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What do awnings do for coffee cultivation? The biodiversity of coffee systems can be divided into the genetic diversity of the coffee crop itself; There are many other vegetation including awnings and ground covers

author:Little Black Knowledge Bureau

What do awnings do for coffee cultivation?

The biodiversity of coffee systems can be divided into the genetic diversity of the coffee crop itself; diversity of other vegetation, including awnings and ground cover; and the diversity of animals and microorganisms that use coffee ecosystems as temporary or permanent habitats, including coffee pests and diseases and their biological control organisms.

The genetic diversity of existing plantations worldwide is very low, as both genetic diversity and polymorphisms are greatly reduced during domestication, a process favored for its own fertility.

Most of the commercial varieties currently cultivated were selected from two narrow genetic base populations, distributed in the early eighteenth century, known as the Bourbon variety. Both varieties have weak polymorphisms and are highly susceptible to several major diseases, especially coffee rust.

Fortunately, genes from other diploid species can be transferred through controlled crossbreeding, which has become a priority for commercial coffee genetic improvement. Many modern coffee plantations are based on the extensive use of several introverted lines selected from natural interspecific hybrids: Timorese hybrids in Latin America and those in India. Selected routes include Costa Rica in Central America.

The richness of plant species in coffee awnings varies from country to country, coffee regions within a country, and farms in a region. In a series of studies carried out in Central America, the total richness of plant species was estimated to be between 19 and 49 species in Costa Rica and between 92 and 136 species in El Salvador.

The average tree density ranged from 198 to 488 stems ha-1, with the Shannon Diversity Index ranging from 1.57 to 3.08. In Venezuela, 19 species were recorded on 20 coffee farms and 82 species were recorded on 117 coffee farms in Costa Rica.

A total of 261 tree species and 32 fern species were reported in El Salvador coffee awnings. In Sumatra, Indonesia, coffee tones may include 10-15 additional crops. Farmers tend to keep species richness at the farm level low to promote shade regulation.

For example, most farms in Costa Rica and El Salvador have only 2 to 3 species in a shady canopy; The corresponding figures for the two sites in Nicaragua are 7 or 10 species per farm.

The species used in coffee awnings vary from country to country. For example, bananas abound on coffee plantations in Nicaragua, but less abundant in El Salvador and Costa Rica. Dominance in awnings in Costa Rica and El Salvador. Most species have fewer than five trees per hectare. Similar reports were made in Mexico.

A total of 25 Inga species are regularly used in the shady formations of neotropical coffee plantations; In some countries, most awnings include a mixture of three to six inga species. Species support carnivorous birds and provide fruits, firewood, and ecological vices such as water and nutrient maintenance.

Farmers, especially smallholders, have long managed coffee awnings, diversified production, responded to unexpected household demands and pest outbreaks, buffered persistently low coffee prices, and reduced weed competition and the need for expensive inorganic fertilizers.

Extensive literature on the design and management of useful plants in coffee awnings (e.g., from India, Kenya, and Central and South America).

In Costa Rica, for example, species used only for shade account for 54 per cent of all stems in shaded canopies, but less than 12 per cent in El Salvador and Nicaragua.

Bananas are very important in Nicaragua (50-57% of all stems), but not in El Salvador (they make up only 5% of all stems); Timber production is equally important in all Central American countries, while firewood is not relevant in some parts of Costa Rica.

Firewood is the most common reason for Inga spp. As shade, the wood tree is considered a savings account that can be used when coffee is inexpensive or unexpected household needs arise.

The awning has a comprehensive external shading function, which can completely block ultraviolet radiation, reduce indoor temperature, and reduce air conditioning load; It has energy-saving effect, which is of great significance from the perspective of energy saving and environmental protection; The special anti-ultraviolet function of the shade cloth protects the coffee beans from ultraviolet rays, and the awning has a variety of shade patterns and colors.

Bibliography:

[1] A curved arm awning. HUANG Tanghong; He Xiangdong; LONG Dongming; MA Shuangbin. China patent: CN105888160B, 2018-01-02

[2] Awning curved arm (closed). SHI Quangang. Chinese patent: CN307259539S, 2022-04-12

[3] A kind of shade and rain shelter. ZHANG Aitao. Chinese patent: CN216428842U, 2022-05-03

What do awnings do for coffee cultivation? The biodiversity of coffee systems can be divided into the genetic diversity of the coffee crop itself; There are many other vegetation including awnings and ground covers
What do awnings do for coffee cultivation? The biodiversity of coffee systems can be divided into the genetic diversity of the coffee crop itself; There are many other vegetation including awnings and ground covers
What do awnings do for coffee cultivation? The biodiversity of coffee systems can be divided into the genetic diversity of the coffee crop itself; There are many other vegetation including awnings and ground covers

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