1. Historical changes in Huangzhou
Huangzhou, located on the north bank of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, across the river from Ezhou, is said to have visited the outskirts of Huangzhou during the Dayu Water Control Period, and later built Tucheng, known as: Yuwangcheng.
According to the records of Fuxian County, the ruins of the ancient city are a capital city built here by the State of Chu more than 2,000 years ago, and the name is called; 邾城, also known as 邾王城, Yuwangcheng. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it was called the State of Xian, the State of Xianzi, and during the Warring States Period, it was called the State of Qiu. Later, after Chu destroyed the small states, Huangzhou belonged to the territory of the State of Chu. The city was officially named "Chengcheng".
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, during the period of the division of the three kingdoms of Wei, Wu and Shu, that is, in 208 AD, the famous Battle of Chibi took place on the river near Yongcheng. Cao Cao led an army of 20,000 troops all the way south, winning battles , and then encountered the combined forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei with Wu and Shu at Chibi. Zhuge Kongming took advantage of the east wind to attack the ships of the Cao army, the fire was out of control, the Cao army burned and drowned countless people, Wu and Shu took advantage of the victory to pursue, and Cao Cao escaped by Huarong Road. This battle laid the groundwork for a three-point world.
The name of Huangzhou began in 579 AD, the first year of the elephant of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, more than 1,500 years ago. In that year, Northern Zhou sent a commander to Fa Chen, and Yuwen Liang, the Duke of Qiguo, captured a vast area at the southern foot of the Dabie Mountain, changed Nansi Prefecture to Huangzhou, set up a general administration, and led Huangpi County, and since then, the name of Huangzhou has been cast in the annals of Chinese history.
In the more than 1,500 years since its fame, Huangzhou has undergone countless trials, countless disasters of war, several ups and downs, and several ups and downs.
Huangzhou was born in a turbulent era of political change, the local area was sparsely populated and economically backward. It was not until the Sui Emperor Yang Jian was destroyed and the situation of reunification and division did not stabilize in Huangzhou, the economy gradually recovered, and the people were able to live in peace.
In 617 AD, the anti-Sui Wagang army Li Mi led troops to capture cities in the southern foothills of the Dabie Mountain, and after the establishment of the Li and Tang dynasties, the Sui county system was abolished and the prefecture and county system was implemented, which was originally called a county; In the third year of Tang Wude, that is, in 620 AD, the original Yong'an County was changed to Huangzhou.
In the past thousand years, Huangzhou has experienced many wars. During the reign of Tang Qianfu, the peasant rebel army Wang Xianzhi's troops besieged Huangzhou twice, and the prefecture city fell. Later, it was plundered by the Huangchao rebels, and the once prosperous city of Huangzhou was reduced to a barren hill.
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Huangzhou was robbed again, and between 1209 ----1217, after the Jin general Boyan led 300,000 elite troops to capture Macheng, his vanguard troops advanced to the territory of Huanggang County, but the Southern Song Dynasty had less than 100,000 official troops and was unable to resist the powerful offensive of the Jin soldiers, and the whole county fell to the hands of the Jin soldiers in less than half a month. The Jin soldiers carried out crazy retaliation by extremely brutal means, burning, killing and looting, the corpses were everywhere, the city of Huangzhou was looted, ancient trees, bamboo repairs, and houses were all burned, there was no cooking smoke for tens of miles, the Huangzhou region was empty and desolate, and even tigers entered and exited Changqi Liao, and the Nan bamboo that was as large as a mountain had disappeared.
During the Shun Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, there were only 180,000 households in Huangzhou, there were only a few fireworks in Bailiping, and weeds flooded the fields, which was miserable, what a desolate era!
After Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne and established the Ming Dynasty, he adopted the immigration policy of "Jiangxi filling lakes and lakes", and a large number of immigrants entered Huanggang, where they reclaimed fertile land and multiplied. Therefore, people today say that their ancestors moved from Jiangxi.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the world was in chaos, Li Zicheng's subordinates Luo Rucai and Zhang Xianzhong's troops repeatedly captured the cities under Huangzhou Prefecture, and the once prosperous Huangzhou was robbed and chaotic, especially Zhang Xianzhong's several "Fifth Battalion of the Revolutionary Left" operated in Edong for a long time, destructive, destroyed the territory and plundered the land, indiscriminately killed innocents, and the population in the territory fell sharply, the fields were barren, the corpses were everywhere, and the market towns, cities, and academies in various places were destroyed by soldiers, and they were dilapidated, and the former economic prosperity and humanistic gathering places were reduced to ruins.
In the third year of the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, that is, in 1664 AD, the government of the dynasty began, and in the following 65 years, the broad masses of the people of Huangzhou lived and worked in peace and contentment, the society was stable, and the voice of reading and chanting in the four villages revived.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Huangzhou suffered great damage to the city restored in the 13th year of Shunzhi due to the five attacks of the Taiping Rebellion. In 1866, the fifth year of the reign of Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty, the prefect of Huangzhou renovated it again with the power of its subordinates, maintaining the planning of the capital city in the early Ming Dynasty.
Second, the construction of the ancient city of Huangzhou
Hand-painted ancient city of Huangzhou in the 14th year of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty
The ancient city of Huangzhou was built in the early days of Ming Hongwu, when Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict to the world: "Accumulate grain and build high walls." Li Ren, the prefect of Huangzhou, and Huang Rongyu, the commander of the garrison, accepted the order of the imperial court and mobilized the military and people of the prefecture to build the capital city of Huangzhou, and moved the city of Huangzhou to the north to build a new city two miles north. The new city is located on the dragon vein of Longwang Mountain, with high terrain and magnificent regulations.
According to the "Huangzhou Fuzhi"; It took 17 years to build the capital city of Huangzhou, and more than 50,000 migrant workers were mobilized.
Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty hand-painted a map of Huangzhou City in the fourteenth year
Here is an example of the ancient city of Huangzhou in the 14th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty.
Open the hand-drawn map of the ancient city of Huangzhou in the 14th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, Longwang Mountain stands in the north of the city, Chibi Mountain in the south, Jubao Mountain in the west, and Gonghufu City. There are many hills under Longwang Mountain stretching from northwest to southeast, and the streets inside and outside Huangzhou City, houses are built along hills and ravines. Some people compare the hill under the Dragon King Mountain to the dragon's whiskers, while others compare it to the back of the hand and five fingers. The back of the hand is Gaofu Chibi Mountain, Yuer Mountain, Longwang Mountain, Yuji Mountain, and Jubao Mountain in the north of the city, and the five fingers are the five hills that vein the three mountains. After historical changes and construction and development, the five hills are no longer obvious.
The terrain of Huangzhou is a dragon vein, and the dragon is the god of water. The Shapers have words; Water nourishes the soul, the earth is connected to the hydrology, and the material is rich. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Huangzhou moved south from its former city, which is now Yuwangcheng, to Jiangbin to build Tucheng. At that time, Huangzhou City was not large, its terrain was dangerous, and the water surrounded the city of Zhouzhou. "Huangzhou Fuzhi" praised; "The river is fixed in the west, the lake in the east, and the mountains in the northeast."
The ancient city is surrounded by mountains and rivers, fixed by the river from west to south, surrounded by a strong city wall, and a moat in the outer ring (Xinhe in the west, Santai River in the north to east, Donggang passes through Sunjiazui, and to Maqishan into the river), there are four gates: Qinghuai Gate in the east, Yizi Gate in the south, Qingyuan Gate in the west (Weiyuan Pass in the west of the city wall), and Hanchuan Gate in the northwest (integrated with Yuebo Lou). There is a pavilion on the northern wall and an east tower in the southeast corner of the castle, covering an area of about 2.19 square kilometers. To the east of the city were Dinghui-in, followed by Anguksa Temple and Nanta Temple, and to the north and east were Houhu (now Love Lake) and Sand Lake (Changqi Liao).
At that time, there were Hedong Academy, Fuxue, County School, Gongyuan, and Jingbiao Rulin Temple and Archway built in the city. According to Hongzhi's "Huangzhou Fuzhi", there are Fuzi Temple, Wenchang Palace, Dashi Pavilion, Four Official Halls, etc. built in the city, and there are 34 archways in the city, namely Qiyang Fang, Shanyan Fang, Wuding Fang, Jinbang Inscription, Shike Fang, Sixian Fang, Weiwu Fang, Civilization Fang, Xiangfeng Fang, Zhujiefang, Qingping Fang, etc., these archways are all tables of famous sages and Confucians in the territory, making them eternal and glorious in the court.
Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty hand-painted chibi map in the fourteenth year
West of Huangzhou during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty
Southeast of Huangzhou City during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty
The capital city of Huangzhou was an important place for military, political and cultural institutions at that time, and no business was allowed in the city, and there were no shops. All businesses are located outside the city in Sand Street along the river and Cross Street in the south of the city. In ancient times, the place of business was called "city", and Huangzhou was a local official, and the garrison was called "city", and the capital city of Huangzhou must not be regarded as today's "city".
The capital city of Huangzhou, built in the Ming Dynasty, also experienced dozens of disasters until liberation.
In the winter of the nineteenth year of Ming Jiajing (1540), a fire broke out in the commercial shed of Shajie in Huangzhou, burning for several days, and the Qingyuan Gate burned down.
In the spring of the 25th year of the Wanli Ming Dynasty (1578), a fire broke out in the south of the city, and the cross street, sand street, and hundreds of shops were destroyed in the fire, and it affected the Yizimen City Tower and Kaopeng Street, and hundreds of houses on Qingyun Street.
During the nine years from the seventh to the sixteenth year of the Ming Chongzhen reign (1634-1643), he was repeatedly attacked by two peasant rebel armies, Luo Rucai and Zhang Xianzhong. The city, formerly known as the "Jintangjia County", was tragically damaged, burning down the gentry's houses and buildings such as school palaces and academies. The captured officers and soldiers and the women of the gentry were brought to tear down the walls.
Between the third and thirteenth years of the Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1646-1656), the task of restoring the capital city was completed. It still maintains the regulations of the Ming Dynasty, once again revealing the majestic temperament of the political, military and cultural center of eastern Edong.
During the eight years from the third year of Xianfeng to the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1853-1861), the Taiping Rebellion Army conquered Huangzhou five times, of which the second, third and fourth captures of Huangzhou City were particularly bad. Buildings such as government offices, academies, and school palaces were burned in the city, and buildings such as Anguo Temple and Dongpo Chibi outside the city were reduced to ashes in the fire.
After the end of the Peasant Uprising War, in the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), Huang Yijie, the prefect of Huangzhou, led the officers and soldiers defending the city, mobilized the people to repair the city of Huangzhou, reduced the western part of the city that was prone to flooding, and the construction began in May and was completed at the end of November. The focus of Huang Zhifu's supervision of the city pond is still the city wall and military facilities, highlighting the characteristics of the ancient city of Huangzhou as a military stronghold, as for the political, cultural, religious and other buildings in the city were built one after another with the help of officials and people, by the early years of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, the restoration project of the ancient city of Huangzhou was completed, making its old appearance renewed.
Open the eighth edition of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1882) "Huanggang County Record". The county map clearly shows the main streets and various buildings inside and outside the city. The county school, the gongyuan, the county office, the capital division, the drum tower, the Xiezhen, the hall, the prefectural school, the health office, the prefectural office, etc. are all lined with the streets of the city.
Outside the Qinghuai Gate, cross Liujia Street, and build an ancient enemy building on its hill; Outside the gate across the cross street, there are religious buildings such as Anguosa Temple and Pagoda; There is a famous historical site Chibi outside the Hanchuan Gate, Yugong Ancestral Building; Exit Qingyuan Gate is a sand street full of merchants, west across the Guanlan Bridge is the riverside wharf, and merchant ships from south and north are moored under the city, and business is prosperous and prosperous. At that time, the ancient city of Huangzhou was really "surrounded by mountains and rivers, majestic and magnificent, and a place of soaring birds." ”
Hand drawing of Huangzhou City in the tenth year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty
3. The demolition of the ancient city of Huangzhou
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese aircraft team carried out many bombings at the large pier, sand street, Anguo Temple and other places outside Huangzhou City, some civilian houses, shops, and classical buildings were damaged, and the pagoda was shot and skewed.
In the spring of 1947, the ancient city of Qinghuai Gate and the walls on both sides of it were demolished, and its bricks, stones and wood were used to build the Huanggang County Junior High School. On May 14, 1949, Huangzhou was liberated! In October 1955, the party and government organs of Huanggang County moved from the regimental style to Huangzhou, since then, Huangzhou is the same city at the prefecture and county levels, becoming the political, cultural and economic center of eastern Hubei, after nearly 70 years of construction, Huangzhou City has undergone earth-shaking changes, Huangzhou ancient city has also been demolished, the ancient city walls, buildings, cultural relics have almost disappeared, Huangzhou ancient city only exists in the memory of history!