Preface:
An important member of the imperial family of the Liao Dynasty, the daughter of the emperors of the Liao Dynasty-the princess, occupies a place in the "History of Liao" and has the "Princess Table". The "Princess Table" ranks thirty-six princesses and thirty-nine horses according to the order of imperial succession and the principle of elder and youngest (of which the six daughters of Tianqi are not listed as horses). This is the first in the twenty-fourth history.
"Rites, men and women, should not be listed with the prince." And the reason why the "History of Liao" is listed in the "Princess Watch" is because "the Liao State is a full-time foreign relative, and the princess has to see it in many cases and legends." It can be seen that "Liao Shi Princess Watch" has profound cultural connotations, and it is a mutual appearance with "Foreign Qi Table", which is not only a supplement to the "Foreign Qi Table", but also has a unique cultural connotation that "Foreign Qi Table" does not have.
This article attempts to make a preliminary analysis of the cultural significance of this table for everyone, and seek advice from the Fang family.
1. The "History of Liao, Princess Watch" reflects the historical process of gradual feudalization of Liao Dynasty society
During the more than two hundred years from its establishment to its demise, the social nature of the Liao Dynasty underwent major changes. In 916 AD, Abaoji established the state, the national name "Khitan", Jianyuan "Divine Book", and the group of ministers Shangzun was called "Great Sage and Great Tomorrow Emperor." ”
His wife, Shulu clan (蛛llü), was declared "Empress Yingtian Damingdi" and made her eldest son Yelube crown prince, "establishing hereditary imperial rule, proclaiming the demise of the tribal clan alliance electoral system and the birth of a slave state." With the destruction of the Bohai Sea in 926 and the occupation of the Yanyun region by Emperor Taizong in 928, the feudal component in the Liao Empire increased greatly, and the development trend of Khitan society from slavery to feudalism has become a development trend, so during the Sejong, Muzong and Jingzong periods, the Liao Dynasty society gradually transitioned from slavery to feudalism.
In the middle of the Liao period under the rule of Shengzong, a series of waves of reform of a feudal nature occurred in the Liao-ruled area. In this way, during the period of unification, "Liao entered feudal society." Until the demise of Liao, its social nature was a feudal society with a strong color of slavery.
This historical change in Liao Dynasty society from slavery to feudalism is a powerful illustration of the change in the title of princess in the princess table. The "Princess Table" first lists six princesses, including the first daughter of Taizu, the second daughter of Taizong, and the third daughter of Sejong. These six princesses did not receive any titles during the period from Taizu to Sejong (all titles were added by Emperor Muzong and Emperor Jingzong).
This is not that the daughter of the emperor of the slave society is not honored, such as Taizu has only one daughter, "the name is ancient, and the young is aunt." Khitan custom, all wedding banquet ceremonies, push women to sit in the Ao, called 'Ao Gu'.
Here, we can see that the ancient nature of "being a young aunt" is by no means "pushed" to be honorable and sits on the aunt's throne according to the old custom, but because her father is a baoji and is specially respected and becomes aunt, which is the result of her father's influence on power and status.
Why didn't Taizu He Baoji give Qiangu a title? This is because before and after the founding of Taizu, Khitan society had just entered a slave society from the clan and tribal alliance at the end of the primitive society, and the state system was still in its infancy. The lack of titles such as Qiangu illustrates the characteristics of this period of Khitan society.
Starting from Jingzong and Shengzong, due to the influence of advanced Han culture, the feudalization process of Khitan society accelerated, which was clearly manifested in the title of princess, that is, the princess had many titles and honors, the number of titles increased, the hierarchy was strict, and the princess system gradually became comprehensive.
First of all, there are many and honorable titles, and the number of titles increases. In this regard, the eldest daughter of Jingzong, the eldest princess of Qin and Jinguo, can be said to be the most typical example. "Qian Heng Xin, the princess of the State of Qi... Tonghe Renzi was renamed Princess Chang of the State of Chu.
Kaitai changed the yuan and became the eldest princess of the Jin state... Peng Wu year, named Wuyue Guo Chang Princess Peng Yin year, was named the Grand Princess of Taijin State... Shiwu year, plus the four characters of Gong Shou Ren gills. Its winter and November, ·· ... Prepare the book of ceremonies, and order the word Yongsu. [5] She was canonized nine times in her life, "inheriting extraordinary graces and enjoying unearthly names," and her reverence could not be greater.
Secondly, the princess hierarchy is tight. "Liao system, the prince concubine, his daughter and the emperor are the same." [6] However, the titles of the same imperial daughters were also very different. From the fourteen daughters of the Holy Sect in the "Princess Table", it can be seen that the princess level can be roughly divided into five: eldest princess ~ eldest princess ~ princess ~ county lord ~ county lord. The queen was born a princess, and most of the daughters born to other concubines were county lords, and there were also county lords.
The five levels are not static, and the rise and fall of each level means corresponding rewards and punishments. "The princess will sit and kill the family cricket and bring down the county lord." Chuan spoon was killed in the derogatory house.
Third, the princess management system has gradually become comprehensive. The Holy Sect rewards and punishes the princess by raising and lowering her rank. During Emperor Xingzong's reign, he formulated that "the princess should perform the rite of her uncle's aunt",[8] and Emperor Xingzong's eldest daughter, Baqin, also "did not practice the way of women, and moved to the capital".
It can be seen that the princess system has become increasingly perfect with the continuous feudalization of Khitan society.
Second, the characteristics of the integration of the Chinese nation reflected in the "Princess Watch"
It is the marriage and communication between the two ethnic groups, and the deep is manifested in the mutual recognition, understanding, blending and re-creation of national consciousness and national culture.
Mutual marriage is the condition and means to achieve further integration and reconstruction, and ethnic integration in turn stimulates the development of ethnic marriage. The "History of Liao, Princess Table" provides the richest information on Hanqi marriages, Khitan and Bohai marriages, and its role is incomparable with other parts of the "History of Liao". The emergence of Hanchi marriage has a long history.
Still in the Dahe tribal alliance, in the second year of the Kaiyuan, the inactivation rate of the Khitan tribe returned to the Tang Dynasty, "in the fifth year of the Kaiyuan, (Emperor Xuanzong) married and inactivated with the Yang clan as the Yongle princess",[9] In the thirteenth winter of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, he also "married Shao Gu (the newly established lord) with the Chen clan as the Dongguang princess". This kind of marriage has an obvious "harmonious" nature, which is the embodiment of political relations in marriage, which is neither a direct embodiment of national integration, nor a blend of national consciousness.
The significance of the historical materials provided by the "Princess Watch" on the marriage of Hanqi and the marriage between Khitan and Bohai is obviously different. Among the eighteen princesses of Jingzong and Shengzong, four princesses who broke the convention and chose sons-in-law among the Han and Bohai people outside the Xiao family of the Khitan tribe.
They are: Brother Shu, the daughter of Emperor Jingzong, born to Concubine Bohai, married to Lu Jun in the second year of Qianheng, and later divorced due to discord; The daughter of the Holy Sect lived a long life, gave birth to the great clan, married Vigorous Autumn, and sat in the Great Yanlin to be cursed, and changed to Xiao Langgu; The daughter of Shengzong, Starling and Bai Shisheng, married Liu Sanfang, "discordant with the princess, Ben Song." Return, kill; "The daughter of the Holy Sect was lost, Bai was born, and married Liu Siduan.
The "Princess Table" also records that Jingzong had Bohai concubines, and Shengzong had concubines Ma, Da, Bai, Li, and Ai (in the "Prince's Table", it is recorded that Shengzong still had concubines Jiang). The fact that the four cases of Hanqi marriage among the princesses, the marriage between the Khitan and the Bohai tribe, and the fact that Jingzong and Shengzong married the Han and Bohai ethnic groups as concubines fully shows that the wave of ethnic integration in the middle of the Liao Dynasty has rushed into the forbidden area of marriage relations in the Liao State, the center of the Liao Dynasty's rule.
The emergence of these marriages must be conditional on the feudalization of Liao rule, especially the deep sinicization of the ideology of the Liao rulers, which reflects the degree of openness and civilization of Khitan society from another aspect; The emergence of these marriages is the direct result of the feudalization of Khitan society, and it is also the greatest achievement of national integration in the process of feudalization, which fully confirms the objective historical evolution law of "you have me, I have you" of all ethnic groups in China.
3. Relevant records of the princess table
"Liao History Foreign Qi Table" prologue:
"Liao Shi Yelu, Xiao family ten eight and nine, the sect and foreign relatives, the strength of the enemy, the lips and teeth, the Hanbang family, is or together. However, if it is prosperous, it is also a death with what is, and the evils of the law are also evil. ”
There is the Liao generation, the Yelu family around the imperial power, the Xiao family around the later power of several struggles, most of these struggles can be found in the "Princess Watch". First, the impact of the "Rebellion of the Brothers". A daughter of Taizu, known as Gu, married Xiao Murlu, the brother of Empress Chunqin, and died unsealed. "Xiao Mur each, there is no biography of the History of Liao.
The "Northern Prime Minister Shilu" mentioned many times in the "Liao Shi Taizu Ji Shang" is also not transmitted. It is important here to understand the relationship between the two. 'March of the second year of the rush ... In the future, his younger brother A Bone was only for the unified army, Shilu was the vanguard, and he went east to pass Liuyan Zhao, and returned without encountering enemies.
He rebelled in his bones and ordered Emperor Lu to fight for it with soldiers. Here is both mentioned Shiru and Muru, of which Shiru is also the "second brother", and Muru in the "Princess Table" is also the second brother, so Shiru should be Murru.
Shiru had served as the prime minister of the north before Xiao Qilu. Taizu was promoted as the khan of "the seventh year of May, and sent the northern prime minister Di generation (Xiao enemy Lu, character enemy generation, also written Di generation, Di Ligu led Luo to ride first. Jia Yin, playing the thorn Ge and Nieli Wan'a Zhan in the Yu River, former Northern Prime Minister Xiao Shilu and Yin Di Shi are not different."
Those who can hold the post of prime minister of the north before the enemy Lu, who participated in the rebellion of the brothers but are exempt from punishment, can still hold the military power as a sinner, and lead the troops "east out of the pass and Yan Zhao", must have a very different relationship with Taizu or Shuluhou, so this "real each" is the other "Muru". After the rebellion of the brothers was put down, Taizu once said: "The Northern Prime Minister Shilu's wife Tu Lu is a close relative of the country, and once he is in a negative relationship, he will be subordinate to rebellion, and he will die of illness without paying attention to the law.
In fact, his wife Xu Lu Zhigu is both "a close relative of the country", and she must be the hostage of Taizu. It can be learned from this that Xiao Shilu, who married Xiao Shilu, although he was the younger brother of Shulu and served as the prime minister of the north, but because he participated in the rebellion of his brothers, there is no biography of the "History of Liao". Second, the marriage of the "Chajiao Rebellion" and the mocking princess. "Emperor Taizong's second daughter mocked Gui and married Xiao Haiqi, the prime minister of Beifu."
According to the "Liao Shi Xiao Haiqi Biography": "Tianlu, marry the king of Ming, Anduan, the daughter of Yinweng Lord." At the beginning of the calendar, he was chaotic, and he sat down in succession, and then married the lord of the mocking lord. King Ming Anduan participated in the rebellion of his brothers three times, and Taizu "absolved them all." In the early years of Tianlu, Xiao Han and Sejong's sister Princess Abuli "married King Anduan with a book", but Anduan did not respond, but his son Chajie took advantage of this opportunity to "pretend to be evil to his father and send people to be white to the emperor", thus gaining Sejong's trust.
"In the fifth year of Tianlu, Cha cut and plotted to rebel, and led troops to wipe the Empress Dowager and the Emperor." King Shou'an quelled the rebellion with the help of Yelu Wuqin, and because Lord Weng was sat together, Xiao Haixuan "succeeded in marrying Lord Zhuwen". Third, the dispute between the two empresses of Shengzong, the Chongyuan Rebellion and the marriage of Princess Yanmuquan.
"Yan Muquan, the second daughter of the Holy Sect, marries Xiao Su and does not suck, change to Xiao Haili, discordant, and leave it. It is also suitable for Xiao Hu to see, discordant, and leave it. It is King Hsiao Hye of South Korea. "Princess Yanmuquan's first husband, Xiao Su Bu, is also known as Xiao Niu No, Xiao Jie Bu Li, and Xiao Yubu. The struggle between Empress Qin and Empress Rende ended in the defeat of Empress Rende, Xiao Qiabu was falsely accused of conspiring with Empress Rende and died by Empress Qinde, and the marriage between Yanmuquan and Xiao Subu ended.
Xiao Hujian, the third husband of Princess Yanmuquan, recorded in history: "Burly Liang is proud, so that people are evil." This person was in the dispute between Xiao Ge and Xiao Ajiao in the early years of the Daozong, "Xi Geyi... When he was young, he sacrificed his treasures to play and produce animals in the revolution", so that the clan brother Shuzhe offended, and helped Xiao Ge to frame his brother Athorn. In the ninth year of Qingning, he participated in the Chongyuan Rebellion and committed suicide in failure. Such a treacherous and vicious person, it is no wonder that Yanmuquan "disagreed" with him and left it.
Fourth, the marriage between Prince Zhaohuai and Hongli. "The second daughter of the Daozong Hongli, marry Xiao Tao. Emperor Tao was killed by Prince Zhaohuai, and his brother Zhao Du wanted to force Princess Shang, and the princess used it to sit on Princess Yixin, and he was evil. False deeds are used to blame each other. ”
Fifth, after the death of Empress Xuangu, the Xiao family's struggle for power and Terry's marriage. "The third daughter of the Daozong Terry, married Xiao Zheng. In the eighth year of Dakang, he was offended by Xiao Xiao, the captain of the horse capital, and left it.
"Why did Xiao Zheng offend? After the death of Empress Xuanpeng, the situation formed since the end of the Qinwei dynasty, in which the Xiao Xiaomu family of only one line of A Bone held power, underwent major changes. Emperor Hui of Daozong, Xiao Shi, was the great-grandson of Xiao Xiaomu, the daughter of Xiao Dewen, and the sister of Xiao Xiaohui. "In the second year of Dakang, Yi Xin Yuzhi was elected to the court and made empress."
In this regard, the Xiao Xiaomu family engaged in a fierce struggle to regain power and then control the imperial power. In the eighth year of Dakang, "Emperor Yanxi was crowned King of Liang, (empress) was demoted to Concubine Hui, and Zhute was lazy to return his family", not only was the imperial power hopeless, but the later power was also lost. "In an instant, his mother Lady Yanguo was disgusted with King Liang, and she belittled her concubines as concubines, and her brothers did not enter the Xingsheng Palace."
In this way, Yu Zheng was convicted of his sister's loss of power and divorced the princess. The struggle between the Xiao family and the princess generally ended with the Xiao Xiaomu family gradually gaining the upper hand after Xuangu's death. Of course, as the "rebellion of the brothers" subsided, the Xiao Xiaomu family gradually controlled the later power, and Xiao Xiaomu "remarried the princess and came to the dynasty as the empress dowager". In February of the tenth year of Dakang, "Prince Zhaohuai rebelled, and the emperor sent Xiao Siwen Chazhi to attendant".
Epilogue:
Therefore, the marriage daughter of the princess of the Liao Dynasty was completely a political marriage, and the marriage and divorce of the princess mostly depended on the needs of patriarchal and imperial interests. The gain and loss of power of the princess marrying a foreign qi depends on whether the corresponding power is stable or not, without the queen to use the imperial power as an internal response, the princess foreign qi has no power, and the princess's marriage has also become a victim of political struggle, and they are sometimes very sad.
Bibliography:
[1] Preface to the History of Liao, vol. 65, Princess Watch. All the unannotated articles about princess poles are selected from the Princess Watch. [2] Yang Shusen, "Compendium of the History of Liaoning", Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1984, p. 27.
[3] Shu Yan, "Manuscripts of the History of Liao", Hubei People's Publishing House, 1984, p. 8.
[4] History of Liao, vol. 45, Hundred Official Zhi I.
[5] "The Epitaph of the Grand Princess of the State of Qin and Jin", Xiangnan, Liao Dynasty Stone Inscriptions, Hebei Education Press, 1995, pp. 248-249.
[6] History of Liao, vol. 37, Geography I.
[7] History of Liao, vol. 93, Xiao Tuyu Biography.
[8] History of Liao, vol. 20, Xingzong Ji I.
[9] [1 0] History of Liao, vol. 6 3, The World Watch.
[11] History of Liao, vol. 8 6, Liu Liufu Biography.