1. Implementation of the tuntian system
The late Han Dynasty was a famous chaotic era in the history of the mainland. During this period, there were frequent wars, plagues, and massacres. In order to escape military disasters and natural disasters, the people scattered, were displaced, unable to farm, and starved to death.
The tragedy of killing each other and changing children to eat has also happened repeatedly.
The army, which lacked peasant support, was also not happy. According to the Book of Wei, "Since he suffered from desolation, he lacked grain and grain. All armies rise together, and there is no end to the year. "Yuan Shao's family in Hebei has four generations and three princes, and his family is rich.
But when it came to battle, the soldiers in the army could only pick mulberries to fill their stomachs. The Yuan Shu army in the Jianghuai region was no better, and could only rely on pumberries to feed themselves.
After Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shu, he also felt helpless in the face of this group of hungry soldiers under him. Fortunately, at this time, a strategist named Zao Sui offered the plan of tuntian.
As early as the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Han began to recruit sinners, slaves, and voluntary peasants to go to the border and cultivate the border land. During the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han, in order to further strengthen the management of the border lands, Emperor Wudi of Han sent a large number of soldiers to Tuntian in the Western Regions.
The Han Dynasty's tuntian was small enough to form a system. But Cao Cao was confronted with a ruined world, full of ownerless wasteland just waiting to be cultivated. During the attack on the Yellow Turban Army, the Cao army also collected a large number of agricultural tools and cattle, and captured many peasants.
Everything was ready, and the policy of Tuntian was announced in the first year of Jian'an.
The effect of Tuntian did not disappoint Cao Cao.
In the year that the policy was implemented, Cao Jun received millions of grain, which solved Cao Cao's urgent needs. Cao Cao was overjoyed, and decided to take in the displaced people, set up a wide range of fields, restore agricultural production, and increase his own leverage for hegemony.
At that time, there were many displaced people in the world, and in Youzhou alone, there were millions of displaced people from Qingzhou and Xuzhou. There are also more than 100,000 families displaced in Guanzhong in Jingzhou.
These displaced people have nothing to do, not only consume a lot of food, but also cause serious security problems.
Cao Wei collected these displaced people, distributed agricultural tools, distributed land, let them cultivate, and then used grain to pay rent after harvesting. According to historical records, after the harvest was harvested, farmers with cattle could share it with the government. Without private cattle, farmers who need to lease cattle from the government can only get 40% of the income.
This kind of tax is too heavy compared to the Han Dynasty's "thirty taxes and one" system. But for the displaced people who are surviving in troubled times, it is already the best choice.
2. The duties of the captain of the degree branch
The tuntian system of Wei and Jin was divided into civilian tun and juntun. The supreme leader of Mintun is the central chief sinong, who is in charge of the people's tun throughout the country. Under the Great Sinong, there are either Diannong Zhonglang Generals or Diannong Captains, both of which are sixth-grade officers, but the rank of Diannong Captain is slightly lower.
Further down was the Diannong Duwei, who commanded Sima, and each Sima had fifty peasants under him, which was a tun.
The records of the military tun are relatively vague, and its supreme power should be in the hands of Duzhi Shangshu, and its status is equal to that of the great sinong. Under them were General Duzhi Zhonglang, Captain Duzhi, and Duzhidu Lieutenant.
There was also Sima under the Duzhidu, but the military tun had sixty people in one tun, which was more numerous than the civilian tun.
Da Si Nong and Du Zhi Shangshu were respectively in charge of the Mintun and the Military Tun, and the requisition of grain required the joint efforts of the two.
For example, in Cao Wei's famous Gao Pingling Change, Huan Fan, who was then the Great Sinong, defected to Cao Shuang, saying that the most worrying thing at this time was the grain problem, "and the seal of the Great Sinong is in me", which shows that without the seal of the Great Sinong, it is impossible to mobilize the grain in the treasury.
Hong Jiaosun said: "The master of the farmer is tuntian, and the master of the branch is dispatched." ”
In addition to the seal of the Great Sinong, the planning and issuance of the Duzhi Shangshu is also an indispensable part of the grain requisition.
Du Zhi Shangshu's right-hand man, Captain Du Zhi, was a six-rank official, and Yulu was "more than two thousand stones" (grain hundred hu), "in charge of the army and field soldiers". The actual duty is to be responsible for supply and accounting in the army, and to supervise and transport military food when going on expeditions.
3. Captain Duzhi's duties for the transfer of military food
However, the settlement of the tuntian system did not last long.
In the later period of the Cao Wei dynasty, the Sima clan, who was in power, intensified the exploitation of the people, and the original five-fifty percent harvest gradually became eighty percent of the official government, and the peasants worked day and night, still unable to make ends meet.
At the same time, land annexations by large families have become more serious, and many farmers are unable to even lease land.
This social situation led to the flight of a large number of peasants, some of whom became displaced again, while others became dependent on the powerful aristocracy, becoming a special population that only needed to be loyal to the clan and did not need to pay taxes to the imperial court, and the tuntian system became extinct in name only.
Soon after Emperor Wudi of the Western Jin Dynasty came to the throne, he immediately "abolished the peasant officials as counties", abolished the Mintun system, and implemented the land occupation system instead. Because of the importance of the logistical support system such as the transfer of grain and grass to marching and fighting, the military cantonment was retained, but the scale was far less large than during the Cao Wei period.
At the same time, the grain transportation function of Captain Duzhi was highlighted.
In the seventh year of the Tai Dynasty, the famous minister Du Pre was appointed Du Zhi Shangshu. Duzhi Shangshu was not only the head of the military tun, but also in charge of the country's economic and financial affairs, and held a high position.
As soon as he took office, Du put forward more than 50 suggestions for governing the country and the army, including the transfer of military grain by the Duzhi system.
The Western Jin Dynasty specially set up the post of superintendent of Lingshi Shi, who usually delivered grain to the Shutun army, and when fighting wars, he collected the army to transfer grain and grass. It was recorded in the "Book of Jin, Liu Kui's Biography": "The prime minister's house beheaded the governor and ordered Shi Chun to be unobedient. ”
The reason why the superintendent Ling Shi was beheaded was because they had time requirements for transporting grain and grass. After all, the situation on the battlefield is changing rapidly, and the slightest delay can lead to defeat.
It took Chun Yubo two months to transport the grain and grass to the point that he was killed.
Such a severe punishment made the minister shy away from the official position of superintendent of Lingshi.
In view of this, Du Qian's proposal to let Captain Du Zhi share part of the task of transporting military grain was also reasonable.
Fourth, Du Pre's preparation for felling
Du's plan to divide the responsibilities of the superintendent is not for nothing, and there are deep political considerations behind it.
Emperor Wu of Jin had long had the intention of felling Wu, and often conspired with Du Xian, Yanghu and other courtiers to felling Wu. In the year after Du pre-stepped down as Du Zhishangshu, the Western Jin Dynasty launched the Battle to destroy Wu.
Obviously, the appointment of Du Pre as Du Zhi Shangshu was part of the plan to destroy Wu, and most of the policies proposed by Du Pre during his tenure were prepared for the destruction of Wu.
Cao Wei set up military cantonments all over the world, but few were set up in the Jianghuai region, which had disputes with the Wu state.
The Western Jin Dynasty did the opposite, gradually abolishing the tuntians in various places, but retaining the military tuns in Guangling, Luoyang, Xiangcheng, Hefei and other places, allowing the local captains of the Duzhi branch to carry out the transfer of military food, ensuring the supply of military food during the war.
It took only a few months for the Jin army to conquer Jianye, and the Wu lord Sun Hao was captured, and the division of the three kingdoms finally ended.
The establishment of not over-transporting grain did not end with the demise of the Wu state, but became a fixed system and spread in the south. As the Eastern Jin Dynasty became safe, it was unable to effectively govern the vast territory, and the system of transporting grain was abolished.
Bibliography:
Book of Jin
History of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of Wei and Jin
Research on the Land System of the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
"Discussion on Tuntian in the Cao Wei Huai River Basin"