dynasty
During the Song Dynasty, Guozi School and Taixue were very important official schools, and their establishment and development background was closely related to the changes of the times.
In the early Song Dynasty, Guozijian became an important center of imperial court education due to its geographical advantage, and most of its students were imperial court officials. However, in the late Song Dynasty, due to political corruption and academic backwardness, Guozijian gradually lost its influence.
The establishment of Taixue dates back to before the Han Dynasty, but during the Song Dynasty, Taixue became an important part of official educational institutions. The task of Taixue was to cultivate and select outstanding cultural talents for use by the imperial court.
The disciplines of Taixue are more extensive than those of Guozijian, including astronomy, geography, arithmetic, medicine and other disciplines in addition to Confucianism.
In the early Song Dynasty, Guozi Studies remained the main institution of imperial court education, while Taixue was an affiliate of Guozi Studies.
In the middle and late Song Dynasty, the status of Taixue gradually improved and became an important institution for the imperial court to select talents, while the Guozijian gradually declined.
By the Southern Song Dynasty, Taixue had become the highest institution of the imperial court, replacing the status of Guozijian and becoming the center of education in the Song Dynasty.
Second, the division of functions and status of Guozijian and Taixue in the early Song Dynasty
In the early Song Dynasty, both Guozixue and Taixue were official educational institutions, and they had a division of labor in function and status.
Guozi was the main institution of imperial court education in the early Song Dynasty, and its task was to cultivate excellent cultural talents and cultivate cultural qualities for the selection of officials and officials of the imperial court.
The educational content of Guozi Studies is mainly based on Confucian classics, such as the Analects, the University, and the Mean, which are the basic knowledge that scholars must master.
There are many famous teachers of Guozi Studies, such as Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi, etc., who have had a profound impact on the culture and thought of later generations. The status and influence of Guozi School was more prominent in the early Song Dynasty, and it was one of the schools that scholars rushed to enter.
Taixue was an affiliate of state official education in the early Song Dynasty, whose task was to select outstanding talents and select high-ranking officials and virtuous people for the imperial court.
The educational content of Taixue is more extensive, including not only Confucian classics, but also astronomy, geography, arithmetic, medicine and other disciplines, the most important of which is the study of classics such as "Li Ji" and "Zhou Li".
Tai Xue's status in the early Song Dynasty was relatively low, and its students were mainly talents outside the Shi clan, but its role in the selection of officials by the imperial court gradually improved.
In the early Song Dynasty, Guozi and Taixue had their own functions and status, but they were both official educational institutions and played an important role in selecting officials and cultivating cultural talents for the imperial court.
III. The transformation and evolution of Guozijian and Taixue in the middle of the Song Dynasty
In the Song Dynasty, the rhetoric process from Guozixue to Taixue further intensified in the middle period, and the status of Guozixue gradually declined, and Taixue gradually became the dominant educational institution.
- With the gradual improvement of the imperial examination system, Taixue became an important base for the selection of officials
The implementation of the imperial examination system has made cultural knowledge an important criterion for the appointment of officials, and the wide range of disciplines taught by Taixue and the strict study methods have made Taixue graduates gradually become the main source of official appointments.
At this time, the status and influence of Guozixue gradually declined, and it became a vassal of Taixue.
2. The educational content of Taixue has also gradually changed
In addition to teaching Confucian classics, Taixue also began to pay attention to the education of natural sciences. This education is characterized by the combination of natural science and Confucian classics and the promotion of the idea of the unity of heaven and man.
For example, Sima Guang created four subjects in Tai Xue, namely Scripture, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Geography, of which mathematics was a tool subject for calculating astronomy and geography, and Jingyi emphasized the idea of the unity of heaven and man.
3. The status of Taixue has been further enhanced and it has become the main institution for the training and selection of officials
At this time, Taixue had become a huge education system, including central Taixue, local prefecture and county schools, prefecture city studies, private schools and other forms.
These educational institutions are not only responsible for the training of officials and cultural personnel, but also undertake the responsibility of social management and cultural inheritance. In short, in the middle of the Song Dynasty, Taixue became the dominant educational institution, and its educational content and status were gradually improved and expanded.
The education system during this period laid a solid foundation for China's imperial examination system and cultural inheritance.
Fourth, the substitution and substitution of Guozijian for taixue, and its impact on the national education system
- Early years of the Song Dynasty
Guozi Xue remained an important official educational institution, and later the status of Taixue gradually increased. This change is mainly due to changes in the political and socio-economic environment.
In the early Song Dynasty, government officials were basically selected through examinations, which were mainly based on the course content and standards of Guozi Studies.
However, with the changes of the times, political, military and socio-economic needs have gradually changed, and the government has gradually begun to pay attention to pragmatism and pay attention to the actual ability and skills of talents.
This change led to the establishment of Taixue as an important official educational institution, and the curriculum of Taixue gradually developed into more practical subjects, including military, political, and practical content.
2. Mid-Song Dynasty
The status of Taixue has gradually surpassed that of Guozixue. At this time, Taixue became the main institution for selecting officials and cultivating talents, and the government's investment in Taixue also increased significantly.
On the other hand, the status and role of Guozixue gradually declined, and it was eventually replaced by Taixue. This change is mainly due to the fact that the curriculum of Taixue is closer to the actual needs of society and can cultivate more practical talents, while the education of Guozixue pays more attention to cultural inheritance and basic education.
In general, the flow of Guozi Xue to Taixue in the Song Dynasty reflects changes in the political, military, and socio-economic environment, as well as adjustments in government education policies.
The development of Taixue became an important official educational institution in the Song Dynasty, playing an important role in selecting officials and cultivating talents. Guozi Studies has gradually been eliminated, but its cultural inheritance and basic education role are of great significance in the history of Chinese education.
V. The influence of political and cultural trends on the changes of Guozijian and Taixue
- Political factors are an important factor in promoting the transformation of Guozi School to Tai Xue
In the early years of the Song Dynasty, the political system and examination system were basically based on the curriculum and standards of Guozi Studies.
However, with the changes of the times, the government's demand for talents and education has gradually changed, and the government has begun to pay attention to the actual ability and skills of talents, and the educational content of Taixue is closer to practical and meets the needs of the government, so the government gradually attaches importance to Taixue and invests in the development of Taixue.
2. Cultural trends have also had an impact on the changes of Guozi and Taixue
During the Song Dynasty, Confucianism was still the ruling ideology, but Confucianism varied at different stages of the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi rose to change the law, focusing on pragmatism and reform, and this ideological tendency also influenced the development of Taixue.
In the middle and late Song Dynasty, Confucianism gradually returned to tradition, emphasizing cultural inheritance and basic education, and this ideological tendency was closer to the education of Guozixue.
3. The socio-economic environment also has an impact on the changes of Guozi and Taixue
During the Song Dynasty, economic development and social differentiation gradually increased the demand for talents and education, and the government gradually paid attention to talent training and selection, and this change in the socio-economic environment also promoted the development of Taixue.
The flow process of Guozi learning to taixue in the Song Dynasty was influenced by many factors such as politics, cultural trends and socio-economic environment. Political factors contributed to the development of Taixue and the decline of Guozixue; Changes in cultural trends also affect the educational content and direction of both; Changes in the socio-economic environment have promoted the need for talent training and selection, and also promoted the development of Taixue.
6. The causes and enlightenment of the changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty
The flow process of Guozi learning to taixue in the Song Dynasty is a microcosm of the changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty. The changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty have the following reasons and enlightenments:
- Political and economic development were important reasons for the changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty
In the early Song Dynasty, with the implementation of Wang Anshi's reform and economic development, the government began to pay attention to pragmatism and skill education, and strengthened the emphasis on Taixue, so that Taixue gradually replaced Guozixue as the main official educational institution.
In the middle and late Song Dynasty, with the further development of the social economy and the growth of the intellectual class, the need for talent selection gradually increased, and the government began to pay attention to basic education and cultural inheritance, which also made Guozi School an important official educational institution again.
2. Changes in cultural trends are also an important reason for the changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty
In the early Song Dynasty, Confucianism was influenced by Wang Anshi and Neo-Confucianism, emphasizing pragmatism and reform, and this ideological tendency also influenced the development of Taixue.
In the middle and late Song Dynasty, Confucianism gradually returned to tradition, emphasizing cultural inheritance and basic education, and this ideological tendency was closer to the education of Guozixue.
3. Changes in the socio-economic environment are also important reasons for the changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty
The economic development and social differentiation of the Song Dynasty gradually increased the demand for talents and education, and the government gradually paid attention to talent training and selection, and this change in the socio-economic environment also promoted the development of Taixue.
The enlightenment of the changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty is that the changes in the education system are the inevitable product of social development and changes in cultural trends, and the government and society should constantly pay attention to the adaptability and development direction of the education system, strengthen the emphasis on basic education and practical education, and promote the optimization and innovation of the education system to better meet the needs of society and promote the development of the country.
Author's opinion:
The rheological process of Guozi learning to taixue in the Song Dynasty is a complex historical event, which involves political, economic, cultural and other factors.
The rise of Guozi Studies and the decline of Taixue reflect the development and changes of the education system and the changes in political and cultural trends in the Song Dynasty.
The changes in the education system in the Song Dynasty are a microcosm of the changes in the ancient Chinese education system, and they also have certain reference significance for today's education reform.
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