Text/upright and straightforward
Edited/upright and straightforward
preface
"Jinyuan culture" is a cultural form with northern ethnic characteristics and widely spread in the "Ashe River" basin, which is the pinnacle of Heilongjiang culture, an important branch of Chinese culture and precious cultural inheritance, which together with Bohai culture and Khitan culture constitute the three major cultural forms in Northeast Asia.
From the perspective of Jinyuan civilization, the relevant discussions made by scholars such as Cao Tingjie in the late Qing Dynasty became an important topic in Northeast China.
In recent years, there have been more and more achievements, such as Wang Kebin, Yang Zhongqian, Guo Mingzhi, Wang Yun, Li Shuo and other excellent works such as "Shi Jinyuan Culture", "Spatial Flow and Literary Exchange of the Literary Family of the Jin Dynasty", "Han Fire Hundred Alchemy Source Gold, Zhou System One Use of China - Jinyuan Culture Examination", "Han Fire Hundred Alchemy Source Gold, Zhou System One Use of Zhonghua - Jinyuan Culture Examination" and other excellent works.
From the perspective of research objects, the interpretation and inheritance of Jinyuan, the development and construction of tourism projects in Jinyuan and surrounding areas are all topics that people are more concerned about.
However, few people have paid attention to Jinyuan's music, especially Jinyuan's music and dance culture. Based on the literature of predecessors.
This paper analyzes the artifacts used in the court music and dance of the Jurchens at that time from the "relief" of the tomb of Emperor Yin of Wanyan at the site of Jinshan Ancient City in Jinyuan, and discusses the music and dance culture of women in the Jinyuan area.
On Jin Yuan and Jinyuan Music and Dance
The term "Jinyuan" is derived from the Jurchens, and in a narrow sense refers to an administrative division along the Ashe River, which belongs to the "Golden River". "Jin Shi Geography" recorded: "Shangjing Road is the homeland of the Jin Dynasty and the land of Hainye. ”
"Chinese" cloud: "Take the tiger as the cave, take the water as the cave", so the name "Golden Source". This is the origin of the founding ceremony. The first year of the Tianji is called Shangjing.
After King Hailing moved the capital to Zhongdu, he changed the "Junwang" of Zhaoxing to "Jinyuan". One refers to the jurisdiction of Huining Prefecture, the birthplace of the Jurchens, and the other refers to the entire Jin Dynasty.
"Jinyuan" was the political, military, economic and cultural center of the northeast region in the first half of the twelfth century, and had an important position in the northeast region.
It inherited the Tang and Song dynasties on the top, and the three dynasties of Qiyuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, creating many historical sites in history and providing valuable historical heritage for the Jinyuan civilization of the northern peoples.
Jinyuan Music and Dance is based on inheriting and inheriting the music and dance of various ethnic groups, and integrates the Central Plains culture.
For example, after Sejong, "music and dance in the Song Dynasty were popular in Jin, and Jurchen music and dance were integrated with music and dance in the Song Dynasty, while rap forms such as "Yan" and "Zhugong" popular in the Northern Song Dynasty were more common in the Jin Dynasty. ”
Therefore, in the culture of the Jurchen nation, the fusion of Han culture, while having national and regional characteristics, also has both, showing a simple and rugged, heroic and majestic, compatible with the "three religions" of the new northern civilization.
The "golden source" of Jinyuan is broadly divided, that is, "Jinyuan" refers to the great integration of multiple ethnic groups in the ruling area of the Jin Dynasty. Jinyuan culture is a narrow culture centered on the tiger.
This is a unique culture unique to the North. "Jinyuan music dance is an important part of Jinyuan civilization and is a typical feature of the "Jinhe" area under the jurisdiction of Ningfu, the capital city after the Jin Dynasty.
The Jurchens sang and danced to the level, singing and dancing to the level, and singing and dancing to the level, "All the wedding festivals, the gathering and feasting, the shamanic sacrifices, the etiquette of the imperial court, all have the joy of song and dance, regardless of nobility, men, women, and children, can sing and dance." ”
According to existing documents, Jinyuan's music and dance were developed from the safari life and military activities of female tribes, and had the original folk characteristics that "people who lead the bow" should have.
The Book of the Later Han records the dance of the Jin people: "Day and night, they must gather together, and when they dance, dozens of people follow, and they dance very high." ”
Bohai music is recorded in the "Song Huiyi": "Bohai customs, every New Year's Festival, there must be singers and dancers, accompanied by generations of singers." ”
Meta miscellaneous opera is also "repeatedly mentioned that Jurchen can sing and dance well, and many songs and dances, such as "Four Kingdoms Dynasty", "Partridge Dance", etc., have been absorbed and used by meta-miscellaneous opera, not only as an inserted dance, but often intersected with miscellaneous drama."
From the analysis of the musical instruments used in the Jinyuan music and dance culture, it is generally believed that the main instruments used in Jurchen music and dance are drums and flutes, but is this true?
Are the instruments in Jinyuan Music and Dance really only two instruments, drums and flutes, as it is now said? This conclusion can be seen from the relief of eight qule dances found in an ancient tomb in Jinshantun, Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province.
The ancient tomb of the Eight Faces Dance Stone Building in Jinshan Tun
Jinshan Ancient City is located at the southern end of the Tangwang River, 14 km south of Jinshan Tun District, Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province, east of the one- to two-story terrace, because there is a turtle-shaped hill in the east, so it was named "Wang Ba Neck Mountain", later changed to "Hengshan" or "Jinshan".
The castle is elliptical in shape, more than 1,400 meters wide from east to west and 800 meters wide from north to south.
The ancient city is full of green bricks, red bricks, tube tiles and other ornaments, and shovels, gold earrings, copper from the Tang, Liao, Jin and other periods, as well as various iron weapons, iron tools, agricultural tools, and daily necessities have been found.
The remains of the Jurchen villages of the Jin Dynasty, such as "Hengshan North", "Da Paozi", "Mantou Mountain", "Twenty-eight", "Dawn", etc., are all in the northwest of the ancient city and are also the location of ancient tombs.
The tomb is located 0.5 km in the northwest corner, 500 meters on the left bank of the Tangwang River on the west side, and stands north and south by the mountain ridge towards the Gouchuan.
From 1966 to 1976, the Heilongjiang Provincial Museum sent archaeologists to investigate here three times and carried out six excavations. ”
Because the ancient cemetery area was robbed in the early years, although the first two excavations did not achieve much, many gold objects were found in the tomb of Wanyan Zongyin, son of Wanyan Yan, the son of Wanyan Zongyin, at the site of Jinshan Tunjinshan Ancient City.
In particular, the "eight-sided drum" found in this ancient tomb is of great value for understanding the music and dance of the Jin Dynasty.
A "wordless tomb" carved from white Chinese jade, with a vertical height of 120 cm, "is made of four sections of white jade, including the roof of the Han ridge and the main building."
The carvings of its roof, main building and drum-shaped roof ridge are currently in the Heilongjiang Provincial Museum, while the octagonal fan-shaped base is currently in the collection of the Yichun City Cultural Bureau.
The epitaph is octagonal, divided into eight directions, each 43 cm high and 15 cm, "and on each side is carved a person, either standing, standing, beating a drum, or dancing, with the saying "Sebei Mawangdui".
In addition, in the cemetery of Jinshan Tunjin Mountain Ancient City, a group of complete Yan Zongyin's sons of Chengyan Yan were also found. In particular, the "eight-sided drum" found in this ancient tomb is of great value for understanding the music and dance of the Jin Dynasty.
This is an epitaph carved from white Chinese jade, 120 cm vertically high, "made of four sections of white jade such as imitation Han ridge top cover and main building, and the carvings of its top cover, main building and drum-shaped roof ridge are currently in the collection of the Heilongjiang Provincial Museum, and the octagonal slope foot is now in the collection of Yichun City Cultural Center." ”
From the analysis of the music and dance forms painted from various sides, it shows the scattered dance scenes in the music and dance of the Jurchen royal court.
There is both music and robust dance, with people banging gongs and drums, playing pipes, flutes, road dances, or dancing with their hands, as if they are performing a wonderful dance, which is pleasing to the eye and refreshing.
This is the only real record that has survived so far, and it is also the only one remaining in the Jinyuan Jurchen music and dance.
Eight-sided music and dance reliefs of five rare artifacts
Of the eight cross-sections of the eight-sided music and dance relief grotto, only one is a musician, and the remaining seven have seven musical instruments on the cross-section.
According to the investigation and research of relevant literature and authors, these instruments mainly include yangqin (also known as yangqin), sheng, flute, qiao, jiaoqi, xiaohulei and plucked huqin.
Among the "eight-sided music and dance reliefs", the most commonly used are sheng and flute.
For example, during the reign of Emperor Zhangzong, "Dong Xieyuan's "Notes on the Palaces of the Western Wing" is based on a small illustration in the Tang dynasty's "Yingying Legend", consisting of fourteen uterine cavities and one hundred and ninety-three suites, accompanied by a musical score with a pipa and a rap. ”
In addition, in the Jin Dynasty, "imitating the etiquette and customs of the Liao Dynasty, the famous Lianxiang opera artist, consisting of one person playing the pipa and one person singing the lyrics, and then using the male name Mo Mu, the female name Dan, and miscellaneous flowers and other people to hook the column, with singing and composition, the northerners call it a box." Most of them use the four-sided dancers as musicians, so the clouds.
But those who dance can't sing and can't dance, just like dances in ancient times. "During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620), there were Jurchen octagonal drums in the capital, "Liu Xiong Octagonal Drums":
Liu Shan beats the drum, the rhythm is fast, the rhythm is fast, and the sound is pleasant; Or intersect with the sound of the piano to make the music better. "However, in the relevant materials and research of the Jinyuan civilization, the number of lu qiao is small, especially the plucked huqin, small thunder and sheep qin.
The word "筚篥" originated in Persia and came via the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. Its tone is loud and pathetic, and it is one of the Hu instruments introduced to China.
Duan Anjie of the Tang Dynasty wrote in the "Miscellaneous Records of Lefu": "The sound of the road is the music of the turtle." "Also known as grief, similar to Huhai." When it spread to China, it was widely used in folk wind music, and Song Chenyang wrote in the Book of Music:
"Baskets, a wail, a flute, a turtle instrument. Bamboo is a tube, and a reed is a tube, like nine holes. In the Tang Dynasty, this kind of blowing was more common, and the strong were like clouds.
For example, An Wanshan in the Kaiyuan period was good at playing musical instruments, and once Chinese New Year's Eve evening, Li Qi and other five or six people gathered together, An Wanshan played the instrument for him, and Li Qi took this as a pleasure and made a song "Listen to An Wanshan Blowing Song".
Judging by the pattern carved on the main floor of the "Eight-sided Music and Dance Relief", this is a musical instrument related to the music and dance of the Jin Dynasty.
Judging by the sound and posture of the piano, the musician holds the "Qiao", which is an instrument similar to the "Silk Road".
In addition, from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese nails handed down include large nails, small nails, peach skin nails, willow nails, double nails and other forms, and the head on the eight-sided drum is more like a small cannail in terms of shape.
The excavation of the Jinyuan ancient tomb stone carved pen reflects the cultural exchanges between the Jurchens and the Han and western regions, as well as the use of Hu Le.
The pipa, which is an ancient Chinese plucked string instrument, says in the Shiji Feng Zenshu: "From the time of the Western Regions, the temple Taiyi had music, and with the flute, there were twenty-five pipas." ”
It was introduced to China from Persia and was called "Hu Zhenxi". The Sui Shu Music Chronicle says: "The vertical head is a musical instrument from the West, not from China." ”
In addition, the seven-string fence of the Tang Dynasty also existed, and the Tang Dynasty scholar Du You wrote in the "Tongdian": "In the Han Dynasty, the Hou Tuo made the qin and the seven-string as the piano. ”
Judging by the patterns engraved on the section of the main building of the "Eight-sided Music and Dance Relief", the pipa is also part of the women's dance culture.
The fence is divided into three structures: lying flute, vertical flute, and phoenix head, and the "eight-sided music and dance relief stone building" carved by the "eight-sided music and dance relief stone building" belongs to the seven-string vertical fence.
It has become extinct after the Ming Dynasty, and there are also a large number of documents from the Jin and Song dynasties, and the vertical fence in the "Eight-sided Dance Stone Pillar" was first discovered from tomb bricks and stone reliefs unearthed in the Jin Dynasty, so this one is precious.
Judging from the harpsichord on the stone pillar of the "Eight Sides Music and Dance Relief", the golden plucked huqin is an instrument similar to the horse head qin.
This was invented just over a hundred years ago by Torii Ryuzo in Japan, and the Mongols of the Qing Dynasty called it "Chaoer".
The body is wooden, about one foot, double-stringed, and the music box is step-shaped. In contrast to other stringed instruments, the strings on the bowstring are not sandwiched between the inner and outer strings, but are played between the outer and inner strings.
However, the gold-plucked huqin carved in the main building of the "eight-sided music relief" of the eight-faced qin does not contact the line of the horsetail bow, and the two strings are on one side, which does not have the characteristics of musical instruments such as horse head qin, tide and horsetail.
In fact, during the Tang Dynasty, the national musical instrument of the north was called "hu". Lin Qiansan of Japan proposed that the meaning of the huqin in the Tang Dynasty means pipa, and the Chinese Mr. Xiang Yang means Hulei.
Kui Fu wrote in his "Khitan Music and Dance Examination": "The Khitan people popular rebound huqin dance, which is to hold the huqin behind their heads, play it with their hands, and then play it with their fingers. ”
There is a pattern related to this in the north of the White Pagoda in Jixian, which is that the dancers are obviously Khitans, and the huqin horn they use is a rectangular, plucked musical instrument.
In the Song Dynasty, it was a kind of playing instrument that required people to obey orders and strictly carry it out, hence the name "plucking the huqin".
The patterns of musical instruments in the "Eight-sided Music and Dance Relief Stone Enclosure" excavated in Heilongjiang fill the gap in archaeological work in this field.
epilogue
The "eight-sided music and dance relief" seen in the mausoleum of Jinshan Ancient City is realistic in shape, vivid in shape, and quite large-scale, with dancers dancing, musicians playing, or beating, or blowing, like an art.
The instruments used in the performance include sheep qin, sheng qin, flute, lu qiao, small thunder, plucked huqin, etc., through their video research, we can have a deeper understanding of the musical culture of ethnic minorities in the north.
It is related to the Jurchen music and dance culture, drumming, Yale and other cultures, which makes up for the gap in previous documents without relevant physical objects, allowing us to more intuitively understand the Jinyuan culture created by the Jurchens of the Jin Dynasty.
Jinyuan is the pinnacle of the development of Heilongjiang's ancient civilization and an important part of the Chinese nation.
Jinyuan music is an irreproducible property of Heilongjiang, China, and even the world, and the careful examination of the instruments used is a major academic breakthrough in Jinyuan music and dance.
To sum up, the author believes that the deconstruction of the Jinyuan pieces by relying on the "eight-sided music and dance relief" alone cannot be fully investigated by the instruments used, and can only be regarded as a beginning, and I hope that it can be further studied in the future.
Bibliography:
"The Influence of Jin Dynasty Jurchen Culture on the Prosperity of Yuan Miscellaneous Opera", Heilongjiang Nationalities Series
"The Intersection of Jinge Iron Horse - Liao, Western Xia, Jin"
Book of the Later Han (Book 85)
General History of China, General History of China