#古籍守护人 #
In Chinese history, the Southern and Northern Dynasties were one of the most chaotic periods, and it was also the historical process of the Chinese nation from great division and integration to reunification. During this period, there was a long confrontation between the south and the north, and nine countries emerged successively, some established by the Han ethnic group and some ethnic minority regimes. Countries attacked each other, usurped power frequently, wars raged and the people suffered a lot. During this period, there are many lessons to learn from, and there are many lessons to be learned.
Southern Dynasty
In 420 AD, Liu Yu established the Jin and Song dynasties, creating the history of the Southern Dynasty. Liu Yu was born as a commoner, fought bloody battles for many years after joining the army, and by establishing military merits, controlled the court of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and then replaced it.
Liu Yu was an outstanding politician, military strategist, and reformer, and after he established the Southern Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, he strengthened the centralization of power, made full use of the Han people, curbed the arrogant and powerful, lightly dispensed with the weak endowments, developed production, established education, and promoted the economic and social development of Jiangnan. However, Liu Yu's ruling methods were tough, the killing was too heavy, and he was full of violent temper, which had a great influence on the Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty.
In 422, Liu Yu died of illness after only two years as emperor, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Liu Yifu. Liu Yu was worried about his son's young age and left four ministers to assist him. Unexpectedly, Liu Yifu was spoiled since he was a child, playing and frolicking all day, ignoring state affairs, and only serving as emperor for two years, he was killed by Gu Ming's ministers.
In 424, Gu ordered the minister to install Liu Yu's third son, Liu Yilong, as emperor, known as Emperor Wen of Song. Emperor Wen of Song feared the authority of his ministers and killed them after ascending the throne. Emperor Wen of Song was a promising emperor, he ruled for thirty years, economic development, cultural prosperity, and promoted the Southern Song Dynasty to a strong and prosperous Dynasty, known in history as the rule of Yuan Jia. The Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty was the strongest of the four Southern Dynasties, but Emperor Wen of Song, like his father, still killed too much.
In 453, Emperor Wen of Song wanted to depose the crown prince, but was killed by the violent crown prince Liu Shao. Liu Shao was the first person in history to ascend the throne by killing his father, which caused opposition from the world, and after only two months as emperor, he was destroyed by his younger brother Liu Junxing. Liu Jun ruled for twelve years and did a good job, continuing his father's rule of Yuan Jia. However, in his later years, Liu Jun became extravagant and greedy for money, causing chaos in the imperial court.
In 464, Liu Jun died of illness and was succeeded by his eldest son Liu Ziye. Liu Ziye was only sixteen years old, but he was violent and tyrannical, and he was a little perverted, he killed the minister Gu ordered by his father, and imprisoned and abused his uncles, committed adultery and incest, acted recklessly, and after being emperor for two years, he was killed by his uncle Liu Yu.
In 466, Liu Yu ascended the throne as emperor with the support of his brothers, and at the same time, Liu Ziye's younger brother Liu Zixun was also proclaimed emperor with the support of his brothers. Two emperors appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the uncle faction and the nephew faction fought a life-and-death battle. After more than a year of melee, in the end, the uncle's faction won the victory, and Liu Zixun's dozen brothers were all killed. Subsequently, Liu Yu almost killed his brothers. In the royal killing of each other, the country is almost ruined. In the midst of the war, the power of general Xiao Daocheng rose.
Liu Yu served as emperor for six years and died of illness, and was succeeded by his eldest son Liu Yu. Although Liu Yu is only a teenager, he is a pervert. He likes to kill people for fun, and often takes a few entourages out of the palace at night, sees people killing, sees dogs kill dogs, and sees what kills. He also likes to insert an iron cone into people's pussy and enjoy people's screams. Xiao Daocheng had already controlled the imperial court at this time, and seeing Liu Yu's miserable inhumanity, he killed him and installed Liu Yu's younger brother Liu Zhun as emperor, and Liu Zhun was only ten years old at the time.
In 479, Xiao Daocheng killed Liu Zhun and proclaimed himself emperor and established the state of Qi. The Southern Song Dynasty, which lasted for fifty-nine years, was powerful and full of fierceness, and perished.
Xiao Daocheng, like Liu Yu, was also a soldier in his life, fought in the south and the north, and controlled the imperial court with his battle merits. He took advantage of the fratricidal situation between the Southern Dynasty and the Song Dynasty to usurp Song Jianqi. Xiao Daocheng also died after being emperor for more than two years, and before his death, he warned his son Xiao Zhao that he must accept the lessons of the Southern Dynasty and Song and treat his brothers and clansmen well.
Xiao Zhao was known as Emperor Wudi of Qi, who promoted benevolent government, cared for people's livelihood, established education, strengthened the country and enriched the people, and created the rule of Yongming. Emperor Wudi of Qi ruled for twelve years and was very promising, especially when he followed his father's teachings and was relatively harmonious between his brothers. However, he made a fatal mistake in his later years by not passing the throne to the elder virtuous son, but in accordance with the succession system, he made his eldest grandson Xiao Zhaoye emperor and his cousin Xiao Luan assisted him.
Xiao Luan was a sinister and vicious person, he killed Xiao Zhaoye, and almost killed Xiao Daocheng and Xiao Zhao's descendants, and became the emperor himself. Emperor Qi Wu saw the wrong person and caused the destruction of the clan. Xiao Luan served as emperor for four years and died of illness, and his son Xiao Baoxuan succeeded to the throne.
Xiao Baoxuan is a famous comatose ruler in history, he is arrogant and lascivious, cruel and unscrupulous, spoils traitors, and kills ministers indiscriminately, which soon caused chaos in the world, and troops rose up in various places to fight. Xiao Yan of Yongzhou led his troops into Jiankang and killed Xiao Baoxuan, who had been emperor for less than three years. Xiao Yan made Xiao Baoxuan's younger brother Xiao Baorong emperor, killed him a year later, became emperor himself, and established Southern Liang. Southern Qi existed for only twenty-three years, the shortest of the four regimes of the Southern Dynasties.
In 502, Xiao Yan destroyed Southern Qi and established Southern Liang. Xiao Yan was a famous emperor in history, known as Emperor Wudi of Liang. Emperor Wudi of Liang was versatile and proficient in literature, scripture, Buddhism, music, and calligraphy, and ruled for forty-eight years, living to the age of eighty-six. In the early period of Liang Wudi's reign, he was diligent in political affairs, worked hard to govern, advocated Confucianism, promoted benevolent government, treated the clan office leniently, cared about the people's livelihood, and gained a high reputation. However, in the later period of his reign, he neglected political affairs, became obsessed with Buddhism, and even saw through the red dust, and became a monk four times, resulting in the prosperity of Buddhism, and Southern Liang became a Buddhist state, resulting in the weakening of national strength and the dim imperial court.
In 548, the Houjing Rebellion broke out, causing Southern Liang to suffer heavy losses, and Emperor Wudi of Liang also died in the war. After the Houjing Rebellion subsided, Emperor Wu of Liang's sons vied for the throne and fought among themselves, and two emperors appeared in Southern Liang. The Northern Dynasty took advantage of the fire and looted and occupied a large area of land, and the Southern Liang was devastated from then on. During the war, the power of the general Chen Baxian rose and took control of the imperial court. After experiencing several puppet emperors, Southern Liang declared its demise and existed for fifty-five years.
In 557, Chen Ba first destroyed Southern Liang and established Southern Chen. Chen Baxian was also a martial general, and he also died after two years as emperor. Of the four founding emperors of the Southern Dynasty, three were strikingly similar.
After Chen Ba's death, his nephew Chen Qian succeeded to the throne and was known as Emperor Wen of Chen. Emperor Chen Wendi endured hardships as a teenager, was wise and courageous, and made great achievements, and he reigned for seven years and created the rule of Tianjia. Unfortunately, due to the end of the Southern Liang period, a large area of land was taken away by the Northern Dynasty, and at this time, the Southern Chen, with its small territory and small population, was already difficult to compete with the Northern Dynasty.
After the death of Emperor Wen of Chen, he was succeeded by his son Chen Bozong. Two years later, Emperor Wen Chen's younger brother, Chen Yan, killed Chen Bozong and seized the throne. Chen Yan reigned for fourteen years, and on the whole, he did a good job. After Chen Yan's death, he was succeeded by his son Chen Shubao. Chen Shubao is a famous talented and talented monarch, he is very successful in literature, but he is a mess in governing the country.
In November 588, the Sui Dynasty, which had unified the north, dispatched an army of 510,000 troops divided into eight routes to attack Southern Chen. Nan Chen's national strength was weak and vulnerable, and it soon collapsed.
In February 589, the Sui army attacked Jiankang and captured Chen Shubao. At this point, Southern Chen declared its demise, and the Southern Dynasty came to an end.
The four countries of the Southern Dynasty were all Han regimes, and the succession of the four countries was all because of civil strife, their own people vying for power and interests, killing each other, and others taking advantage of the chaos to usurp power.
Northern Dynasty
The Northern Dynasties, including the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Western Wei, and Northern Five Dynasties, were all regimes established by the Xianbei Tuoba or the Xianbei Han people.
The Xianbei Tuoba tribe is a branch of the Xianbei tribe, who lived in the north for a long time, lived by nomadism, and were weak, and only in the Cao Wei period of the Three Kingdoms did they have contact with the Central Plains. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tuoba established a dynasty in the area of present-day Inner Mongolia, which was later destroyed by Former Qin.
In 386 AD, Tuoba Bu produced a heroic figure named Tuoba Jue, who restored the kingdom and soon changed the name of the country to "Wei", and the history was called Northern Wei. Under his rule, Northern Wei gradually developed from a weak regime to a northern power. After Tuoba Jue, his son Tuoba Si and grandson Tuoba Tao inherited his career, and the three generations of ancestors and grandchildren finally destroyed the large and small separatist forces through relay struggle, and unified the north in 439 AD. At the same time, the Northern Wei Dynasty completed the transition from slavery to feudalism and from nomadic to agrarian economy.
Tuoba Tao was also a heroic figure, after he unified the north, he learned from the experience of Han rulers in governing the country, respected Confucius, advocated Confucianism, promoted Han culture, developed the economy, and devoted himself to strengthening the country and enriching the people. During this period, the ruler of the south was Liu Yilong, the Song Emperor. Tuoba Tao and Liu Yilong, about the same age and time to ascend the throne, both of them have big ambitions, and there have been many wars between the North and South Dynasties, and the result is evenly matched, and no one can eat anyone, so they have to form a confrontation for a long time.
In 452, Tuoba Tao was murdered by eunuchs, and his son Tuoba Yu succeeded to the throne, but in less than half a year, he was killed by eunuchs, and the ministers supported Tuoba Tao's eldest grandson Tuoba Huan to ascend the throne. After Tuoba Hun came to the throne, he killed eunuchs, quelled civil unrest, recuperated, stabilized society, and ordered the construction of the famous Yungang Grottoes.
In 465, Tuoba Hong, who had ruled for thirteen years, died of illness and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son Tuoba Hong. Due to the emperor's youth, Northern Wei entered the reign of Empress Dowager Feng. Empress Dowager Feng was an outstanding female politician and reformer in Chinese history. She was a Han Chinese, and in accordance with the Han rulers' methods of governing the country, she carried out a series of reforms in the politics, economy and customs of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which brought about qualitative changes in the Northern Wei regime and laid the foundation for the comprehensive implementation of Sinicization by Emperor Xiaowen in the future.
In 490, Empress Dowager Feng, who had ruled for twenty-five years, died of illness, and Emperor Xiaowen began to govern pro-government. Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang, and carried out large-scale Sinicization reforms, not only copying the Han system in politics, ideology, economy, and culture, but also fully sinicizing clothing, language, customs, and surnames. Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization movement is very famous in history, and most of them affirm and praise it, but there are also some different opinions.
In 499, Emperor Xiaowen died of illness and was succeeded by his son Yuan Ke. Yuan continued to pursue a policy of sinicization, and frequently launched wars against the southern dynasties, expanding his territory, but his own losses were also great, and he also believed in Buddhism, which gradually weakened the country's strength. Yuan died six years after becoming emperor, and his five-year-old son Yuan Xuan succeeded him. The emperor was young, and Northern Wei entered the reign of Empress Dowager Hu.
Empress Dowager Hu is also Han, but she is very different from Empress Dowager Feng. In the early days of her rule, she could still be diligent in government affairs and care about people's livelihood, but soon revealed her selfish and greedy nature and pursuit of pleasure. Empress Dowager Hu had no ability to govern the country, and she was arrogant and promiscuous, which led to chaos in the imperial court, traitors in charge, corruption in the rule of officials, and poor livelihood among the people, uprisings in various places, and social turmoil.
After Yuan Xu became an adult, Empress Dowager Hu still did not let go of power, and a sharp conflict arose between mother and son. Empress Dowager Hu poisoned her own son for selfish desires, causing chaos in the world. The northern warlord Er Zhu Rong, under the banner of avenging the emperor, invaded Luoyang, sank Empress Dowager Hu into the Yellow River, and killed thousands of court officials and nobles, and the Northern Wei Dynasty fell apart.
In 534, Er Zhurong's general Gao Huan moved the capital from Luoyang to Yecheng, installed Yuan Shanjian as emperor, and founded Eastern Wei. The following year, Yuwen Tai, another general of Er Zhurong, established Yuan Baoju as emperor in Chang'an, founding the Western Wei dynasty. After that, the Eastern and Western Wei dynasties fought successively and attacked each other.
The de facto ruler of Eastern Wei was Gao Huan, a Han Han who formed his own power during the war and controlled the Eastern Wei regime. After Gao Huan's death, his sons Gao Cheng and Gao Yang successively controlled the imperial government. The emperor was not only a puppet, but also had no freedom and dignity, and was even beaten by his courtiers in public, which is probably the most intimate emperor in history. Eastern Wei experienced only one generation of emperors, and after sixteen years, it was replaced by Northern Qi.
In 550, Gao Yang abolished Eastern Wei and established Northern Qi. Northern Qi is a Han regime, but does not pay attention to benevolence and morality, Gao Yang, Gao Zhan, Gao Wei and other emperors, are fierce and cruel, mischief, therefore, some people call Northern Qi a barbarian dynasty, and the Gao royal family is a "family of animals and beasts". During the Northern Qi Dynasty, there were a large number of absurd incest, tyrannical, and cannibalistic incidents, and the crimes were so heinous and unbelievable that some people said that the emperor was mentally ill. After twenty-seven years, Northern Qi was destroyed by Northern Zhou.
The Western Wei regime, established at the same time as Eastern Wei, existed for twenty-two years, during which time the actual ruler was Yuwen Tai. Yuwen Tai was a humble man, but he was an outstanding politician, military strategist, and reformer. When Eastern and Western Wei were separated, Eastern Wei's strength was obviously stronger than Western Wei's, and Yuwen Tai was ostensibly restored, but in fact, based on the experience of Han rulers, he formulated a correct program for the founding of the state and implemented a series of reforms to make Western Wei from weak to strong.
In 557, Yuwen Tai's nephew Yuwen Hu deposed Western Wei and established Northern Zhou, making Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue emperor. Yuwen Hu ruled for fifteen years and made important contributions to the consolidation and development of Northern Zhou, but he had a strong desire for power, and killed three emperors in a row, and finally harmed himself and was killed by Yuwen Yong, the emperor of Zhou Wu.
Emperor Wu of Zhou, after he came to power, strengthened imperial power and implemented reforms, so that Northern Zhou was politically clear, socially stable, the people prosperous, and the national strength strong. In 577, Emperor Wu of Zhou personally led a large army to destroy Northern Qi in one fell swoop and unify the north.
In 578, Emperor Wudi of Zhou died of illness and was succeeded by his son Yuwen Yun. Yuwen Yun was not at all like his old son, he was tired of government affairs and indulged in wine, and handed over the power of the imperial government to his father-in-law Yang Jian, so that Yang Jian's power increased. Yuwen Yun even gave the throne to his six-year-old son, became the emperor himself, and concentrated on pleasure.
In 581, Yang Jian's forces had formed, and he easily destroyed Northern Zhou and established the Sui Dynasty.
In 589, the Sui Dynasty sent a large army to destroy Southern Chen in one fell swoop and unify the world. At this point, the Southern and Northern Dynasties ended, opening the era of great unification of the Sui Dynasty.
Among the five kingdoms of the Northern Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty was the longest, lasting 148 years from its establishment in 386 AD to its demise in 534 AD. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, after decades of hard work by three generations of Tuoba Jue's ancestors and grandchildren, the north was unified; In the middle period, after the reforms of Empress Dowager Feng and Emperor Xiaowen, the national strength was strong. However, after Empress Dowager Hu came to power, in just a dozen years, the Northern Wei Dynasty collapsed.
The Western Wei and Northern Zhou regimes controlled by the Yuwen clan were also like this, and under the long-term efforts of Yuwen Tai, Yuwen Hu, Yuwen Yong and others, they changed from weak to strong and unified the north. However, under Yuwen Yun's rule, in just three years, the regime was buried.
Historical experience tells us that it is not easy to create a good situation and require long-term struggle; It doesn't take too long to ruin a good situation, it's easy.