Author: Sun Guo
01
I never dreamed that there was a historical monument Zhujia Garden with rich historical accumulation in Jianshui, a small town in the southwest borderlands. Zhujia Garden is located in the middle section of Jianxin Street in Jianshui Ancient City, is a family residence and ancestral hall built by the brothers of Zhu Weiqing, a squire in the late Qing Dynasty, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, of which the construction area is more than 5,000 square meters, the main building is in a "vertical and four horizontal three" layout, which is a typical "three rooms, six ears, three halls, a large patio with four small patios" style traditional residential alternative combination construction.
The layout of the houses is orderly, the courtyards are one after another, and the whole group of buildings has steep ridges and cornices, carved beams and paintings, exquisite and elegant. The courtyard hall is reasonably arranged, and the spatial landscape is rich and varied, forming a "labyrinthine" architectural complex. Zhujia Garden is a group of large-scale Qing Dynasty residential buildings, known as the "Southwest Frontier Grand View Garden". Although I was mentally prepared when I came, when I walked into this garden, I was still amazed by its beauty. The Zhu Family Garden is not far from the place of our new training, and it will take a short time to arrive by car. The garden sits south facing north, and the entrance is a weeping flower gate. From a long distance, you can see the gate of the weeping flower gate tower, and the gate of the weeping flower gate tower is a tile roof and a three-stacked water jacaranda.
Above the door head hangs three staggered, elegant and exquisite eaves, on which are carved with allegorical patterns: on the first eaves are carved a few swimming fish and two golden dragons, which means "fish leaping over the dragon gate"; The second eaves is carved out of the morning sun and four magpies, which means "four joys at the door" and "prosperity"; The third eaves is engraved with Buddha hands, peach pears, incense burners, treasure bottles, etc., symbolizing "Fulu Shou". The hollow golden horse and biji on the carving bucket next to it mean "golden splendor". The legend of the Golden Horse and the Biji are two sacred objects along the Dianchi Lake in ancient times, and have now become symbols of Yunnan. In front of the gate, there is a pair of stone drums carved with dragon and phoenix patterns, in the Guizhou Buyi people, the stone drum is a fetish, through the stone drum to report to the world to the earth, I don't know what the meaning of the stone drum here. The entrance gate is a family home, three sets of three-way courtyards, side by side. Stepping into the middle gate, you are greeted by a transparent flower wall, with a moon palace gate opening on it, four words "follow the rules" directly above, and "Be cautious in your words and deeds" on the back.
02
The tour guide told us that these words mean to follow the rules at home and smooth when talking outside. We listened and had to admire the way of being a man here, and now his philosophy of being a person is still adapted to the current standards of being a person. On the central axis of the courtyard are lined with the vestibule, the nave, and the back hall. The left side of the vestibule is connected to the flower hall, the flower hall is three-bay, with a roll roof, and beauty leans on both sides. The four sides of the langfang are beautifully carved with patterns. The tour guide told us that the garden outside the flower hall was the favorite place of the young master and young lady of the Zhu family, where they chanted and wrote poems, and read the heart-wrenching "Dream of the Red Mansion" over and over again.
It is said that this courtyard is modeled after the Grand View Garden of "Dream of Red Mansions", which is unique and interesting. The plaque hanging in the flower hall is "Lieutenant General", which was made when Zhu Chaoying participated in the Lin'an Uprising of the Xinhai Revolution and received the rank of lieutenant general, and the pillar also hangs the inscription of Cai Wei, the governor of Yunnan at that time: "You must rely on your liver and gallbladder to do things. On both sides of the flower hall where "Lieutenant General" is written is the embroidery building and boudoir of Miss Zhu's family. We walked the wooden ladder to the boudoir, and in the boudoir, vases, beds, inkstones, tents, Yaoqin, etc. were there, looking like a beautiful lady in the Qing Dynasty, as if there was a beautiful aftermath. Looking at the scene in front of me, I let go of my thoughts and tried to imagine the appearance of the young lady who lived here back then, the ancient drama was seen on TV, most of the young ladies were beautiful faces, weak and inexhaustible fair women, sentimental, at this moment I seemed to see one after another mournful eyes, this "Grand View Garden" that fell into the folk, like "Dream of Red Mansions", did not escape a fateful tragedy.
Those lovely, noble, and spiritual women were born in troubled times. Walking through the pavilions of "Chufang Pavilion", "Jade Building" and "Red Building Innuendo", a pair of couplets shows the elegant and interesting of the owner of the mansion; With exquisite flowers and trees, winding courtyards, the whole garden is full of mystery and nobility. The Zhu ancestral hall on the east side of the mansion is also a set of three-entry courtyards, with more than 500 characters engraved on the wall Zhuzi's family motto: "Rise at dawn, sweep the courtyard, and be clean inside and outside." Even if you are faint, close the door, you will personally check it", "A porridge and a meal, when thinking is hard-won; Half a thread, perseverance and material resources are difficult", "Although the descendants are foolish, the scriptures must not be read", "Do not be greedy for windfalls, do not drink excessive wine. Trade with shoulders, don't take advantage. When you see your poor neighbours, you must warm your shirt."
The leader of the detachment who accompanied me told me that this family motto was not set up by the Zhu family, but that the Zhu family had read the family motto written by others and felt that it was very well written, and specially asked someone to write it on the wall as a family motto. There is a pond named "Little Goose Lake" in front of it, and there is a water pavilion built in front of the pool, which is the theater of the Zhu family. There are also 24 poems, paintings and reliefs engraved on both sides of the stone railing on the pond, one of which depicts the Zhu family's beautiful scenery in the past: it is conceivable that Zhu Chaoying's mother, Mrs. Huang, was also like Jia Mu in the Grand View Garden, leading her children and grandchildren to sit in the magnificent hall and watch the human drama staged. Now the bait ornaments on the edge of the pool have all been destroyed by the young generals in the "Cultural Revolution", and now people are going to do things, which inevitably makes people feel a lot of emotions. Behind the hall is the family chamber. It was here that the Zhu brothers discussed family affairs.
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Due to the relatively mild climate here, the doors of each room of the Zhu family are open, and the doors are connected, and the courtyard is connected. Pavilions and aisles are layered on top of each other, like a small and cute maze. The guide led us to a well, one of the wells in the patio is also different, not only does the water in the well never run out, but even better, its water level is always higher than the ground, which the Zhu family regarded as a "source of wealth". Because its water level is extremely high, there is no need to hang a bucket, and you can reach the surface of the water. There is a small hole in the well rock, and when the water level is high, the well water will overflow from the small hole and flow in the four corners of the courtyard, also known as "rolling wealth". This well was the draft well for more than 100 people in the Zhu family.
Kunming has suffered three consecutive years of drought, and the water level in the well has decreased, but the well water is still very clear. There are well rocks made of stones on the side of the well, and there are deep traces on the side of the rope that carries water. Imagine how often the Zhu family used water here. The garden courtyard is in and out one after another, the houses are lined one after another, the angles turn the rafters, the steep ridge cornices, the roof is recurved and streamlined in a streamlined shape, 42 large and small patios paved with bluestone slabs, hundreds of wooden doors and windows, and carved columns of paintings, which make people dazzled; The shape is beautiful, staggered, winding, rich and elegant. Every brick, calligraphy and painting in the Zhu family's garden reveals the secrets of this family. All the exquisite and exquisite door and window carvings with rich meaning, let us feel that it is still the rich and deep heart of a family under the traditional moral etiquette, the precious, sacred and traditional insistence.
The exquisite home art here contains the clan concept of the Zhu family and the sincere hope for the prosperity of the family, carrying the dreams and glory of the Zhu family for a hundred years, and the historical remembrance renders the legendary story of the Zhu family. Zhujia Garden is a precious architectural historical and cultural heritage of Jianshui, and is the product of the combination of Han architecture and local ethnic minority architecture. The carving and painting incorporates the content and techniques of ethnic minorities and adds character. In the construction of Zhujia Garden, great attention is paid to the harmony and integration of residence and local natural environment.
The garden is planted with bamboo and trees, flowers and plants, a lotus fish pond, and rice paddies are preserved, so that the residence can be integrated into the scenery of Jiangnan water town. The doors and windows are finely carved and the content is diverse, which is conducive to ventilation and makes people feel beautiful. The beds, tables, chairs, stools, etc. in the room are all purple wood carvings, which is the embodiment of the Qing Dynasty style. The Zhu Family Garden is a shocking whole, reminiscent of the Summer Palace and the Grand View Garden in "Dream of Red Mansions". We stopped in the garden, and the fact that such a large-scale building can appear on the southwestern frontier is amazing in itself, and the high level of human, geographical and technological standards in its architecture makes people admire the old people. In the Zhu Family Memorial Hall, the history of the Zhu family is recorded in detail, from the Ming Dynasty to Yunnan, after several generations of hard work, the effort made is incomprehensible to ordinary people.
Yet history is as deep as philosophy, and decay and prosperity coexist. The rise and fall of the Zhu family garden is inseparable from a person. Cheng Ye Xiao He defeated also Xiao He, Zhu Jiacheng also Zhu Chaoying defeated also Zhu Chaoying. In the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, he made great achievements, was given the rank of lieutenant general, and officially became the commander-in-chief of Lin'an Chengjiang, becoming the king of southern Yunnan. The garden was repaired, and a large plaque of "Lieutenant General's No.1" was hung on the gate. In December 1915, Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself "Hongxian" emperor in Beijing, and Cai Wei and Tang Jiyao launched the first uprising in Yunnan to defend the country, sending troops to Sichuan and Guangxi to fight Yuan. At this time, Zhu Chaoying bet the treasure wrong, the times determine fate, and the fate of Zhu Chaoying personally and even the entire Zhu family, along with several civil revolutionary wars in China, has sunk and floated. After Zhu Chaoying himself was released from prison, the huge amount of property of the Zhu family was copied into public ownership by the Nationalist government, and the huge family was scattered, and Zhu Chaoying also died in poverty and frustration in 1930. From the ten tenants of the Kangxi period to the famous Wang family in southern Yunnan at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the ten generations of the Zhu family have experienced a whole Qing Dynasty. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, they came to the end of the family's most glorious end.
The Zhu family has three ups and downs, and the family raid and glory coexist. With the joys and sorrows of more than 100 generations, they completed a curtain of the dream of the Red Chamber. In troubled times, they are destined to leave only the most splendid house, which is the "garden" of their hearts and the country. That era has condensed into a nucleus in the Zhu family's garden, and this nucleus is history. After visiting the Zhu Family Garden, I felt a lot of emotion in my heart, thinking about how brilliant this garden used to be, as the years passed, the former glory was gone, and the owner of that year walked into history like an actor in the Spring and Autumn Opera, only this house is still holding on and waiting. When we left, a group of kindergarten children came to this garden one after another under the guidance of the teacher, they were only interested in the grass and trees here, and they did not taste the vicissitudes of the past. It has been a long time since I walked out of the Zhu family garden, and the picture of the garden is still appearing in my mind, history is a mirror, learning from the past and the present, learning lessons, in order to achieve long-term development, the family is like this, the country is also like this.