#历史开讲 #
There is a classic old terrier in the antique circle:
A said: Is your painting real? Where did it come from?
B said: This is an ancient painting from Qianlong's collection!
A said: Qianlong collected? Then this painting can be regarded as a loss...
That's right, Qianlong has such a position in the antique collecting circle. Why is this? Because he loves to stamp paintings and calligraphy in his collection, write poems, and "send barrages". The originally rare and precious ancient paintings, through his hands, suddenly dropped their price.
Some people may say: People are emperors, and if they want to write on it, no one can stop them! But the question is, how many emperors were there in ancient China? And how many like Qianlong? It can only be said that his practice is by no means a common disease of the emperor, but his character.
In film and television dramas, Qianlong often appears. Sometimes he is a wise and good emperor, sometimes a scumbag, sometimes a funny and funny image. In short, what kind of emperor the screenwriters need, he will be shaped into.
So, what kind of character is the real Qianlong in history?
Lucky! Qianlong is a young man
Aisin Kyoro Hongli, who became emperor at the age of 24. At this time, the Qianlong Emperor was an adult and a vigorous young man. So, when he first ascended the throne, he did a lot of things. For example, correcting some of his father's remaining problems.
We have talked about Yongzheng earlier, who implemented a series of reform policies in order to achieve ZTE; In order to stabilize his rule, he severely punished some officials and children of the royal family.
When he arrived at Qianlong, he replaced Yan with leniency and released a series of officials who had been punished by Yongzheng; In order to stabilize the Eight Banners and buy people's hearts, Qianlong even released Yongzheng's political enemy Yun Yu (14th Prince) and restored his title; In the famous Nian Xinyao and Long Keduo cases, Qianlong also properly handled the remaining problems.
In his later years, Yongzheng was addicted to alchemy, and Qianlong also corrected this custom and dismissed the Daoist priests in the palace. During the reform of the law presided over by Yongzheng, problematic policies appeared, and Qianlong also repaired them.
During this period, Qianlong began to work at five o'clock every day (about 5 a.m.), which could not be described as industrious. He rectified the army, rectified the rule of officials, quelled the disorder of the surrounding ethnic groups, exempted some people from money and grain taxes, used economic policies to solve people's livelihood problems such as rising grain prices, and encouraged reclamation and the development of production.
In short, the young Qianlong Emperor promulgated a series of policies that corrected the problems of the Yongzheng dynasty and laid a good foundation for the prosperity of his reign. It was with these policies that the great development of agriculture, commerce, and handicrafts followed, which ushered in the eventual population growth and the filling of the national treasury.
If we only look at what Qianlong did when he was young, it can be said that Kang Qianshi has his share of credit. However, both the Qianlong Emperor and Tang Xuanzong Li Longji had the same problem: they lived too long.
A person's pursuits and aspirations will change with his age. When he was young, Qianlong had ideals, ambitions, and achievements, and could be called a wise emperor. But after middle age, he changed.
To take the most obvious example, in the third year of Qianlong, Hongli was still an emperor who severely punished corruption; When Qianlong was six years old, Shangshu Eshan of the military department accepted thousands of taels of bribes and was executed. Think about Qianlong's middle and later years? One Wakan is enough to illustrate the problem.
According to historical records, Qianlong favored Helong not only because he was handsome and did things properly, but also because Qianlong himself was greedy in his later years, and Helong happened to have various ways to accumulate wealth to satisfy Qianlong's extravagant desires.
And Qianlong's good face and great joy can actually be seen from what he did in his early years.
How good is Qianlong?
In the fourteenth year of Qianlong, Zhang Tingyu, an old minister of the three dynasties, asked for orders, and Qianlong approved it. Before leaving, Zhang Tingyu asked Qianlong to issue an edict granting him the Imperial Temple after his death. Qianlong was very dissatisfied with this, but still drew up an edict and promised it.
The next day, Zhang Tingyu expressed his thanks, and also sent his son into the palace to pay tribute to him. However, Qianlong was furious. Why? Because Zhang Tingyu did not come in person.
You know, at this time, Zhang Tingyu was already an old man who was nearly eighty years old. He asked for help, originally because of old age and illness. The etiquette of entering the palace is cumbersome, and continuous visits to the palace is a big physical burden for such an old man.
But Qianlong doesn't care about that. He only felt: As the Ninety-Five Venerable, you have given you enough face, and you don't even come to thank you personally? Isn't this a slap in the face? For this reason, Qianlong immediately withdrew his life, and even cut off Zhang Tingyu's earldom.
In the fifteenth year of Qianlong, Zhang Tingyu once again asked to return to his hometown. Qianlong became angry again, and even gave Zhang Tingyu the list of ministers worthy of the temple, asking him to "self-examine" whether he was worthy of it. This is simply equivalent to drinking Zhang Tingyu in the head: Are you worthy?
It stands to reason that Zhang Tingyu's posthumous enjoyment of the Taimiao was the legacy of the Yongzheng Emperor. Even if there was a gap between Qianlong and Zhang Tingyu at this time, there should not be any doubts about this matter. But Qianlong, who was angry, did not care about this.
He immediately summoned Jiuqing, a university scholar, to discuss the matter, and concluded that Zhang Tingyu was worthy of it; Fortunately, Zhang Tingyu's crime was not cured, but he was allowed to return to his hometown. Later, because of a certain case, Zhang Tingyu was implicated, and was ordered by Qianlong to "surrender all the gifts." This matter has gone beyond right and wrong, purely Qianlong for the sake of personal revenge.
In the end, it is also the most ridiculous part of the Zhang Tingyu incident. In the twenty years of Qianlong, Zhang Tingyu died, and Qianlong, despite all his reluctance, still followed the will of the previous emperor and ordered Zhang Tingyu to enjoy the temple.
Let's just say, since this is the end of the end, what was the fooling around before? Everyone is old, why do you want to be angry? I don't know if this is to save face or not.
In addition to this incident, there is also a relatively famous Qianlong "face" incident: the visit of the British envoy.
I believe many people have heard of this matter. At that time, the Qianlong Emperor held the arrogance of "heaven and kingdom", regarded the British envoys as barbarians, and demanded that they must perform the great gift of kneeling three times and bowing nine times.
The British envoy believed that this was detrimental to the dignity of the British Empire and refused to accept it, hoping to pay homage to the Chinese emperor with the courtesy of the British kneeling on one knee. Qianlong was moved by this, and the two sides were very unhappy because of this incident.
Many people describe Qianlong's behavior as "the arrogance of a backward and decadent feudal dynasty", but in fact, if there was a different emperor, I am afraid that this would not have happened.
For example, his father Yongzheng, when receiving the French envoys, dressed in suits, sticky beards, and glasses, cosplayed himself as a fake foreigner, and even personally greeted them with Western etiquette.
I have to say that the reason why there was an unpleasant incident with the British envoy was because Qianlong himself had a good face and talked pompously. If he were an emperor who could put down his face and put down his shelf, maybe this would not have happened.
Textbook good joy
The ultimate of good face is probably a great success. In addition, Qianlong did open (rush) to create (on) a prosperous era, so the great joy in his body was brought to the extreme.
One of the most well-known manifestations is Qianlong's six trips to Jiangnan.
In fact, the original intention of the southern tour was very good, he followed the old example of his grandfather Kangxi, and went to Jiangnan to understand the people's feelings, inspect water conservancy projects, and consolidate his rule over Jiangnan. But the problem is, if you patrol around, it will change its taste.
Every time Qianlong travels through Jiangnan, he drags his family with him, making it like a large-scale supreme luxury tour group. The favored concubines should follow, the princes and nobles should follow, and the favored ministers should follow. The travel, food, and accommodation of these people alone is a big expense.
In order to live comfortably in the south of the Jiangnan, Qianlong did not hesitate to build a large number of civil works, and every station had to build a palace. The pomp is naturally indispensable, and colorful sheds must be built along the way, so that "thousands of miles and banners cover the sky", which is more exquisite than the New Year and festival.
Just carrying clothes, luggage, and materials for building these rows required six thousand horses, eight hundred camels, and four hundred wagons. And most importantly, it was necessary to recruit tens of thousands of farmers, which "immediately increased" the burden of conscription on the people.
In addition, good food and drink are of course indispensable. Everywhere they went, the magistrate offered local delicacies of the mountains and sea; If there are no local specialties, valuable ingredients will be brought from other places; Even the drinking water is famous mineral water shipped from Jinan, Zhenjiang and other places.
Officials are certainly happy to have these errands. Because of this reason, it is more convenient for them to establish clever names, embezzlement and bribery. But we still must not forget that the original southern tour ended up like this, and the root cause was Qianlong himself.
If it weren't for his own great joy and greed for enjoyment, how could he let things go on like this? Imagine that if Zhu Yuanzhang is changed, the official dares to be so extravagant, and he must not be pulled out and cut?
Of course, this trait of Qianlong is not only directly caused by these wastes. More importantly, under his leadership, extravagance became the mainstream atmosphere at that time. But all bureaucratic landlords, even wealthy businessmen, are competing to follow suit.
In this way, the ruling class's exploitation of ordinary people can only be worse, and social contradictions are intensifying day after day, laying the groundwork for the subsequent prosperity and decline.
Qianlong: Let the Sect teach you what is a curse from the mouth!
Qianlong's great achievements are also reflected in one thing, that is, the cultivation of the Siku Quanshu. Friends who know more about history should know that only when the dynasty is prosperous, the imperial court will consider repairing books.
Qianlong wanted to repair the Siku Quanshu, and it was indeed good intentions at the beginning, and this Siku Quanshu did play a certain role in preserving the treasures of Chinese culture.
However, in the process of revising the book, in order to consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing court systematically destroyed a large number of historical materials, including but not limited to the Ming Dynasty's military archives and official documents.
In addition, Qianlong also stipulated more than 3,000 kinds of banned books, 150,000 books, and burned more than 700,000 books. According to statistics, the number of books that were banned and burned in the process of book revision is basically the same as the number of books included in the four libraries.
Therefore, this book revision is not so much a literary era as cultural control. And the cultural control of the Qianlong dynasty is not limited to this. Speaking of which, I believe many people can get what to say next.
That's right, word hell.
In the end of the Qianlong dynasty, there were more than 110 cases of literary prison. You know, the entire Qing Dynasty's literary prison cases, that is, more than 150. In the matter of chewing words, Qianlong is really a good hand!
At that time, the people affected by the Qianlong Dynasty's literary prison were already all over the country and across all strata. And the frequent occurrence of such cases also greatly constrained the development of culture at that time.
What is even more infuriating is that Qianlong controls other people's words so harshly, but he can't control his own mouth and pen.
The total number of surviving poems of the Qianlong Emperor is about 43,630; about 1,041 articles of various kinds; In addition, there is a "Qianlong Imperial Manuscript", which is full of manuscripts left by Qianlong, with a total of more than 45,000 pages.
As for his level of poetry? There are only four words: understand everything.
But Qianlong himself seems to have no B number at all for his poetry level, because he not only writes himself, but also often leaves his "ink treasure" on famous paintings.
With Qianlong's character of good face, pomp and circumstance, he seems to be a collector. In fact, Qianlong collected tens of thousands of works in his lifetime, including more than 4,000 paintings.
But the problem is that if you like to collect, you can collect well, and if you use the emperor's privilege to keep these rare treasures well, it can be regarded as a contribution to cultural inheritance.
But Qianlong was not.
He likes to stamp his collection of paintings and calligraphy, and even mention poems. In Qianlong's own opinion, this shows his recognition of these paintings and calligraphy. At least he didn't think at all that if he went down, he might ruin the entire work.
One of the most famous should be that he wrote a big "god" character on Wang Xizhi's "Fast Snow Time Qing Post". The analogy is now, it is like a modern person wrote a sentence on an ancient painting "lying groove cow B".
In this regard, now we also have no fuck to say, we can only sigh: dare to write on Wang Xizhi's calligraphy works, Qianlong Ye is really confident!
In Qianlong's later years, he also gave himself the nickname of Ten Perfection with great confidence. This ten perfections refers to the "ten complete martial arts", and Qianlong's self-described "ten merits" refers to: "Ping Dzungar two, Dinghui department one, Jinchuan as two, Jingtai as one, Burma and Annan one each, that is, now under the Gurkha surrender, combined into ten." ”
He summed up his life's achievements and said: "In the previous generation, all those who died in the country were known as strong clans, known as external troubles, known as powerful ministers, known as foreign power, known as female initiatives, known as palaces, known as traitors, known as lucky, and none of them were like them." ”
All in all, Qianlong is very satisfied and confident in his achievements in this life. As for whether others are satisfied, how will future generations comment? Qianlong Ye himself, I am afraid that he will not have the opportunity to see it.
Aisin Kyoro Hiroshi's Horoscope Profile - Virgin Libra
He once worked hard to become a prosperous emperor.
But after making merits, he let go prematurely.
The essential yearning for a luxurious life allowed him to open the luxury valve of the entire empire.
The good joy in his heart has left many traces that belong to him, but it has also consumed the prosperous era he created.
He loves literature and art, but his level is not satisfactory.
Overconfidence has made him do many things that people dare not say and future generations laugh about.
While controlling others' speeches, he said it himself, he belongs to the old double standard person.
Favoring someone who is good at sycophancy makes him close his eyes and listen to different opinions.
For him, this life is complete and happy.
But for others?
It's okay, maybe he doesn't care.
This is Aisin Kyoro Hongli, born on September 25, 1711, virgin Libra.
Tips: There is no intention to discredit Virgo and Libra here, only to say that there are some zodiac signs who are not suitable to be emperors. If Qianlong is a rich and noble king, dancing and writing all day, plus someone can control him, maybe he can also leave the name of a merry talent and achieve a good story.
In subsequent articles, I will continue to sort out and summarize the horoscope celebrities of other professions, I believe that everyone will gradually find that different types of constellations can find something suitable for themselves! Welcome to follow.