preface
In the late 80s of the 20th century, Dai Muzhen took the interaction and interaction between local governments and state-owned enterprises as the starting point, and on this basis, he constructed China's unique "local legal person" theory.
She pointed out, "Local corporations are governments in each region that cooperate with each region's economic companies in their respective jurisdictions, just like diversified business companies. ”
Its central idea is to include the company in the national management system when the local government has a "corporate nature". With the continuous development of the market economy, the company has gradually become an important medium for state organs to penetrate into social life, and it has become a means for state organs to integrate and unify society in order to achieve higher goals.
With the continuous growth of the mainland tourism market and consumption, this model has gradually appeared in the development of tourism in various places. In the late 90s of the 20th century, in order to save the local economy, Fenghuang County vigorously developed tourism, and then introduced foreign investment, making Fenghuang Ancient City a "government and enterprise integration" city.
The county government has the ownership and management rights of scenic spots, while private enterprises have the right to operate. Based on the same goal, the two manage, publicize and operate the scenic spots of the ancient city, thus constituting "local law groupism" with common interests.
Based on this, this paper intends to take Phoenix City in Xiangxi as a case study to explore the operation logic and implementation mechanism of different rights subjects in Phoenix City on the premise of clarifying its operation logic and action mode, and then analyze its institutional superiority and potential social impact. This question will be answered in qualitative studies of fieldwork data.
1. Literature review
1. Since 1997, the development pattern and interest balance of Guzhen tourism have been officially established as a separate topic, and Guzhen tourism has undergone certain evolution and changes both from theory and practice.
At the academic level, with the deepening of tourism development, the spatial structure of the ancient city tourism place has also changed, and Lefebvre's proposal of "space production" provides a new perspective for the evolution of the spatial structure of the ancient city tourism destination.
The tourism industry of the ancient town involves many stakeholders, and everyone has the initiative to develop the tourism industry in the town, but due to the different resource conditions and interest demands, different interests are different.
In some existing studies, some scholars have used the thinking of game theory to discuss the specific game content and mode of various game subjects, such as the game between the four main stakeholders such as tourism developers and local governments, tourism enterprises, and tourists in Guzhen.
And try to analyze its operating mechanism, rational institutional design, and find a way to achieve balance. Under the three different perspectives of "reasonable" and "legal", different stakeholders have formed a game pattern "full of political and power tensions".
It should be pointed out that in the development of tourism in the ancient town, there is a competition of forces with the commercialization of tourism. Therefore, in the development process, the mentality of various stakeholders and their game will lead to a change in the final effect orientation.
Driven by the pursuit of profit, the number of tourists in the ancient town continues to grow, which leads to the commodification of the town's tourism industry, which is an inevitability.
2. Local judicial system
It is often seen in discussions of the role of local governments at all levels in social management and social change, through which we can understand the relationship between the state and society.
In the mainland, the study of "people-oriented" local legal person organizations is an important tool for analyzing and researching "people-oriented" institutional arrangements.
There have been many studies on the role of the state in the development of scenic spots.
It is already a common understanding that the development of the tourism industry cannot rely only on the principles of the free market, but needs to be supported by the state and properly regulated.
The involvement of foreign companies increases the mobility of tourist destinations and forms new networks of social connections. Foreign companies, on the other hand, become actors, and their behavior is constrained by tourism organizations at the national level and the supply chain of tourism.
2. Experimental design
1. The general circumstances of the case involved
Phoenix Ancient Capital, located in the southwest of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province, is a scenic area characterized by "triple A". Before 2001, due to the simplification and lag of the industrial structure, it led to the bankruptcy of a cigar factory in Phoenix County, the main economic support of the county, and led to the county gradually entering the predicament of economic development.
In order to revitalize the local economy, the local government has shifted its focus to the tourism sector, enabling strong market forces to enter and control the development of Phoenix Ancient City in an authorized manner, but the local tourist attractions are still controlled by the local government, and the local government's general policy and profit distribution are also decided by the local government.
On this basis, the county-level government has formed a strong local legal cooperative relationship with the private economy. Since then, tourism in the region has developed rapidly.
The local organization model led by the government, operated by enterprises, and cooperated between government and enterprises has made the ancient capital of Phoenix quickly free itself from the original financial difficulties and become a leap forward for tourism.
Therefore, this article takes the ancient capital of Phoenix as a case, which has certain rationality and typical significance.
2. Data collection and analysis
From 2010 to 2019, the author visited Phoenix Ancient City 4 times, obtained a lot of first-hand data through in-depth visits and participation, and obtained a lot of second-hand data through China Tourism News, online texts (travelogues, reviews, media news reports), and government statistical bulletins.
Through field research, a total of 336 residents of Phoenix Old Town were collected, mainly local residents, government officials, business leaders, tourism businessmen and tourists.
However, because the time span of the survey and the sample size of the interview are relatively large, considering the timeliness and practicality of the text, most of the interview text was not included in the data analysis of this paper in the previous survey process. At the same time, the selection of data also focused on local governments, residents, tourism enterprises and merchants, and the final interview sample was 55 people.
Third, the operating logic of the local company system
1. The development of local corporate thinking in the ancient capital of Phoenix
(1) Before 2001: The period led by the state
In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, Phoenix Cigar Factory was the main economic source of Phoenix County. In the mid-90s, due to industrial restructuring and other political reasons, cigarette factories were closed one after another, and Phoenix County lost its original pillar and entered a difficult period for a period of time.
In order to revitalize the local economy, the local government has focused its development on tourism. In 1999, the county began to develop tourism.
At that time, the state was mainly based on urban management, and supported the development of urban tourist attractions through the injection of funds. This made the reputation of the ancient city of Phoenix in a sense, but it gradually became a tourist activity hosted by the government and led to a series of economic losses.
(2) The period of collaboration between government and enterprises (2001-2013)
In 2001, Phoenix County began to develop the tourism industry, and the first step was to transfer the management rights of eight scenic spots (scenic spots) including the ancient capital of Phoenix for 8.33 million yuan, and for 50 years, all the property rights of the Huanglongdong Group, to which it belongs.
In September 2002, Phoenix Ancient Capital Cultural Tourism Investment Co., Ltd. ("Cultural Tourism Company") officially undertook the construction and operation of the Ancient Capital Scenic Area.
Under the premise of enjoying the right to manage tourist attractions, the company must also sign an agreement with the local government to share the benefits of tourist attractions. This initiative has formed a management system of "separation of powers", with the government having ownership, functional departments having management rights, and enterprises having management rights.
This model entrusts the marketing, publicity and scenic spot construction of Phoenix Ancient City to developers, while the government coordinates at the macro level.
(3) From 2013 to the present: a period of joint funding by the government and enterprises
In 2013, Mingcheng Construction Investment (Group) Co., Ltd. jointly established Fenghuang Ancient City Scenic Area Tourism Management Service Co., Ltd. ("Gucheng Company") with the cultural heritage company through "land investment", and implemented the "one-ticket system" integrated operation of the three scenic spots of Fenghuang Ancient City, Nanhua Mountain and Miaozhai (rural tour) for three pilot years.
At present, Phoenix Ancient City has the equity of 4,951 enterprises, mainly cultural tourism enterprises, so the project will enter a new period of "government-enterprise joint venture".
From April 10, 2016, tickets will be discontinued for older cities, but tickets for older cities will continue to be issued. Xiangyuan Holdings signed an agreement with Phoenix Gudu in December 2016, but the essence of Gudu as a Sino-foreign joint venture has not changed.
While integrating administrative power and market power, local governments in the mainland also make use of important resources such as land to build an equal contract-based government-enterprise cooperation model.
2. The subject of power: capital, society
The author conducted multiple return readings of the selected 55 interview articles, using open code and spindle code on the basis to extract the original symbols related to the proposition, merge the duplicate symbols, and eliminate the irrelevant symbols.
On this basis, through the analysis of the problem of "power subject" in urban space, the concept of "nature" in 36 urban spaces is obtained.
(1) Capital: Enterprises dominated by strong market organizations
Since 2001, the scenic area has been a market-oriented management mode since its external contracting operation. Since its establishment in 2002, Cultural Tourism Group has set up a number of subsidiaries to fully undertake the actual operation of Phoenix Ancient Capital.
So that the power of market penetration into the development and operation of the city. In 2013, when the "New Ticket Policy" was implemented, the county and the cultural tourism company jointly funded the establishment of the "Ancient City Tourism Company".
In the business model of the "corporation" in Phoenix County, the role of the "ancient capital company" is undoubted, while the work of the "ancient capital company" is "scenic spot-centered".
After taking over this attraction, Gucheng Company used its rich business experience and strong financial resources to develop tourism into the most important and important industry in Phoenix County by marketing a market-centric event coupled with a large-scale real tourism performance project.
In addition, after many operations and adjustments, after the implementation of the "admission ticket" policy in 2016, Xiangyuan Holding Group took over and established a number of subsidiaries including "Xiangyuan Phoenix Tourism Development Co., Ltd." and "Phoenix Ancient Capital Tourism Development Co., Ltd.", which fully undertook the operation and marketing of the city.
In the old city, although there are many different interests, the market-oriented forces represented by the private economy are undoubted.
(2) Authority: management led by the local government
The expansion of the right of corporate autonomy does not mean that the state, as the "invisible hand", can completely loosen the control of the company, and the strong market power will inevitably be accompanied by the "presence" of the state, so without the intervention of the state, the market can never achieve autonomous and efficient operation.
Taking Fenghuang County as an example, on the one hand, the local government passes on public construction and administrative costs to the city in the form of concessions, however, in fact, the preservation of the city is a public welfare undertaking, and the economic foundation of the urban legal person makes it difficult for the urban legal person itself to achieve self-drive;
At the same time, the government is also the market regulator, policy maker and investor of the ancient town development enterprise, and its own multiple identity characteristics make it have different roles in the development of the ancient town.
That is to say, in the process of industrial development, the state should grasp more initiative, better grasp the direction of industrial development, and better reduce the risk of industrial development.
This study finds that the tourism development of Phoenix Ancient Capital depends not only on the investment of the ancient capital company in its tourism product development and operation, but also on the investment of the local government in the planning, tourism order and ecological environment management of its surrounding environment.
Conclusion
Taking Phoenix City in Xiangxi as a case, this paper explores the systematic logic and social effects of local corporatism in the tourism development of ancient towns, and draws the following conclusions:
Different from the traditional "power-capital" relationship model, the legal practice of the ancient capital of Phoenix is more of a system composed of various factors such as government regulation, enterprise management, and public participation, which is a key structural force to avoid the balance of power and institutional solidification of the ancient capital of Phoenix.
- The interaction between power, capital and society has formed the legal community of the Phoenix County area. Local legal communities based on "collusion" based on power and capital do not have strong cooperation between the legal community and the government.
- Local legal organizations have their own institutional superiority and may bring some adverse social impacts. The integration of political logic and market logic can effectively solve the problem of rigid management system in the process of tourism development in traditional ancient villages and towns.
Text/Muzihai
Editor/Muzihai
Bibliography:
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