#历史开讲 #
1. Centralization has been strengthened
In a country with an absolute feudal monarchy, the emperor needed a smooth channel for information transmission in order to control the officials and observe the situation of the people in order to maintain his rule.
Such channels could not only provide opinions and suggestions to the emperor and the central government of the imperial court, but also enable the detailed suggestions of the imperial officials and the demands of the ordinary people to reach the emperor. Supervision officials claim to be the eyes and ears of the emperor, and through supervision officials at all levels, the emperor can familiarize himself with the governance of institutions at all levels and the situation of public opinion.
Achieve the goal of rectifying the ranks of officials with supervision and officials, so as to achieve the goal of governing the people. In the Ming Dynasty, a three-division system was established at the local level, so that the local power organs were not subordinate to each other, achieving the purpose of mutual checks and balances, but this also produced some drawbacks.
Since the three local departments are directly subordinate to their respective central organs, there is a lack of unified and effective coordination in handling local government affairs, mutual blame in practical affairs, and administrative efficiency is low. Therefore, the supreme ruler of the Ming Dynasty established the inspection system and supervision system with the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty on the basis of inheriting the local supervision system of the previous dynasty.
The Inspectors, Governors, and Governors were all Ming Emperors and local supervision officials assigned by the central government, and their supervision activities were directly responsible to the emperor, and no other central or local institutions and departments had the power to interfere. This top-down setup, with a unique style of the Ming Dynasty, effectively communicates between the central and local authorities.
On the one hand, it played the role of communication between the supervision organs and the upper and lower levels, so that the central and local governments of the imperial court built a bridge for information communication and transmission, and in the event of major accidents, disasters and even riots, the inspectors, governors and governors, as supervision officials, could timely report the situation to the central government of the imperial court and directly to the emperor, so that the emperor could take measures to solve problems as soon as possible and alleviate social conflicts.
According to historical records, during the Yongle period, a plague occurred in Fujian, and the then Fujian governor immediately reported it to the imperial court according to the imperial history, and Zhu Di, the ancestor of Ming Cheng, immediately ordered the household department to deal with it, because timely and proper handling improved the living conditions of the victims in the disaster area, thereby reducing the factors of social unrest and stabilizing the local situation. On the other hand, it is conducive to the decrees and decisions issued by the central government of the imperial court to be quickly implemented by the local government and actively implemented, so as to achieve "the situation from above".
One of the missions of supervision officials is to promote the concept of the emperor's governance, because the supervision power of supervision officials is closely related to the imperial power, so the abolition of the local supervision system, the exercise of supervision power and the effectiveness are deeply restricted by the imperial power. The original intention of the rulers to establish the local supervision system was to supervise local governments, but its ultimate purpose was to maintain autocratic imperial rule.
The situation of the administration of local supervision organs and public opinion were communicated from top to bottom, so that the emperor could understand the good and evil of local officials, the situation of government affairs, punishment, prison proceedings, public security, etc., and provide a corresponding basis for the emperor to make a decision to rectify the localities. It is conducive to realizing the emperor and the central government's firm control over the localities and achieving the purpose of maintaining feudal autocratic rule.
2. Improve the administrative efficiency of local governments
The effective use of the supervision system can form a certain degree of restraint on the power of local officials, and to a certain extent, it can prevent local officials' mistakes in administrative decision-making and local officials' dereliction of duty and illegal behavior, and improve local administrative efficiency. In order to supervise and inspect the implementation of the emperor's will and the implementation of the central decision-making of the imperial court, the Ming Dynasty implemented the system of brushing documents and canceling them. Brushing the document refers to a written supervision method implemented by the Central Metropolitan Prosecutor's Office through the examination of the archives of various government agencies, which is an important part of administrative supervision in the Ming Dynasty.
Depending on the situation, the results can be divided into five types: passed, passed, delayed, mistaken, and buried. "If the matter has not been bent for personal gain and has been concluded, it may be annotated as passed; If the matter has been carried out and there is no bending of the law for personal gain, but the handling has not been completed, the license can be annotated;
If the transaction has been executed and can be completed but not completed, it should be annotated as late; If the transaction has been executed and there is no circumvention of bending the law for personal gain, it should be annotated as a mistake; If the transaction should have been executed but not executed, it should be corrected but not done, such as non-recovery of finances, etc., it should be annotated as buried. ”
The cancellation system refers to the fact that after each official service is completed, the formalities for cancelling official documents should be completed in a timely manner, indicating that the matter has been completed, and the number of cases that have been completed in the record date of the declaration, with reason for overdue and without reason being overdue, should be cancelled. In the Ming Dynasty, a cancellation was implemented every five days, and at the end of the month, it was reported to the emperor, and officials who overstayed without reason were subject to impeachment. The system of brushing documents and cancelling documents is essentially a means of supervision by the supervisory organs over the effectiveness of the implementation of administrative organs and decrees issued by the central government of the imperial court.
If a matter can be successfully completed on time, it will be written off, and if the matter is not completed, the delay and the reason for it should be reported. All this enables government agencies and officials at all levels to handle government affairs in a timely manner, without the phenomenon of dragging out and backlogging government affairs, and effectively avoiding the drawbacks of officials at all levels in the process of handling government affairs by not reporting and requesting instructions in advance and without supervision and sales afterwards, thus effectively improving administrative efficiency.
In addition, in the process of exercising their supervisory functions, local supervision officials independently exercise the power of correction and impeachment without interference from local administrative officials, ensuring the smooth flow of local supervision channels, and at the same time standardizing the good operation of local supervision power and improving the efficiency of local supervision system.
3. It is conducive to clarifying the governance of local officials
The stable operation of the local political situation is related to the permanent stability and long-term peace of the entire country, and local officials are the direct controllers of the local political situation. In order to maintain the control of local governments by the feudal autocratic regime, urge local civil and military officials to conscientiously perform their duties, and effectively play the role of local bureaucrats, successive rulers have attached great importance to the management of local officials. Although this is inseparable from the effective supervision of the supervisory organs, because the primary responsibility of the supervisory organs is to eliminate bureaucracy, their basic task is to eliminate bureaucracy.
The rulers of the Ming Dynasty implemented a local supervision system with the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty, raised the punishment, and the Department of Punishment Inspection was a fixed local supervision agency at the provincial level, temporarily stationed to inspect local inspectors and governors and inspectors. When the criminal inspector is prosecuted, the inspector is supervised, and the superintendent has the power to supervise local officials when exercising their functions and powers, so that local officials are subject to triple supervision, cross-exercise supervision powers, achieve comprehensive supervision, and prevent loopholes.
The primary purpose of the sentencing envoys is to clarify the world and rectify the rule of officials; the censors have always had the title of "honest envoys," and their functions and powers are to "control the matter of impeachment in the name of a province, rectify official evils, commit rape and violence, settle prison lawsuits, and clarify the rule of officials in order to uphold discipline and clarify the rule of officials." "The main aspect of the inspector's responsibility was the supervision and administration of justice in various localities, and in the early period of the Ariake generation, the functions of the inspector were mainly inclined to the supervision function.
As important supervision officials in various localities, the status of inspectors is very high, and the supervision of prefectures, prefectures, and counties is also quite large, which to a certain extent plays the role of rectifying local officials.
The system of patrolling the imperial history and the system of supervision were systems in which the central government of the Ming Dynasty regularly sent personnel to inspect them. The Imperial Governor represented the imperial court and the central government had great power. For local officials who violate the law and derelict their duties above the fifth grade, the inspector may be appraised and submitted to the central government for adjudication; For local officials below the sixth grade who violate the law and derelict their duties, the inspector can "take the question" according to the laws of the imperial history.
The system of regular local inspections composed of inspectors and governors overcomes the drawbacks of official protection caused by the long-term appointment of specialized officials, thereby cutting off the chain of interests between supervisors and supervised persons in the supervisory organization system, and plays an important role in clarifying local administration.
As supervisory officials, the inspectors and inspectors, as well as the inspectors and governors, are not subordinate to each other and check and balance each other. Both the supervisor and the inspected are under supervision, forming a crisscrossing and strict local supervision system. In short, this strict supervision system has played an important role in cleaning up local lawless officials and clarifying the governance of local officials.