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●○Preface○●
Peru is a country in South America, located south of the equator, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, Peru's climate, natural environment, geological structure are very diverse, this diversity provides the country with rich ecological and cultural resources, and brings tourists a unique tourism experience.
●○Continental plate○●
The mountains, plateaus, rivers and coastlines of Peru form its diverse geomorphological features, and the entire territory of Peru is divided into three main geographical areas, the first is the cactus coastal part, which is 2,500 kilometers long and runs through the country from north to south.
This coastline is rich in temperate waters and is home to one of the most prosperous port clusters in Peru, the second major geographical area is the Andes, which straddle central and western Peru, stretching from the Ecuadorian border in the north to Chile in the south, the Andes are considered to be made up of twisted plates and mountains, one of the most beautiful regions in Peru, known worldwide for its plateaus, lakes and sacred rivers. The third area is the Amazon basin, tropical rainforests and desert areas, located in the eastern and northeastern Andes.
Peru also has many volcanoes and their associated geographical features, such as Mount Takara, Mount Giotto Marinini, Mount Hercules, etc., which are not only natural wonders, but also one of the important attractions that attract tourists.
●○Climate and water resources○●
Because Peru is located south of the equator, the climate change is more intense, the coastal zone has almost no precipitation, and the inland area is mostly high altitude, the climate is dry and cold, so Peru began to implement effective water policies and technologies to solve water resources problems very early.
Peru's main water sources include disappearing glaciers, rain and rivers, and global warming over the past few decades has led to little or no rain in many areas, making Peru's water management particularly important, while the Peruvian government has implemented many measures to strengthen water conservation, including better regulation of water use and clean rivers.
Because Peru straddles a vast area between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, the climate in the country is diverse, with arid climates in the central and southern Andes, subtropical desert and subtropical semi-arid climates in the coastal zone, and tropical rainforest climates in the eastern foothills and jungle areas.
●○Mountain climate○●
The Peruvian Andes are one of the highest in South America, a region mainly made up of arid deserts and semi-arid grasslands, which is closely related to the location of the Andes near the equator, since in this region the air sinks, which leads to lower humidity and higher temperatures.
However, at high altitudes, temperatures drop quickly due to altitude changes, and higher peaks acquire a relatively stable cold climate, which in most cases makes it difficult to build human settlements, develop agriculture and livestock in these areas.
●○Coastal climate○●
The coastal zone is located between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, and in these areas, sand dunes, deep valleys, cliffs, etc. are unique topographical features. Due to its proximity to the equator, precipitation is scarce and occurs in the form of erratic winter rainfall, a climatic feature that makes the land in the region extremely barren and unsuitable for agriculture and human habitation.
However, plants such as the thorny shrub cactus that grow in these conditions form a unique desert landscape that also provides the high-quality cotton used in the famous Peruvian knitwear.
Eastern Peru is part of the Amazon rainforest, which is collectively known as the Peruvian Rainforest according to the global map analysis, with precipitation generally greater than 1,000 mm per year and significant seasonality.
Thus, rivers and lakes are widespread and become one of the most important resources of the region, in addition, due to the fact that the region is located at low latitudes close to the equator, the temperature is higher and the relative humidity is also greater, which makes the Amazon rainforest a place with a unique ecosystem and at the same time considered the "lungs of the earth".
Peru is a very arid region, and in such geographical conditions, the supply of water resources is always too low, and it needs to be effectively managed and used to meet the daily and economic needs of the general population.
Therefore, the impact of Peruvian geographical features on water resources is a very important research question, which can help people better understand the special situation of Peruvian water resources and formulate more reasonable policy measures.
The northwestern region of Peru is close to the Andes Mountains and has an extensive Amazon rainforest, which seems to be the opposite of water scarcity, however, despite the abundant rainfall in the region, water resources in these areas are still difficult to reach due to their geomorphological conditions.
First, these dense rainforest areas are steep, remote and inaccessible, and the lack of infrastructure further increases access to rainwater, while the rainy and dry seasons in these areas are highly divergent, with only a few months of rainfall each year, which also limits people's ability to store rainwater and reserve water.
As a result, despite the region's over-reliance on rainwater supplies and advanced technologies, including mulching the soil with plastic sheets, reverse osmosis processors and rainwater harvesting techniques, it is still far from its dense forest resources.
The Peruvian Andes, a large mountain range that spans South America, remains one of the most active seismic zones in the world, depleting water resources in the Peruvian mountains after several catastrophic earthquakes.
In particular, in the construction of dams, reservoirs and pedestrian roads, various changes have been made in the landscape, but also the natural soil evaporation and vegetation cover of the catchment area, coupled with large-scale land reclamation and urbanization projects, resulting in mountain water resources are easily reduced and lost to the riverbank.
●○Geological resources○●
Peru's mountainous terrain has contributed to many of the country's precious mineral resources, the Andes Mountains span the territory of Peru, many of which have a variety of mineral resources, among which copper, lead, zinc, tin, gold, silver and other metal mineral resources occupy an important position, for example, in the Puno region in southern Peru, a mineral resource known as "the world's purest tungsten ore" is mined.
Secondly, Peru's alpine, tropical rainforest and desert areas also give users the opportunity to discover more kinds of rare minerals, tropical rainforest soil deep maintenance, so that the minerals on the land are nutritionally sufficient, very suitable for market development, some precious mineral resources such as luminous lute, niobium tantalum kyanite, etc., were excavated here for the first time.
In addition, the resources of glass and gravel in the desert area are also worth paying attention to, and the southern Peruvian province of Ica and its surrounding areas are rich in this high-quality sand, suitable for the manufacture of artificial glass and building materials, these geological resources are a very important part of the Peruvian economy, attracting many companies that are good at discovering, collecting and processing minerals, driving the local economic development, so they have also become a valuable part of Peru's cultural and artistic industries, such as jewelry, weaving and carving products.
●○Peruvian culture○●
Peru's cultural heritage is mainly divided into two periods: the Inca civilization and the Spanish colonial period, from around 1200 AD to the early 16th century, the Inca Empire was the dominant figure in most of Peru, and the cultural heritage left by the Inca civilization includes the ruins of Machu Picchu, the ruins of Chicherani Ovamo, the catacombs of Ica and Pucalpa, and so on.
These sites convey the once glorious history and culture of the Inca Empire, and at the same time, after the Spanish conquest, they also left a large number of cultural heritages, such as the old city of Lima, the city of Cusco, the castle of Pisack, etc.
Peru's gastronomic culture is very colorful and is known as one of the best foods in the world, and in 2019 it was named the "World Gastronomic Capital" for the sixth consecutive year, Peru's gastronomic culture dates back to the times when indigenous peoples lived there.
This included the influence of Central America, the Inca Empire, and Spanish colonial power. Among them, Peruvian grilled fish (Ceviche) is a representative of Peruvian cuisine, this dish consists of fresh seafood, onions, peppers, lime juice, etc., with a refreshing and sweet and sour taste. There are also traditional dishes such as Papas a la huancaína and Pollo ala brasa.
Peruvian art reflects different cultural phenomena from different angles, such as politics, society and religion, since ancient times, Peruvian art has been known for its complexity, variety, mystery and bright colors, one of the earliest surviving works of art in Peru is Moche pottery.
Some of these pieces are famous for their special designs and motifs, while later Incas left behind distinctive meatloaf suits and other decorative arts that became one of the most outstanding cultural backgrounds in the world.
Peruvian music is full of reflections on the life of the local community, Huayno is a fusion of Inca, Spanish and African folk dance, usually accompanied by the widely used melodic wind instruments - quena, Zampona, although there is now a lot of modern music, but the music of the goro is still preserved within the constraints of Inca history and cultural heritage.
Peruvian literary tradition stems largely from oral tradition, with traditional poems, applause and violin-format music still heard in the clever language of indigenous peoples on the streets of the capital, Lima, and many writers have drawn on their own personal experiences to create novels, essays, etc., exploring themes such as reflections on colonial history, revolutions, Spanish conquests, and issues of social justice.
Football is the most popular sport in Peru, the country has qualified for the World Cup five times, in addition, Peruvian badminton, surfing, tennis and other sports have a certain level, these sports are also becoming more and more popular among Peruvian youth and students.
Peruvian culture has an important influence on South America and the world, in Peru it is possible to find international cultural events on various themes, such as museum exhibitions, music concerts, etc., while Peruvian literature is also internationally valued, including Mario Vargas Llosa, María Balderrama Radu, Gostavo Gorostoguey, etc.
To sum up, Peruvian culture is a fascinating and diverse one, history and culture are the main aspects of the Bank, Inca heritage and music and dance are also unique elements that influence all over the world, making it one of the most personalized countries in South America.
●○Summary○●
With the development of the global economy, Peru has further opened up its mines and land resources for commercial development activities, thus promoting more and more tourism activities. In this context, geology and land are constantly being challenged, and the environment is changed as a result.