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The four major freshwater domestic fish in mainland China are: blue carp, grass carp, silver carp and bighead carp. In the mainland fish farming "big family" can be called a national treasure, the "four big fish" theory has a long history, great influence, is a unique specialty of the mainland, but also introduced and farmed by many countries in the world, even the United States, Canada and other countries have now taken root, and there is a tendency to flood. They are common food fish in ponds and the most common freshwater species.
These four kinds of fish are very suitable for polyculture in a pond due to different feeding and habitat habits, and can make full use of natural food and water space, and the breeding benefits are greater and complement each other better, which can be called the classic of fish polyculture, so it has gradually become the main farmed fish in the mainland. The "four big fish" can reproduce naturally in the natural waters of rivers, and cannot be in heat and spawn like carp and crucian carp in captive-bred still ponds, and can only be artificially bred in a spawning equipment that imitates the state of river flow.
Grass carp
Grass carp is one of the four most prestigious freshwater economic fish in the mainland, also known as grass sticks, carp, and mixtures. The body of the fish is slim and "stick-shaped", so it is called "grass stick". Sexually active, he lives in the middle of the water body and likes to cluster. Grass carp is a typical herbivorous fish, mesopelagic fish, which grows rapidly and has a wide range of feed sources.
The body of the fish is oval or cylindrical, with a flattened tail, a rounded abdomen, no edges, a slightly rounded snout, and a flattened head. The back is dark blue, the sides of the fish are slightly bluish yellow, and the belly is milky white. The scales are large, the pharyngeal teeth are 2 rows, the teeth are comb-shaped, the tooth surface is serrate, and the pharyngeal teeth on both sides are staggered and intertwined. The lateral line scales are 38~44, the anterior part of the lateral line is arc-shaped, the posterior part is straight, extending to the base of the caudal fin.
(Throat teeth of grass carp: In order to facilitate grazing, grass carp teeth are grate tooth-shaped, and it is more convenient to cut grass blades)
Grass carp, as the name suggests, grass as the main food of fish, including a variety of plant processing food, especially like young grass, animal food, especially live insects are also its favorite food, such as grasshoppers, crickets, dragonflies, mole clams, green insects and so on. However, it mainly uses natural ingredients such as aquatic plants, dry grass, vegetable leaves, bran and soybean cake and artificial food materials.
Grass carp, gluttony, strong digestion, large amount of food, rapid growth, 1 age can reach more than 15 cm, can grow 2-4 pounds per year, the maximum weight can reach 70 pounds, some even reach 100 pounds. Under normal conditions, 500-1000 tails are released per mu.
Grass carp, 5~6 years old sexual maturity, because of its wide source of meat quality, in addition to domestic wide breeding, grass carp with its unique feeding and foraging methods called "pioneers" and has been transplanted to many countries and regions in Asia, Europe, the United States and Africa.
herring
Blue fish, is the only species in the genus of blue fish in the family Cyprinidae, also known as green stick, black flounder, snail blue, blue fish, black blue, green mix. Adult bluefish are mostly bluish-black or blue-gray, hence the name "blue" fish. It likes to eat mollusks such as snails and clams and their small aquatic animals with shells (such as shrimp and crabs), hence the name "snail" green. Blue carp looks very similar to grass carp, the body shape is similar to grass carp, but longer than grass carp, the head is more pointed than grass carp (grass carp head is flattened), the scales are larger, the scales and fins of the whole body are mainly gray-black, like to live in the middle and lower layers of the water body, generally do not swim to the surface.
The bluefish is long, slightly cylindrical, with a flattened tail and a rounded abdomen without ventral ridges. The head is slightly flattened and the tail is laterally flattened. The mouth is distinctive, arc-shaped. The snout is blunt, but more protruding than grass carp. The upper jaw is slightly longer than the lower jaw. The posterior end of the maxilla extends below the anterior edge of the eye. Without. The interocular septum is about 3.5 times the diameter of the eye. Gill rakers 15~21, short, papillae. Hypopharyngeal teeth 1 row, tooth surface wide, molar-shaped, chewing surface smooth, no groove. There are no hard spines on the dorsal fin and fin, 7~9 soft dorsal fin bars, 8~10 fin soft bars, and the dorsal fin is opposite to the ventral fin. The dorsal and upper half of the body side are bluish black, the abdomen is grayish-white, and each fin is gray-black, especially the even fins. The body is bluish black and the back is deeper. Lateral line scales 39~45.
Blue fish with mollusk crustaceans as the main food, juvenile fish mainly eat zooplankton, but also like to eat food feed and soybean cake, okara and artificial feed, blue fish cultured in ponds, after growing to 15 cm in length, the pharyngeal tooth crushing function begins to increase, the feeding behavior changes, in natural waters to turn to mollusk aquatic animals for food. In addition to the weak appetite in winter, blue fish feed fiercely in spring, summer and autumn, and can still have an appetite under low air pressure and the general anorexia of most benthic fish, and can also bite and swallow bait.
(Blue fish throat teeth: Blue fish crave snails, and their throat teeth are molar-shaped, which is more powerful to crush the shell of snails)
(Blue Fish Stone)
Blue fish is a carnivorous and omnivorous fish. Some people classify it as carnivorous fish, but this is not appropriate. Because there is no record of blue fish eating fish. The teeth of the blue fish are not in the front of the mouth but in the pharynx, and the teeth are not sharp canine teeth, but similar to molars, in order to "crush" shell food and specially grow the so-called blue fish stone, molars plus blue fish stone, thick and hard like a millstone, crushing snail shells mussel shells and other hard and sharp things is easy.
Blue fish, fast growing and large, are the largest fish in freshwater fish, and the largest individual can weigh up to 160 pounds and above. Blue fish 1 year old fish can reach 1 jin in the Yangtze River, 6~7 years old sexual maturity, breeding habits are the same as grass carp, can naturally spawn and artificial breeding production, but artificial induction of production has a certain difficulty. The amount of polyculture per mu is generally 30~50, and the first polyculture of blue carp in the pond can be 100~200 per mu, and the main cultivation of grass carp under general conditions is 500-1000 per mu.
silver carp
Silver carp, also known as silver carp, silver carp. The upper fish, silver carp is similar in form to bighead carp, but bighead carp has a large head and an amiable nature, while silver carp has a lively temperament, is impatient, good at jumping, and often jumps out of the water and gathers in groups. Silver carp prefers to live in clear water areas with relatively fertile water, and is mostly used as a companion fish in polyculture ponds, and is the main fish farmer in large surface culture.
鲢鱼，体较长，体侧扁较高，头较大约占体长的1/4，腹部银白色，腹部狭窄隆起似刀刃，自胸部直至肛门(称为腹棱)。 The body color is silvery-white with a slightly bluish gray back. The scales are small. The fins are greyish white. The end of the pectoral fin extends to the base of the ventral fin. The mouth is broad, terminally positioned, specialized, thin and dense, united to each other into porous membranous lamellas, with a spiral supragill apparatus above the back of the mouth. The lower jaw is slightly slanted upwards. The eyes are small and low-positioned. The lateral line scales are 78-88.
Silver carp, feeding on phytoplankton and algae in plankton in the water, is a typical filter-feeding fish species, so the gill rakers are fine and dense, and the ipsilateral gill rakers are connected to each other to form spongy membrane tablets, which is conducive to filtering fine food. Because of its special diet--- filtering aquatic algae can purify water quality, there is a "water scavenger" elegant name, there is also a "fat water fish" saying, polyculture when the appropriate proportion, has the effect of regulating water quality, and has a special effect on inhibiting cyanobacteria outbreaks. Therefore, modern pond fish farming must be polycultured silver carp, which can ensure water quality without worry!
Silver carp is a widespread fish with poor hypoxia tolerance, so it is more common to see white carp floating head when there is a lack of oxygen. 鲢鱼食物链短，生长快，1.5厘米以下的鱼苗仍以浮游动物为食，1.5厘米以上时刚主要吃食浮游植物直至终生，当年可长到15厘米以上，3～4龄性成熟。 Under normal conditions, 500-800 mu are put in the main mu, 100-300 are placed in the polyculture mu, and 50-100 can be put in mu when the large water surface is "human and sky-raised".
Bighead carp
Bighead carp, also known as silver carp, fat head, bighead, black carp, and moharon. Swimming slowly, not jumping, easy to fish, like to swim in clusters, living in the middle and upper layers of the water body. The tarpon is similar in size to the white carp, has a gentle temperament and does not like to jump. It feeds mainly on zooplankton in plankton and is also a typical filter-feeding species.
Bighead carp, the body is longer and the side is flattened, the body is slightly higher, the head length is greater than the body height, and the head is especially about 1/3 of the body length (so it is called fathead fish). The mouth is also wide, with a terminal and slightly upturned jaw, and a slightly protruding lower jaw. The snout is short and blunt, the corners of the mouth reach below the vertical line of the anterior edge of the eye, and the middle part of the upper lip is thick. The eye position is relatively low. The gill rakers are numerous, leaf-shaped, and arranged extremely closely but not combined. There is no keratinous ridge in front of the ventral fin, the abdomen is rounded before the base of the ventral fin, and there is a narrow ventral ridge from the posterior part to the anterior anus. The scales are as thin as flesh and there are no nail sheets, the body is dark, and there are irregular black spots on the back (hence the name "flower" tarpon). Lateral line scales 99-115.
Bighead carp is a widespread fish, usually inhabiting the middle and upper layers of the water body, and has a mild and mediocre temperament (hence the name "bigheadhead" fish). Like silver carp, it is a "filter feeder" fish, but it uses zooplankton as its main food, feeds in much the same way as silver carp, and also relies on gill rakers to filter zooplankton and algae, while still liking grain, soybean cake, rice bran and artificial feed.
Bighead carp is popular because of its good meat quality, especially the fat and delicious head. One age can reach more than 15 cm, 5~6 years old sexual maturity. Under general conditions, 50-100 mu of polyculture, 400-600 mu with special main breeding technology, 30-50 mu can be put when "people are raised in the sky" on the large water surface.
After more than a thousand years of artificial cultivation and selection, four kinds of domestic fish, such as blue carp, grass carp, silver carp and bighead carp, have become excellent aquatic species in the mainland. In the structure of freshwater aquaculture species in China, the four large fish have always occupied a major position, and the production of the four large fish accounts for about 80% of the total freshwater fish production. The peak production of fry in the Yangtze River production area reached more than 30 billion. The four large fish are widely distributed in major water systems in the north and south of China, and there are huge reserves of artificial breeding and natural reproduction and survival. The indicators of the four big fish have also been important indicators in official fishery resource statistics.
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Characteristics of blue carp and grass carp and their distinction
Brief analysis of polyculture mode of pond fish culture: three-dimensional ecological culture using the principle of "food chain"
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