Bricks and tiles are an important part of traditional Chinese architecture, and the production of bricks and tiles is inseparable from the kiln, which in the Qin and Han dynasties was not only an important tool for the production of building materials, but also a necessary equipment for casting copper and other items in the smelting industry.
The brick and tile kiln technology and exchange in the Qin and Han dynasties played an important role in the development of the construction and smelting industry at that time.
Therefore, this paper will study the process technology and exchange of brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han dynasties, and explore its influence on the construction and smelting industry at that time.
The shape and structure of brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han dynasties
Brick and tile kiln is a kind of kiln specially used to fire bricks and tiles, an important part of ancient Chinese ceramic technology, in the Qin and Han period, the shape and structure of brick and tile kiln has undergone some changes and development.
The shape of brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han dynasties was basically round or oval, and this shape was gradually changed to square in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Compared with round brick and tile kilns, the square brick and tile kiln is more suitable for the production of bricks and tiles, and the density of bricks and tiles is more uniform.
Among them, the round brick kiln is mainly used to fire tiles, while the square brick kiln is used to fire bricks, and the changes in shape reflect the development of brick and tile production technology, which is of great significance for the scale and industrialization of brick and tile production.
The structure of brick kilns in the Qin and Han dynasties has also undergone changes, and the structure of brick kilns has also undergone some changes and innovations.
In the Qin Dynasty, the flue of the brick and tile kiln was relatively simple, using one flue, and the length of the flue was not very consistent, and then inside the kiln, the Qin and Han dynasties appeared brick shell, painting and other technologies, which improved the fire performance and aesthetics of the kiln.
On the outside of the kiln, some new structural forms have also emerged, such as adding an attached kiln at the kiln mouth, which can improve the output and production efficiency of the kiln; Adding a flue to the chimney of the kiln can improve the combustion efficiency and thermal benefits of the kiln.
In the Han Dynasty, the flue of brick and tile kilns became more complex, generally using multiple flues, and the length and position of the flues were relatively regular.
These innovative structural forms and technical means not only provide more efficient equipment and tools for brick and tile production, but also provide broader space and possibilities for the technical exchange and reference of brick and tile kilns.
Author's opinion:
In general, the brick kilns of the Qin and Han dynasties have undergone some changes and innovations in shape and structure.
These changes and innovations reflect the development level and production scale of brick and tile production technology at that time, and also provide strong technical support and foundation for later brick and tile production.
The development process and characteristics of brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han periods
According to the "Spring and Autumn of the Lü Family", the State of Chu in the Warring States period already had the production of brick and tile kilns, and the brick and tile kilns of the Qin and Han periods were developed and improved on the basis of the State of Chu.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the process technology of brick and tile kilns gradually matured.
The first is the selection of materials, which requires the selection of high-quality clay as the raw material for bricks and tiles.
The second is pounding, the selected clay is pounded into a uniform mud mass, and molded, and finally firing, the formed bricks and tiles are put into the kiln for firing, the firing temperature is generally about 900 °C.
The gradual improvement and improvement of these technological technologies has greatly improved the quality and quantity of brick and tile manufacturing in the Qin and Han dynasties.
The brick and tile kilns of the Qin and Han dynasties have undergone a long development process, and have made certain progress and innovation in shape, structure and firing technology.
The following is the development process and characteristics of brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han periods:
The number and scale of brick kilns in the Qin and Han dynasties have increased significantly compared with the previous period, which means that brick and tile kiln production has begun to enter the stage of large-scale.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the production of brick and tile kilns was mainly concentrated in the northern region and relatively less in the southern region, which was related to the climatic and geological conditions of the time, but also related to the construction and smelting needs of different regions.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the technical exchange of brick and tile kilns was very active, and technical exchanges and references were often carried out between different regions.
For example, Bao Shuya, a famous craftsman during the Eastern Han Dynasty, once traveled to the Western Regions to learn the local brick kiln manufacturing technology and bring it back to the Central Plains.
The brick kilns of the Qin and Han dynasties were mainly round and oval, and most of the kilns of this shape were mainly underground kilns, but there were also a small number of brick kilns.
The decoration and firing process of brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han dynasties
In addition to the changes in shape and structure, the brick and tile kilns of the Qin and Han dynasties have certain decorative properties in addition to practical functions, and their firing process also has certain characteristics.
In the Qin and Han dynasties, the decoration of brick and tile kilns was mainly reflected in the painting and carving of the furnace wall, and the decorative forms of brick and tile kilns were relatively rich, mainly including relief, line carving, painting and other ways.
These decorations mainly use cultural elements such as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, such as yin and yang, five elements, eight trigrams, etc., and these symbols and patterns are believed to have the effect of warding off evil spirits and driving away ghosts.
Among them, relief carving is a common decorative technique, used to emboss various patterns or words on the surface of bricks and tiles, which has high artistic value, in addition, engraving and painting are also widely used in the decoration of brick and tile kilns, making it more beautiful.
There are also patterns and murals of animals, plants, people, etc., which are not only decorative, but also reflect the production and living conditions of the time.
The firing process of brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han dynasties was very particular, and it was necessary to control the temperature and burning time of the kiln to ensure the quality of bricks and tiles.
In the firing process, it is also necessary to pay attention to the location of the fire source and the size of the fire to avoid cracking, deformation and other problems in the brick and tile, in the firing process of the brick and tile, the firing technology continues to innovate and improve, so that the quality of the brick and tile continues to improve.
The brick kiln in the Qin and Han period mainly used charcoal as fuel, and it was necessary to master certain techniques in the firing process, first of all, it was necessary to control the firing temperature to ensure the hardness and durability of the bricks and tiles.
Secondly, it is necessary to master the proportion and thickness of the bricks and tiles to ensure the size and quality of the bricks and tiles, and finally, it is necessary to master the drying time and method of the bricks and tiles to ensure that the inside and surface of the bricks and tiles are evenly heated and to avoid cracks and deformation of the bricks and tiles.
Author's opinion:
In general, brick and tile kilns in the Qin and Han periods not only have practical functions, but also have certain decorative properties.
In terms of firing process, it is necessary to master certain technologies to ensure the quality and durability of bricks and tiles, and the development of these technologies and processes has provided strong help for the production of bricks and tiles at that time.
The influence of brick and tile kilns on construction and smelting industry during the Qin and Han dynasties
In the Qin and Han periods, the emergence and application of brick and tile kilns promoted the development of the construction industry.
The emergence of bricks and tiles has replaced traditional adobe building materials, so that the quality and stability of the building have been significantly improved.
At the same time, the standardized production and large-scale production of bricks and tiles have improved the production efficiency and capacity of the construction industry, which is conducive to accelerating the process of urbanization and industrialization.
With the rapid development of the construction industry, the gradual improvement of brick and tile kiln technology, and the realization of large-scale production, bricks and tiles have become the main source of building materials, and the construction industry has also developed significantly.
The production and application of bricks and tiles make the building structure more solid, and at the same time, it also makes the shape of the building more diverse, enriching the architectural culture.
The smelting industry in the Qin and Han dynasties was one of the peak periods of the ancient metallurgical industry in China, and the emergence and application of brick and tile kilns also had a positive impact on the smelting industry, and brick and tile kilns played an important role in the smelting industry.
In the Qin and Han dynasties, casting technology has been relatively advanced, but the materials and technology of firing furnaces are relatively backward, and the application of brick and tile kilns has improved the production efficiency and capacity of the furnace.
The production of copper ware has also been greatly developed, casting technology and firing technology have been continuously improved, the progress of these technologies can not be separated from the use and development of brick and tile kiln, brick kiln for the smelting industry to provide important equipment and production tools.
Author's opinion:
The brick and tile kilns of the Qin and Han dynasties had a profound impact on both the construction and smelting industries, promoted the development and progress of these industries, and made important contributions to the social and economic development of the time.
At the same time, the application of brick and tile kilns also promoted the improvement of furnace structure and materials, laying the foundation for later smelting technology.
The brick kiln in the Qin and Han dynasties was an important part of traditional Chinese craftsmanship and technology, and played an important role in promoting the development of construction and smelting industry at that time.
From the origin and development of brick and tile kilns, it can be seen that brick kilns are a gradual process, and after long-term practice and exploration, brick kilns with a certain scale and technical content are finally formed.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the production of brick and tile kilns was greatly improved, becoming one of the main sources of building materials, and also providing important equipment and production tools for the smelting industry.
At the same time, the technical exchange and reference of brick and tile kiln is also very active, and technical exchange and reference are often carried out between different regions, which provides strong support for the development of brick and tile kiln.
In general, the brick and tile kiln in the Qin and Han dynasties played an important role in the development of traditional Chinese craft technology, and also contributed to the development of Chinese traditional culture, and also has a certain reference and enlightenment role for today's construction and smelting industry.
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