King Huanxi of Qin Huiwen was the son of Duke Xiao of Qin, also known as King Hui of Qin in history, a well-known monarch of the State of Qin during the Warring States period, who reigned for 26 years. He had two sons who became the King of Qin, namely King Huandang of Qin Wu (also known as King Wulie of Qin and King Wu of Qin) and Huanji (King of Qin Zhao) (also known as King Zhao of Qin). He also had a very famous wife, Empress Dowager Xuan, the eighth son (the biological mother of King Qin Zhao). He ascended the throne at the age of nineteen, and with a lot of grievances in the sect, he killed Wei Martin. He also changed the title of "gong" to "king", becoming the first king of the Qin state. During the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, he swept Yiqu in the north, Pingbashu in the west, Hangu in the east, and Shangyu in the south, laying a solid foundation for Qin to unify China. It seems that King Qin Hui should be a cow man, but since he inherited Shang Martingale's new policy of changing the law, why did he split Shang Martingale? This starts from the beginning of the martingale transformation method.
In the early days when Qin Xiaogong supported the Shang Martingale Reform Law, the old aristocracy represented by Gan Long and Du Zhi explicitly or implicitly opposed the new law in order to protect their own interests, and the implementation of the decree was full of difficulties. At that time, Huan Si was a prince and once violated the prohibition, which was a realistic test for the Qin State to implement the new law. So Shang Martin said to Qin Xiaogong: "The law does not work because of the interference of the nobles of the palace. If the monarch really wants to implement the rule of law, he must first start with the prince. The prince could not be subjected to ink punishment, so he punished his master with ink punishment (劓torture, that is, gouging the bridge of the nose). Shang Martingale's proposal was supported by Xiaogong. Crown Prince Huanxi's teacher, Crown Prince Fu (Shoufu), was none other than Qin Xiaogong's brother, Gongzi Qian (嬴虔). At that time, the decree was unimpeded, and the more the Qin state was governed, the better, but it offended the crown prince and shook the interests of vested interests such as the crown prince Fu and the old nobles.
Gongzi Qian's punishment was "closed for eight years", which shows how traumatic this incident was to Gongzi Qian. When Qin Xiaogong died and the crown prince ascended the throne, he was very unhappy when he remembered the punishment he had received. In addition, at this time, the prestige of Shang Martingale was extremely high, and every household "only knew the law of Shang Jun", King Huiwen had some scruples about Shang Martingale, and Gongzi Qian and a group of people took the opportunity to fabricate rumors that Shang Martingale rebelled, and Shang Martingale lost its strong supporters to change the law, and it was difficult to argue, so he had to flee. King Hui of Qin sent people to capture Shang Martingale, who went into exile everywhere, "killing himself" but no one to take in, and finally launched Yi soldiers to attack Zheng County unsuccessfully, and died on the spot. After Shang Martin's death, his body was taken back to Xianyang, where he was tortured and exterminated.
However, although Shang Martingale was destroyed, King Huiwen of Qin inherited the new law of Shang Martin in its entirety, and it remained uninterrupted until Qin Shi Huang established the unified Qin Dynasty. The reason is that Shang Martingale's "change of law" conforms to the general trend of history and is also the choice of the times. The Spring and Autumn Warring States period was a transitional period between the collapse of the division system and the establishment of a centralized system. During this period, due to the use of iron agricultural tools and the gradual promotion of cattle farming, the original state ownership of land was gradually replaced by private land ownership, and two opposing classes of landlords and peasants appeared. Society also began to change from a slave society to a feudal society. With the growth of economic strength, the emerging landlord class that started with military merit also demanded corresponding political rights, and one after another demanded political reform, the development of the feudal economy, and the establishment of landlord class rule. Various countries have set off reform and law change movements, such as the Li Wei Law in the Wei State and the Wu Reform Law in the Chu State.
In fact, in the early Warring States period, the collapse of the well-field system of the Qin state, the emergence of private land ownership and the reform of taxation were all later than the other six countries, and the social and economic development lagged behind that of the big Shandong countries. Qin Xiaogong and Shang Martin encouraged the best governance, and chose to change the law with an advanced vision to adapt to the development of the times. Due to the joint efforts of Qin Xiaogong and Shang Martin's monarchs, the Qin state changed its laws more resolutely and thoroughly than other countries. The change of the martingale method gave a top-level design from the national level in the establishment and guarantee of the feudal system. The new landlord class sprung up like mushrooms, causing the rapid disintegration of slavery in the Qin state, liberating a large number of slaves, greatly liberating the productive forces, and promoting the accumulation of social wealth. Since then, in the transition of the Qin State to a feudal society, it has always been at the forefront of the six countries of Shandong.
Portrait of Zhang Yi of the Zongheng family
King Qin Hui can not only discern pearls, use talents and talents. What is more important is to accurately grasp the direction of historical development, and only the "new law" of Shang Martingale can completely de-"slavery" society. Therefore, he established the "royal road" of the new Shang Martingale Law as the established policy of Qiang Qin. Although it is "martingale", it does not abolish the law, which has played a role in connecting the upper and lower levels of "commercial law and strengthening Qin".
So why did King Qin Huiwen have to kill this Shang Martin who was meritorious to Great Qin? Some people say that it is because Shang Martingale punished the prince and teacher at that time at the beginning of the change of law, and took over the "Liangzi", and now that the prince is the king, of course, he wants to take revenge on Shang Martingale. Is that so? If so, as the Ming Lord in history, King Qin Huiwen would be so open-minded! Some people also said that Shang Martingale was a high-ranking lord, proud of his merits, and wanted to rebel, so he was killed by King Qin Huiwen and exterminated the clan. I'm afraid this is not the case, this is just an excuse to get rid of Martingale. The author believes that there are two main reasons why King Qin Huiwen got rid of Shang Martingale:
Zhang Yi's demeanor
First, in order to alleviate domestic political contradictions, the monarch made a scapegoat for Martingale. In fact, the main reason why King Qin Hui destroyed Shang Martingale was the change of law itself. As mentioned earlier, the background of the era of the Shang Martingale Reform Law is that the country is in a period of social transformation, and its main feature is the replacement of old and new classes. The original slave-owning and slave classes would be replaced by the new landlord classes and peasants. It is obvious that the change of the law of the merchant martingale seriously endangered the fundamental interests of the old aristocracy of slave owners. They initially tried to resist or obstruct the change of the law, then became resentment against the incumbent and political elite, and eventually turned into political contradictions. In order to alleviate the internal contradictions of the Qin Empire, King Hui of Qin chose to "sacrifice" Shang Martingale, so he used Shang Martingale to conspire to split Shang Martingale to death to calm the resentment of the old nobles.
In fact, King Qin Hui's removal of Shang Martingale really had the effect of appeasing the nobles of the Qin State, effectively transferring some contradictions and easing the "impact" of opponents on the new law. After King Huiwen of Qin got rid of Shang Martin, he conveniently eliminated the two and a large number of their henchmen on the grounds that there was no evidence that Shang Martin rebelled and that Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia were purely framed. The new law of the Shang Jun was also continued to be used, and King Qin Hui's move also protected the Shang Jun's law in a certain sense, which can be described as "although the Shang Martingale is dead, its law remains".
Second, the historical mission of the Shang Martingale Reform Law has been completed, which is incompatible with the new policy of the new master. Historical facts tell us that during the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, a large number of capable ministers created a new glory in the era of King Huiwen, which also reflected King Qin Huiwen's ability to read people and make people. During the Xiaogong period of Qin, the mission of Shang Martingale to change the law had been successful, the construction of the rule of law in the State of Qin had been basically completed, the old system of the State of Qin had been completely abolished, the economy had developed, and the State of Qin had gradually become the strongest country among the seven heroes of the Warring States. At this time, Shang Martingale is not an exaggeration for the new monarch to say "meritorious and high-ranking master". Therefore, after King Qin Huiwen, as a political strongman, came to the throne, his first political opponent was the famous Shang Martin.
The existence of Shang Martin, who held great power at that time, became the biggest threat to the achievements of the Qin state's reforms. The construction of the rule of law in the Qin State must be completed by force, that is, what Shang Martingale called "hegemony", and the symbol of the law under the monarchy system can only be the monarch, and the tragic root of Shang Martingale is here. At this time, Shang Martingale was no longer valuable to King Qin Huiwen, otherwise it would become a political obstacle, and a capable person like Shang Martingale could not be used by the Qin State and would certainly not be used by other countries. Therefore, the end of Shang Martingale was already predetermined on the day King Qin Hui ascended the throne.
We can see from the measures taken during the reign of King Qin Huiwen that the reuse of Zhang Yi's "Lianheng" to break the "Combined Vertical" was the biggest highlight in his life. To Zhang Yi, King Qin Hui won the question, tried, ren, believed. In the complicated struggle between Qin and the other countries, he repeatedly reversed the crisis and defeated the troops of the five countries to destroy Qin. After filial piety, he wrote another page of the chapter of the combination of monarchs and courtiers. If Shang Martingale is still there, will King Qin Huiwen's political stand still be the same? History has given an accurate answer. Do you agree with this statement? Please leave your opinion in the comment section.
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