< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Chinese manned landing on Mars</h1>
At the 2021 Global Space Exploration Conference held in Russia, the China Space Administration made a report on the "Manned Mars Exploration Space Transport System", introducing the mission overview, overall plan, relevant data and video of China's first Mars exploration missions" Tianwen-1 and Zhurong probes, as well as China's future deep space exploration plan. The report proposes that China expects to carry out a Mars sample return program in 2030 and a mars manned landing program after 2033.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the difficulty of boarding the fire</h1>
In terms of landing on Mars, countries all over the world are working hard to achieve their goals, but it is clear that the difficulty of landing on Mars is too great. After the U.S. Apollo manned moon landing program, the United States planned a manned landing on Mars in 1977, and as a result, the program became oblivious after the end of the Cold War. So what's the difference between a manned landing on Mars and a rover landing on Mars?
First of all, manned landing on Mars, then we definitely need to use manned spacecraft for landing, and a very large than the impact of the manned carrier rocket, which involves a payload problem, and the exploration of the moon, the earth and the moon are separated by 380,000 kilometers, but the average distance of the ground fire is 55 million kilometers, in this difference so large distance, to mars to launch a manned landing mission, can imagine how difficult it is.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > three-step plan</h1>
In fact, before the Mars manned landing mission, our pre-work still needs to be done, and the China National Space Administration envisions dividing the Mars manned plan into a three-step form, the first step: unmanned probe landing on Mars, Mars sampling return and Site Selection And in situ resource utilization and system construction of Mars bases. The second step: the implementation of manned ring fire, orbital exploration, manned Mars landing exploration and Mars base construction. The third step: the formation of the Martian economic circle, including large-scale fire transport fleet, large-scale development and application.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the first step</h1>
Now that we have completed Zhu Rong's mission to Mars, we expect the next mission plan, which is to achieve sample return on Mars. The Martian sample return means that we must give, to the mars reflection of the probe, load a returner. Similar to the returner of Chang'e 5, but in the same way, due to the large distance difference, we still need further research.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the second step</h1>
After the realization of Mars sample return technology, we will launch a large number of ring fire satellites, investigate the geological structure of Mars, and then select the construction site of the Mars base, and before that, we will also carry out and utilize the in situ resources of Mars, including how to get the groundwater of Mars, and then develop and apply other resources such as electrolysis oxygen.
After these missions are completed, we will carry out the Mars manned landing, before the Mars manned landing and before the construction of the Mars base, we need to have the corresponding equipment to complete the requirements, just like the Tiangong space station, we need to launch some parts to Mars step by step, and then assemble after the astronauts land, of course, the future is likely to implement automatic docking and assembly, that way, astronauts after landing on Mars, there is no need to time and effort to assemble the Temporary Base of Mars.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the third step</h1>
The last step in the form, that is, the commercialization model of the Mars base, when the Chinese Mars exploration mission reaches this stage, it is likely to realize a number of space projects such as Mars tourism and space restaurants, and at that time, we can also buy a ticket to Mars to witness the true face of the Red Planet.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > thermonuclear propulsion</h1>
At the conference, the China Space Administration also revealed that it is expected to carry out a manned landing on Mars in 2033, 2035, 2037, 2041 and 2043. Since the Mars manned landing program requires a super-powerful than-impulse rocket, the future Chinese Mars exploration program will have limited consideration of the use of thermonuclear propulsion, which means that at that time, China will have a new breakthrough in the field of nuclear fission. Of course, in the long run, human beings want to explore deeper space farther, and the promotion of controlled nuclear fusion will become the main way for humans to explore space.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > a three-step plan for Mars</h1>
Description of the task
Entry into Earth orbit + Earth orbit assembly + Earth fire transfer + Mars landing and ascent + Mars orbit docking + return to Earth
Flight time: Hundreds of days round trip
Flight distance: millions of kilometers to hundreds of millions of kilometers
Orbital rendezvous and docking: several times or even more than 10 times
Design parameters
Earth ascending segment: 7 heavy launch vehicles and 1 manned launch vehicle, using chemical propellants.
Geospace Ferry Geothermal Transfer Stage: Ferry class based on high specific impulse nuclear power propulsion technology, and ground fire transfer vehicle based on high specific impulse high thrust nuclear thermal propulsion technology.
Mars Space: Mars Landing and Ascent Vehicle Based on Chemical Propulsion.
Ground fire transfer carrier: Using nuclear thermal nuclear power dual mode, three 10-ton thrust nuclear thermal engines as the main power, the use of nuclear power systems to provide power for each subsystem.
Manned transfer vehicle: with a total mass of 246 tons and 108 tons of liquid hydrogen, it can carry a total of 65 tons of payload, including deep space living modules and manned spacecraft.
Cargo type transfer vehicle: the total mass is 328 tons, the filling is 76 tons of liquid hydrogen, and the payload mass is 206 tons.
Source/China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology