Formation of the Earth:
About 4.5 billion years ago, after the formation of the solar system, the Earth gradually condensed from a swirling cloud of dust and gas. The atmosphere on the Earth's surface begins to form, and over time, the temperature and pressure on the Earth's surface gradually change.
Lithospheric formation:
About 4 billion years ago, a hard crust began to form on the Earth's surface, called the lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of continental and oceanic plates that drift, collide and break up, shaping the shape of the Earth's surface.
Layered structure formation:
The interior of the earth is divided into four main layers: core, outer core, mantle and crust, which are gradually formed in the process of the earth's evolution. The interface between the mantle and the core is the Moho discontinuum in the Earth's interior, and the dividing point between them is a spherical center of the Earth with a depth of about 2900 km.
Continental drift:
In the process of the evolution of the earth, the continental plates have continued to drift and split, and the position and shape of the continents have changed dramatically. The Pangea continent in the Paleozoic period evolved into the Luoyang continent, the Lüliang continent and the Junggar continent in the Mesozoic period, and finally evolved into today's seven continents.
Changes in the Earth's surface:
In the process of the evolution of the earth, the shape and characteristics of the earth's surface have also undergone many changes, including the uplift of mountains, the expansion of oceans, volcanic eruptions, and the erosion of rivers. These geological processes have had a profound impact on the evolution of life on Earth, climate change and resource distribution.