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The First Rice Field in Huzhou
The first rice field in Huzhou
Wen Huzhou Shan Hai Jing Yu Yu
If someone asks, where is the first rice field in Huzhou? I think it is in the Lake Governor Xing Shuikou. If someone asks, who reclaimed the first field? I think it's a couple of big people. How big is the person? Let's start with a poem.
《Yaoshi Mountain》
Seventy-two lakes and mountains, and the west peak is lush.
The cattle drink yao well, like cultivating the remnants of shunqiu.
Legend has it that ten sunrises and great baptisms flow from the sky.
The living people steal physiology, to the top of the toshiz hill.
Only now the east is shaking the water, and the double thunder is not as good as the sun.
Renren feels the pulse of the earth, and looks forward to the end of the south.
--Yuan Yang Weizhen
This poem is written about a mountain in the mouth of The Changxing Shuikou in Huzhou, Yaoshi Mountain. In ancient Times, There were two mountains that were very famous, one was Guzhu Mountain, the first tea in the world on the tea purple shoot tea (Lu Yu evaluation); the other was Yaoshi Mountain, which was the birthplace of the first test field reclaimed by the ancestors - Jiangnan Rice Field.
In Yao Shunyu's time, the world was not peaceful, first the great drought (ten sunrises, after the day of shooting), and then the great flood (the great flood of the heavenly stream), in addition to the treatment of water, the most important thing is that the original dry grains in the Central Plains have not adapted to the climatic conditions of the great flood, and must find new crops that are resistant to high temperature and high humidity to solve the problem of food and clothing, Yao Shunyu and others chose this land in huzhou, south of the river, and if the paddy fields and dry fields have places, to study how to plant this high-yield crop in this aquatic environment - rice.
In this painting, the location of the painting is the west bank of Changxing Painting Creek, facing taihu lake in the southeast, the river in the painting is the painting stream, and the mountains on both sides of the taihu lake are Guzhu Mountain and Yaoshi Mountain.
The reason why it is called Yaoshi Mountain is because Emperor Yao dug many Yao wells here, Shun opened up many terraces here, and later the people bought and sold grain on this mountain to form a market, which was called "Yao City".
There are several details that are very interesting, the opening poem says "Elephant Ploughing Yu Shunqiu", and I also painted the scene of "Elephant Ploughing Field" in the picture.
We have all played Chinese chess, "horses go to the sun, elephants go to the field", have you ever wondered why the elephants have to go to the fields? Because elephants are used to cultivate the fields, in ancient times, we have a lot of elephant rhinos in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, elephants walk steadily, the key point is that elephants walk in a straight line, very straight, so the huzhou people in ancient times came here under the leadership of Shun to reclaim terraces with elephants.
Shun was still very young at that time, as Yao's son-in-law, he was ordered to come to Huzhou with Yao's half-brother "Hou Ji" to study rice farming technology, Hou Ji was the most famous agronomy expert at that time, and later we talked about the "Tianxia Sheji" Of Ji to commemorate him, and this story was called "Shunyu Era" "Elephant Cultivation Bird Yun", and later this word became an ode to the virtues of ancient emperors. The great tang dynasty poet Tortoise Meng wrote a "Debate on Elephant Cultivation of Birds", and Mr. Lu believed that elephant cultivation was the standard mode of field reclamation in Shun's time (by the way, Tortoise Meng had lived in Huzhou for a long time to study Huzhou agriculture, and wrote a book of "The Book of Qi").
In fact, the Yao, Shun, Yu, Houji, Houyi, and Fengfeng clans were operating in the Taihu Plain for many years as a large military and political group, for example, the Houyi who shot the sun was the first village chief of Linghu Shooting Village in Huzhou.
In the painting, you can see that the terraces are the earliest and simplest form of rice fields, opening wells to take water is like ploughing the fields, but the yield of the terraces is not high, and the rice has high requirements for water, so the ancestors of Huzhou began to open up new paddy fields. Take Tu Tian, for example.
As the name suggests, an embankment is built on the bank of the beach next to the river port to open up paddy fields. This kind of field can not be directly planted with rice, but must first plant a plant called barnyard [bài], improve the soil, and then plant rice, and now, barnyard grass is killed as a pest grass with pesticides, which is actually against heaven.
There is also a kind of "Fengtian", also called "Jiatian" and "Floating Field".
This kind of field is opened in the river or on the side of the river, "shelf field" and "floating field", as the name suggests, is artificially used wood or bamboo on the surface of the river to set up a square field, floating on the water surface, and then use a kind of mud as field mud, the so-called "mud" is "菰, Ling" and other aquatic plants rot after the decay into the field mud, this kind of field mud planting rice, fertility can be maintained for five years.
The last one, which is the most mature field in jiangnan later, is the polder.
Ancestors built embankments and dams on the outskirts of the river port and lake, artificially introduced water into the field, and planted rice. The opening of the polder reached its maturity in the Song Dynasty, and the polder also changed the names of the regions where we Huzhou people lived and lived.
Why is Nanxun called "Xun"? Why is Daixi called "Dai"? Why is Yinjiawei, where Huzhou High-speed Rail East Station is located, called "Wei"? Why is some place called 㘰? It's all about polders. For example, this picture:
As can be seen from this picture, the real plains along the river flat plain area can be called "Wei", pronounced wei.
If it is a hilly and semi-mountainous area, it is called "㘰", this word Huzhou people pronounce doei, Mandarin actually pronounced zhen.
If it is a flat place in the foothills, called "Tan", pronounced taei, Huzhou people call "Bai Tan", may be related to this, you think if a family has such a "Tan Tian" a hundred places, it is a super landlord, indeed do not worry about eating and drinking, you can Bai Tan Bai Tan.
Let's look at this picture again:
The source of the polder water diversion is the embankment area on both sides of the hama bank of the river, which is called "Tangxun" by the Huzhou people, which is also the origin of the "Xun" of Nanxun, which is the merger of Nanlin and Xunxi, and Xunxi is the meaning of the polder river stream.
The main passage road dividing the various polders in the picture is called "Dai", and later Tangxun is also called "Dai", and the Dai of Dai Creek is the meaning of the big stream that grows the polder. In ancient times, every village in Huzhou had a dai chief, and the duty was to protect the dai dai. In the area of Si'an, Changxing, a small land temple should be built on every section of the road, and the ancients hoped to invite the gods to protect the land.
The place names of "Wei, 㘰, Tan, Dai, Tang, Xun" are all derived from polders.
Huzhou is the home of fish and rice, and there are actually too many things to say around this rice word.
Most of our content about agriculture today comes from an ancient book: the Shen's Book of Agriculture. This is a strange book in the history of China's agriculture, a bit like the martial arts secret book in the martial arts novel, it is said that with this book in hand, you can become a rich peasant from a tenant, from a rich peasant to a landlord, but unfortunately there were not many people who could read in ancient times.
The author of this book is a shen disciple of Gui'an in Huzhou (at that time, the Area of Wuxing Nanxun was divided into two parts, Wucheng and Gui'an), and his name has been lost. This book can be said to write out the world view of agricultural affairs in Huzhou and also give a methodology.
Let's take a short paragraph that has been translated from the vernacular into the vernacular:
First month: When the weather is clear, go down to the field to reclaim the field, plant mulberry seedlings, fall to the ground, pour taro fields, water vegetable seedlings, wheat seedlings, and mud (fish for rotten mud from the bottom of the river as fertilizer); if it is rainy, you must prune mulberry branches for mulberry seedlings, catch pests, or chop firewood at home, spread silkworm grass seedlings, weave bamboo baskets, bamboo baskets and other tools for raising silkworms. During this month, farmers have to buy agricultural tools such as iron steaks, hoes, and mulberry scissors that must be used throughout the year, and also prepare daily necessities such as charcoal, coats, and hats.
February: When the weather is clear, continue to fall to the ground, pour the field, dig ditches, pour the seedlings, water the hemp seedlings, fish the mud from the bottom of the river as fertilizer; on rainy days, prune the mulberry branches, catch the pests of the mulberry seedlings, dig ditches, make fields, repair the polders, chop firewood, bundle mulberry ropes, and so on. In addition, it is necessary to hire the labor necessary for the busy season, buy charcoal, salt for pickling mustard, buy ducklings, silkworm paper, and so on.
March: When the weather is clear, prepare the land, bury the plum beans and late bean seeds; reclaim the flowers and grass fields, water the mulberry seedlings, wash the mud, pour the fields, and plant taro. If it rains, it is necessary to make a rice field, store flowers and grasses, scoop up mud, put mulberry rope, and chop wood. In addition, it is necessary to hire craftsmen to make car doors, repair silkworm tools and silk carts, and plant melon seedlings and soak grain seeds.
April: Harvest the wheat on a sunny day; make seedlings, sow grain seeds; continue to prepare the land, pour flowers and grass fields, press mulberry branches, water mulberry seedlings, and cut mulberry branches. On rainy days, go down to the field and watch the water. In addition, it is necessary to set up a melon bean shed to water the freshly planted melon seedlings and eggplant seedlings; pickle green vegetables, buy garlic seedlings, cocoon yellow, etc.
May: Rainy days, go down to the field to pull up the seedlings, plant the fields; pull the grass, pick the grass mud, split the field. Tianqing continued to prepare the land, watering the mulberry seedlings, and watering the melon and eggplant seedlings. In addition, it is also necessary to beat vegetable oil, press the branches of mulberry trees, go to Changxing, Pupu and other market towns to buy barley, buy sesame cloth, garlic, sauce salt, pickled plums, smoked bayberry.
June: Land preparation, plucking plum beans, reclamation of vegetable fields, hoeing fields. Cut jute stems and collect seeds from broad beans, plum beans and large wheat. In addition, soy sauce is also dried and tempeh is made.
July: When the weather is clear, prune the mulberry branches in the field and the yun field; apply topdressing, and put down the wheat seedlings and carrot seedlings; plant the green onions and vegetable seedlings.
August: Ploughing the ground, falling to the ground, picking river mud, cutting mud, deleting carrot seedlings, planting white radish, planting vegetables; catching insects. On rainy days, cut the reed grass on the edge of the ground and stalk the mud. In addition, it is necessary to grease cars, repair ships, sprinkle flowers and grass, buy sickles, rice scythes, and make wine koji.
September: When the weather is clear, cut early rice, reclaim the land, reclaim the wheat field, plant broad beans; On rainy days, make rice paddies, beat rice; make mud, and wince ropes. In addition, it is necessary to catch moths, hoe grass in moso bamboo orchards, pick rice pole mud, and so on.
October: When the weather is clear, cut rice, dry the grain; plant wheat and vegetables, water wheat seedlings and vegetable seedlings; and reclaim the land. Rainy days, scoop rice, cut reeds, shave mud. Pluck red late beans, plant mustard greens, pick lings, and dig taro. Buy dead leaves, buy firewood, make dried vegetables, dried radish vegetables, and make wine.
November: When the weather is clear, reclaim the vegetable field, plant vegetables, dig ditches and drainage in vegetable fields and wheat fields; plant large wheat, dry grain, collect rice seeds; reclaim land, and muddy land. Rainy days, scooping rice, wringing ropes, repairing barns, and ditching and draining. Corn bran charcoal crumbs, into the bran, make wind fish ham.
December: When the weather is clear, reclaim the sakata, water the vegetables, and scoop the mud; on a rainy day, scoop the rice and rope. In addition, it is necessary to cut down branches, weave fences, buy elm trees, firewood, buy lard, make wine and vinegar, and prepare for the New Year.
This is the "month-by-month affairs" part of the "Shen's Agricultural Book" written by the Huzhou people, this is just an outline, this year is leap April, in previous years, the mango was planted in May, we can see that this agricultural book is very detailed:
May: Rainy days, go down to the field to pull up the seedlings, plant the fields; pull the grass, pick the grass mud, split the field. Tianqing continued to prepare the land, watering the mulberry seedlings, and watering the melon and eggplant seedlings. In addition, it is also necessary to beat vegetable oil, press the branches of mulberry trees, go to Changxing, Pupu and other market towns to buy barley, buy sesame cloth, garlic, sauce salt, pickled plums, smoked bayberry. You can see that there are even words written such as "to Changxing, Pupu and other market towns to barley", which is very meticulous.
Huzhou farmers' mango seeds, very busy! Mango seeds are the season for planting seedlings, but there are many doorways for planting seedlings.
There's a lot of preparation.
The "Huzhou Fuzhi And Products" records that Huzhou farmers "soaked the seeds in the valley rain, went down to the valley before the summer, prepared a little spring, and on the day of planting, the seedlings were old and the seedlings were easy to grow, and they were resistant to wind." Gu Yun, good half a year field".
Laodizi Huzhou farmers, making rice is the most important thing (here 畈, Mandarin pronunciation fan, Huzhou dialect version, rice bowl - the origin of the model). Huzhou people say that "the house should live in the south-facing building, and the straw should choose the head of the river", and the rice should be turned over in winter, with a width of 2 meters, and a ditch dug out, with a depth of 20 centimeters. The fertilizer field should use "out of the mud" as the bottom fertilizer, and cover the surface with river mud.
Sowing millet also has to go through the "falling valley", "falling cylinder", "soaking seed" and other processes, and when it comes to the small full festival, it is even busier, "small full moving three cars" - silk car, oil truck, water car.
After harvesting the spring silkworm cocoon, we must reel the silk - moving silk car; when the rapeseed is harvested, we must squeeze the oil - the moving oil truck; and the most important thing is that the seedlings in the seedlings are already about to be planted with water, so we must move the water wheel.
Before planting seedlings, the whole paddy field should be turned into a good shape, what kind of turning it into? A thin layer of water looks "as flat as a mirror". Therefore, even if the cattle are used to plough the ground at the beginning, the last process still needs to use manpower, because the hooves of the cows will step on a lot of cattle hooves, and the seedlings will float up, so the last process is called "beating the hundreds", and the whole paddy field is flattened.
At this time, it is the time of mango seeding (busy planting), the first day of planting seedlings, called "opening the rice gate", worshipping the god of the bullpen, it is:
Orange mallet pumping water irrigates the fields, and people sacrifice cattle pens to turn paper money.
In a flash of green singing rain, cormorants flew through the bixi smoke.
Before planting the seedlings, the seedlings in the seedlings should be pulled out and then inserted into all the paddy fields. The three major pieces of plucking seedlings are known to everyone, such as pulling rice stools, tarpaulin umbrellas and binding firewood. The pulling stool is the kind of wooden bench that is flat on both sides, sliding in the paddy field. Oilcloth umbrellas can shield the wind and rain from the sun, and it is best to tie the seedlings with glutinous rice firewood to tie the seedlings.
The time of planting seedlings is preferably in the afternoon or evening, during the day for fear of the hot sun exposure, "planting a gust of wind", "leeward retreat", people who are slow to plant instead stay in the front. "Will insert or not insert, look at your two feet", a good old farmer, the retreat route is straight, left and right intervals are equal.
In the Huzhou dialect, the "seedlings" of "planting seedlings" and the "disasters" of "suffering" are homophonous, so it is taboo to take seedlings from others, and if you want to give them, you must first throw them in the field, and then pick them up to plant seedlings.
On the day of "closing the rice gate", everything must be completed before sunset, so all relatives are invited to help and drink a meal of Guan rice wine together at night, so huzhou folk have a folk proverb "rice field tuk tuk turn, eight bowls at night" saying.
Kai rice wine and Guan rice wine, the dishes are second only to Chinese New Year's Eve.
The above is the content of Huzhou rice culture that I shared with you today. Good night to all.
Source: Huzhou Shanhai Jing
Editor: Jin Zhenyao
Kasumi
Photo: Liu Guilin
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