"There are beautiful people in the north" is from Li Yannian's "Beautiful Song". In the ancient Chinese poetry tradition, it is said that there are "beautiful people", and which side has "beautiful people", and there are many poems written in this way.
Li Yannian used "there are beautiful people in the north". Ruan Yuan, a poet during the Wei and Jin dynasties, wrote a group of poems called "Yonghuai", which contains the phrase "There are beautiful people in the West". There is also a little earlier than Ruan, Cao Zhi (Zijian) during the Cao Wei period, who wrote several "miscellaneous poems", including the sentence "There are beautiful people in the southern country" - now it seems that only the East has no beautiful people.
This poetic phenomenon actually involves the "metaphor" in Chinese poetry.
The beauties of the North, the West, and the South, as well as the "vanilla beauty" in the poetry that followed, are all metaphors, allegory (allegory), containing a metaphor and sustenance -
Mr. Ye Jiaying (picture source "Water Moon in Hand")
How to read Lefu poems?
Ye Jiaying Lecture Yu Jiahui and Li Xiaonan (first published in "Xinhua Daily Telegraph" Lawn Weekly)
"Nineteen Poems"
Nguyen
There are beautiful people in the West, like white daylight.
Dressed in a thin coat, left and right wearing double huang.
Contour and beauty, and the wind is slightly fragrant.
Climb high and look at what you think, and hold up as the rising sun.
Sending Yan to the clouds, waving his sleeves Ling Yuxiang.
In a trance, the stream looked forward to me.
Yue Yi was not handed over, and the words were sentimental.
1
"Yu Tuo" in Chinese poetry
The Western beauty described in Ruan's "Yonghuai" is a beautiful woman like a fairy. This woman used to "look forward to me", "flow" is to turn, "hope" is to look at me, she used to turn her eyes to look at me, past me. I and this woman are "unhanded over, and the words are sentimental." The woman "waved her sleeve and flew through the air, passing by me. "Handover" is interaction. I just saw her and admired her, but I didn't have the opportunity to talk, so I "spoke with sentimentality." "Speech" is a particle here, there is no meaning of conversation, and "use" is why this kind of meeting makes me sentimental. This woman is a metaphor, a metaphor for a lofty ideal and pursuit. In my ideal, I seemed to have seen it, but I didn't really get it.
The Book of Poetry reads, "The so-called Yi people are on the water side. Tracing obedience, the road is obstructive and long. Swim from it, as if in the middle of the water", is a kind of trance, you seem to see it in the middle of the water, but really chase, you can't really master, you can't really get. This is lofty beauty, symbolic beauty, not just the beauty of a person. All ideals of beauty, all beautiful wishes, are beauty.
Fu Baoshi "Mrs. Xiangjun Xiang"
The beauty of the southern country written by Cao Zhi is also a metaphor. He spoke for the woman:
"Seven Miscellaneous Poems, Part 4"
Wei Jin Cao Zhi
There are beautiful people in the southern country, Rong Hua is like a peach and plum.
Towards the north bank of the river, overnight Xiaoxiang.
The fashion is thin and vermilion, who is the tooth for hair?
The years are twilight, and the glory is difficult to last long.
He said that the secular people of this era do not attach importance to "zhu yan" (beautiful appearance), you are truly beautiful, but the world does not value you. China's metaphor and sustenance are in many ways. In Qu Yuan's "Leaving the Sorrow", beauty represents the beauty of virtuous talent, and this beauty means "good". Therefore, Cao Zhi said that "the customs are thin and Zhu Yan", and the secular people at that time did not value this kind of virtuous, beautiful, and intelligent talent. And what are those people who are valued? It is to use sycophancy, improper methods, and curly methods to meet the horse. He himself has no good talents, and has achieved status by means of patting horses and courtesy, and truly beautiful talents are not valued.
In the "Preface to Poems", it is said that "women have moths to be favored, and then look forward to the country", and the beauty of appearance here refers to the horse and greeting, because it is opposite to the "taxi" who "has the liberation of the dynasty and forgets to return". "Shi" is a talented person who is not reused, but is pampered for his beauty and appearance, which is a contrast.
Cao Zijian uses Qu Yuan's tradition. "For whom to have teeth", "hair" is to show up, "hair teeth" has two meanings, one is "laughing", the other may be "song". For whom do I smile, for whom do I dedicate a song? Who knows, who appreciates? No one.
"Pitching is about to be twilight", "pitching" is to bow your head and look up, and in the blink of an eye, a year will soon reach twilight. And the glory of plants and trees, all beautiful things, the beautiful colors of people, cannot be preserved for a long time. Cao Zijian uses a sentence from Qu Yuan's "Leaving the Sorrow", "But the grass and trees are scattered, and the beauty is afraid of the twilight." Talented people are not appreciated, and human life is limited, and in a blink of an eye your life is in vain. Seeing the fragmentation and glory of the grass and trees - this "rong" originally referred to the flowers of the plants and trees, so there is a "wood" character at the bottom - in a blink of an eye, it has fallen apart. A beautiful person and a talented person, if his life is not used by others, he will die of aging in a blink of an eye, "fear of beauty twilight".
Fu Baoshi "Nine Songs and Mrs. Xiang"
I give these examples to make a comparison for you, which sentences in Chinese poetry can have metaphors, and why are there metaphors? This is an important question in reading classical Chinese poetry, which likes to talk about metaphors.
How to judge? There are several factors: the background of the era, the author's background, and the tone of the narrative.
One is the background of the times. Ruan was born in the Cao Wei era, and you can see from "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" that the Sima family wanted to seize the world of Cao Wei and was passed down from three generations, from Sima Yi to Sima Shi, to Sima Zhao, to Sima Yan. And in such a dangerous era, Nguyen is in the midst of political struggle, so he also has a lot of sadness and pain in his heart, and sees these people doing immoral things. Therefore, judging by the background of the times, Ruan's "Yonghuai" has a total of 82 songs, all of which are metaphors and sustenance.
One is the author's background. Cao Zhi's older brother was Cao Pi, and both of them had the possibility of being made Cao Cao's heir when they were young, so they fought fiercely. Cao Pi later became emperor, Cao Zhi was very unhappy, he had such a background, so he wrote like this.
Then there's the tone of the narrative. Ruan Yuan's writing of the woman as "Ling Xuxiang" is beyond reality, so it is sustenance. The tone of Cao Zijian's narrative is secretly consistent with "Leaving the Sorrow", "but the grass and trees are scattered, and the fear of beauty is dull", so he is also sustenance.
Nguyen
The high coldness played by Zhang Ziyi in the movie "Ten Faces Ambush"
"Long Hate Song Poetic Intention" Wu Sheng, Yu Shui
In terms of poetry, although this poem is written about a realistic and alluring beauty, it is written so nobly and so far away, so it is still well written.
2
The rise of five-word poetry
In previous lessons, I talked about the evolution of Chinese poetry forms, from the four words of the Book of Poetry, to the commotion of the Chu Kingdom, to the posture of Chu Ge. Emperor Wudi of Han's "Autumn Wind Words" and Han Gaozu's "Great Wind Song" are both Chu Ge's asanas.
However, in the history of the evolution of Chinese poetry, a new form of poetry has emerged, a poetic form based on five words. "There are beautiful people in the north", five words. "Peerless and independent", five words. "One cares about the city", five words. "Then look at the country", five words. "Rather don't know the city and the country" are eight words. "Beauty is hard to come by", five words.
It should be noted that the pause in these eight words is a pause of three to five, "rather do not know" is three words, and "pouring into the city and pouring the country" is five words. "Rather don't know" is equivalent to a serif in music. When singing songs, Lefu poems often add some foil words in the middle.
Although the Book of Poetry has a poem of five words and one sentence, it is not the whole text of five words, so we only say that it is a five-word poem, not a five-word poem. Li Yannian's poem is mainly five-word, but it is not a complete five-word poem, it is a form of five-word mainly with miscellaneous words.
Why did it develop into this form based on five words? In the Han Dynasty, there was an institution in charge of music called Le Fu, and Li Yannian was responsible for dubbing music to the music in the Music Fu, called "Xie Lu Du Wei". "Du Lieutenant" is an official name, and "Xie Lu" is to cooperate with the music law. He makes songs, "changing voices for the new," to make a fresh piece of music that is not quite different from the old Chinese tradition.
This five-word song poem was a new form in the Han Dynasty. The rise of five-word poetry is related to the popular music of the time. According to historical records, "Emperor Wu Tong of the Western Regions", Emperor Wudi of Han sent Zhang Qian to interact with some foreign races and countries in the West, and some Hu Le, that is, foreign music, came in. And the popular songs at that time were influenced by foreign music, so they were five words a sentence. Therefore, many of the official poems of the Han Dynasty that controlled music were five-word poems.
Statue of Zhang Qian
The poetry of Lefu in the Han Dynasty was partly folk songs and partly the works of scribes. And these lyrics have ballads that are relatively early and have been circulating for a long time, as well as new lyrics that were only written at that time, so Lefu poems mainly form two forms: one is miscellaneous and the other is five-word.
Some court ceremonies in the Han Dynasty still use four words, and Han Gaozu and Han Wudi are both in the form of Chu Ge, so the Han Dynasty's music palace also has four words and Chu Ge style, but most of them are in the form of miscellaneous words or five words. There is a Lefu poem called "Jiangnan", which is a ballad sung by the woman of Jiangnan Cailianpeng, very simple, very simple, without decoration, completely in the folk style.
Jiangnan can pick lotus, lotus leaf He Tiantian. Fish play among lotus leaves.
Fish play lotus leaf east, fish play lotus leaf west, fish play lotus leaf south fish play lotus leaf north.
Many people only know to appreciate the beauty of carvings, and it is beautiful to say that the words are gorgeous and beautiful. Some people like this have said how to repeat so many sentences. But this beauty is simple beauty, you have to think about folk customs. "Jiangnan can pick lotuses", Jiangnan has a large lotus pond. I've always found it strange that the climate in North America is very similar to Chinese mainland, but people in North America don't grow lotus flowers. You have to know that there are some plants in China that came from the outside later, but lotus flowers are ancient Chinese plants. There is a record in the ancient Chinese character book "Erya", saying that the flower of the lotus flower is called Hanlian, its stem, leaves, fruits, and flowers are very beautiful, and the leaves have many functions. Lotus leaves can be used in medicine, and Dongpo meat is wrapped in lotus leaves. Its fruit is lotus seeds, which can also be nourished and made into lotus seed porridge and lotus seed soup. Its root is lotus. Among Chinese plants, the roots, stems and leaves can be appreciated, and the one that has practical value is the lotus flower.
In Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, villagers row a diamond bucket to harvest lotus flowers and lotus flowers (drone photo). Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Xu Yu
But North America has never known how to appreciate and grow lotuses, I don't know why. All in all, lotus has so many functions, it can be planted, and it can also make a living, because its lotus leaves, lotus seeds, and lotus roots can be sold for money, so in Jiangnan, planting lotus flowers is the same as growing rice, it is production.
"Jiangnan can pick lotuses", there are many women in Jiangnan who go out to pick lotuses. "Lotus leaf He Tian Tian", "Tian Tian" what is it? Dai Junren's "Selected Poems" says "Tiantian, the appearance of lotus leaves", which is the appearance of lotus leaves. "Lotus leaf He Tian Tian", a dense lotus leaf. The woman who picked the lotus rowed in a small boat. "Fish play among lotus leaves", and you can see small fish under the lotus leaves.
But "fish playing lotus leaves" is just a general statement, when this woman picks lotus boat, "fish play lotus leaf east, fish play lotus leaf west, fish play lotus leaf south, fish play lotus leaf north", the small fish on this side move, and the small fish on that side move. The poem is vivid and real, but very simple. This is a folk style, a ballad. This belongs to a kind of folk song in Lefu, the five-word asana.
There is also a miscellaneous asana poem called "Upper Evil":
Evil! I want to know the king and live a long life. The mountains have no mausoleum, and the rivers are exhausted. Thunder and earthquake in winter, rain and snow in summer, heaven and earth unite, but dare to be with the king!
"Jiangnan" is the general life of the people, this song "Shangevil" is written about love, and it is written about an ordinary woman in the folk, not very literary, or generally very warm and sincere love. There are two different ways of saying "upper evil", and some people think that "upper evil" is a word, which only sounds. Some people also think that the word "evil" is the sound of words, and the word "up" seems to have a little effect, so Cheng Qianfan's "Selected Ancient Poems" says that "evil" is heaven, and "up" is high above, heaven and heaven.
"I want to know you," she said, I want and want to know you. It is well said that the ancients did not say love, only about knowing each other. Because the feeling of love can be produced by many factors, some people just have a feeling because of beauty. But if you know each other, it is not only the attraction of the color of the appearance, but the proximity and attraction of the heart. Therefore, China says that life is a confidant and death without regrets, and if you live a confidant, of course, you will die without regrets. So she said "long life without end", I am willing to be with you for a long time, "long life" time is really long, always together.
"Shang Evil" belongs to the body of miscellaneous words, and the number of words in each sentence of the poem is not neat. "Gangnam" is a five-word asana. These two poems should be relatively early works in Lefu, so they are written more simply and honestly.
Music and dance in the Han portrait stone. (Profile photo)
Wen Tingjun's "Bodhisattva Man" writes about a lonely and lonely woman who says "the hill overlaps the golden mingming", and the loneliness does not say directly, but says "the new post embroidered Luo, both golden partridges", which is an irony. Wen Tingjun is a literati and poet, so he writes more elegantly, with a lot of carving and embellishment. But if you look at the folk music poems, they were popular songs at that time. A woman shows her love, how simple, how frank, how direct.
Tang Dynasty Anonymous "Bodhisattva Man":
Pray for a thousand wishes before the pillow, and rest and wait for the green mountains to rot.
The scale floats on the surface of the water, waiting for the Yellow River to dry up completely.
Its format is different from Wen Tingjun's, Wen Tingjun's:
The hills overlap the golden brightness, and the clouds want to make the snow fragrant.
Lazy to draw moth eyebrows, make up and freshen up late.
Looking at the front and rear mirrors of the flowers, the flower surfaces reflect each other.
New post embroidered with combus, double golden partridge.
The first half of the first half has seven seven five five, and the second half is five five five five. This is a passage of music. In the early folk "Bodhisattva Man", "pillow to send a thousand wishes" is seven characters, "to rest and wait for the green mountains to rot" seven characters, "on the surface of the water weigh hammer floating" six characters, "wait until the Yellow River completely withers" seven characters, "the day is shining, Beidou back to the south." Hugh will not rest, and wait for three more to see the sun", the last sentence is seven words.
When I talked about Li Yannian's "Song of the Beauty", I said that "Ning Don't Know" is a lining, and the poems sung with music can be added to the gaps in the tuning board. What is a serif? It is to take out these words without destroying the integrity of the grammar.
This folk "Bodhisattva Man", which one is the serif? "On the surface of the water, the weigh is floating, waiting for the Yellow River to completely dry up", "up" is the lining, and "straight waiting" is the lining. "The water scale floats, and the Yellow River completely withers" is its basic form. The tune of the music has a basic form and rhythm. When singing, you can add a liner to the space of the music. "The day is present, Beidou returns to the south, and the rest is not resting", these are all five words, "and wait for three more to see the sun", "and wait" is a serif, that is, "Hugh is not able to rest, three more see the sun".
Fu Baoshi "Nine Songs Atlas Hebo"
The poetry of the Han Dynasty Le Fu was originally the most simple and straightforward among the people, like "Shangxie". "Shangxie" is an early Lefu poetry, a murmur, an untidy folk ballad, and there is no fixed rhythm at all. So murmur is the freest form. "Gangnam" is also an early folk ballad, which has been influenced by the popular music of the time, and most of them are five words and a sentence. However, this is an early five-word poem, not very mature.
What is mature poetry? In mature poetry, generally five-word poems always rhyme with even-numbered sentences, that is, the rhyme of the last word of an even-numbered sentence is the same. The form in which even-numbered sentences should rhyme is a fixed rhythm after the progress of five-word poems.
Through the poem "Up the Mountain to Pick Lotus", we can take a look at what rhyme is:
Go up the mountain to pick the roots, and go down the mountain to meet the late husband.
Kneel down and ask the late husband, how is the newcomer again?
Although the newcomer is good, he is not as good as the old man.
The color class is similar, but the hand claws are not the same.
The newcomer enters through the door, and the old man goes through the gate.
New artificial weaving, so artificial weaving.
One horse on the weaving day, more than five feet in the weaving.
Compare the newcomers to the old.
Let's look at rhymes first. The even-numbered sentence of the five-word poem must rhyme, and as for the opening sentence, it can be rhymed or not, it is free. This one rhymes from the beginning. What about singular sentences? The first sentence rhymes, the third rhymes, but the fifth and seventh sentences do not rhyme. In summary, even-numbered sentences must rhyme, and the last word has the same vowel. What is the same as the rhyme? Wu, Fu, Ru, Shu, Ru, are all rhymes with a U.
"Newcomers enter through the door, so people go from the gate", this is a change of rhyme, and the music house can change the rhyme.
When we talk about Tang poetry, we will start talking about Gelu. The first and second tones in Putonghua today are called flat rhymes; The third and fourth tones are called rhymes. Chinese characters have different tones, and we basically divide tones into two categories, one is a flat tone, and the other is a 仄 tune.
Now we are only divided into two categories: flat sound and 仄音, but in ancient China there were four tones, yin ping (one tone), yang ping (two sounds), upper sound (three sounds), and desound (four tones). The ancients said that the four tones are flat to go in, the flat sound divides the yin and yang, and there is one incoming sound. There is no sound in Mandarin. For example, my own surname "Ye" used to be a sound. Now Mandarin is pronounced as four tones, that is, to go to the sound. In sound is a sound character, this is a very basic difference.
The rhyme of "Going Up the Mountain to Pick Lotus" is changed from U to U, "go". "The newcomer enters through the door, so the man goes through the gate." "New artificial weaving" does not rhyme, "so artificial weaving" rhymes. "Weaving Day One Horse" does not rhyme, "Weaving Wuzhang Yu", and the word "Yu" rhymes. The word "su" rhymes again, and "newcomers are not as good as the old", which also rhymes. Again, there is no illustration of a completely fixed poem.
"Go" and "su" don't sound rhyming now, but in ancient times U and U rhyme. The current dialect, like the Hunan people say to read, is dúxū, the book is u, and xū is ü. From "the newcomer enters through the door, the old person goes from the gate", the flat rhyme is replaced by the sound rhyme, the flat sound is replaced by the sound of the voice, "go" "su" is the sound of the servant, "yu" is still the flat sound, "fu" is u, here is ü, there is the flat sound of ü "yu", there is the flat sound of u "fu", there is the sound of u "su" "therefore", and there is also the sound of ü "go". In short, the form of rhyme in Chinese poetry is the second sentence to rhyme.
Back to "Gangnam". "Jiangnan can pick lotus, lotus leaf He Tian Tian, fish play lotus leaf between", these three are connected to rhyme, "lotus", "field" and "between" are all rhymes. "Fish play lotus leaf east, fish play lotus leaf west, fish play lotus leaf south, fish play lotus leaf north", the four sentences are not rhyming.
The evolution of Chinese poetry has changed in many ways before the form was fixed. I'll give you a completely fixed five-word poem. The "line repeats the line" of the "Nineteen Ancient Poems" does not rhyme.
Line after line
anonymous
Walk and walk again, and part with Junsheng.
More than 10,000 miles apart, each at the end of the world.
The road is long and obstructive, and the meeting is safe.
Humayi north wind, over the south branch of the bird's nest.
The days are far away, and the days of the belt have slowed down.
Floating clouds cover the day, and the wanderer does not hesitate.
Sijun is old, and the years are suddenly late.
Don't give up, try to add meals.
"Parting with Junsheng. This "ya" character has three pronunciations, you can pronounce yí, you can pronounce yá, you can pronounce ái, and here you can pronounce yí. "The road is long and obstructive, and the meeting is safe to know", this "knowing" and "end" rhyme. "Humayi north wind, Yue bird's nest south branch", "away", "ya", "know" and "branch" are all rhymes.
The rhyme is changed later, and ancient poems often change rhymes. "The distance is getting farther and farther, and the clothes belt is slowing down day by day." "Floating clouds cover the day" does not rhyme, and "The wanderer does not care to return" rhymes. "Sijun makes people old" does not rhyme, "the years are suddenly too late" rhymes. "Don't give up, don't return" doesn't rhyme, and "try to add meals" rhymes. "Far", "slow", "return", "night" and "dinner" rhyme, so the form of five-word poems rhymes is getting neater and neater.
"Jiangnan" and "Shangxie" are relatively early works in Lefu's poems, so they are not very neat; "Going Up the Mountain to Pick Lotus" began to be neat, but it was not completely tidy; By the time of "Nineteen Ancient Poems", it is completely neat. This is a development and evolution of China from Lefu poetry to five-word poetry. "Nineteen Ancient Poems" we began to call ancient poems, not Lefu, it is a complete poetry form. Early music houses were relatively free, with more variations, and did not have a very fixed form.
3
Early narrative poetry developed in Lefu poetry
There is another intention to talk about "Picking Lotus on the Mountain". I want you to understand that Lefu poetry began to develop a form of narrative poetry. The Book of Poetry is probably all lyrical and verbal. Chinese lyric poetry is very developed, and the earliest narrative poetry appeared in Lefu poetry, which is to tell a story, in the form of a story. And in ancient narrative poetry, there is often some dialogue in the middle when telling a story.
"Up the Mountain to Pick Lotus" is a relatively early narrative poem in Lefu, which is relatively short. When it comes to "Ancient Poems for Jiao Zhongqing's Wife", also called "Peacock Flying Southeast", it is very complicated.
Another point is that in the early narrative poems of Lefu, many of the protagonists of the poems were women. You can see the status of women in society through Le Fu poetry, and see the unjust and unfortunate fate of women at that time. There is a lot reflected in the Le Fu poem. Starting from the Book of Poetry, there are a few poems, such as "Liang" and "Bai Zhou". "Liangster" is to say that before marriage, men always came to trade, to buy this woman's silk, to sell her cloth, to pursue her. Once the pursuit is in hand, he will be very rough with her. "Bai Zhou" is also about an abandoned woman, saying that when you were unlucky, how much I suffered with you in times of hardship and tribulation, and now it has actually changed. And the long poem "Ancient Poems for Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" writes about a woman as a wife, her mother-in-law did not like her, so she drove her away, and later she committed suicide, and her husband also committed suicide. Everyone knows this, it is the story of "peacocks flying southeast" that has been circulated among the people for a long time, writing about the unfortunate fate of women.
This is the cover of the comic strip "Peacock Flying Southeast". Xinhua News Agency
"Picking Lotus on the Mountain" is also about the unfortunate fate of a woman, the inequality of status in society, which caused the misfortune of her fate. "Go up the mountain to collect the flowers, go down the mountain to meet the late husband", this is an abandoned woman. The method we talked about before about poetry, there is endowment, there is comparison, and there is interest, which is theoretically speaking, from the object and the heart is the prosperity, from the heart and the object is the ratio, and to put it bluntly is the endowment. But in fact, it is difficult to say when composing poetry, and sometimes it seems like Xing, and it seems to be like.
Like "The peach dies, scorching its brilliance." The son of Yu Gui is suitable for his household". You look at the peach blossoms, "unborn" is very good, "unborn" was originally less good, very young called "unborn", just blooming peach blossoms. "Scorching" is so beautiful like a fire, such a bright flower in spring. "Son" of that girl, "of" is the indicator word. "Yu Gui", she got married, is "Yiqi family". I hope that after she gets married, she will get along very well with the people of her husband's family. So is the luxuriance of this peach blossom prosperous or comparable? Because the beautiful freshly blooming peach blossom is also similar to a beautiful newly married woman, and is equal in rationality, Xing and Bi are often mixed.
Not only is Xing and Bi often mixed, but sometimes Bixing and Fu can also be mixed. Like "Going Up the Mountain to Pick Lotus", you can also say that it is Fu, saying that this woman went out to pick "Lotus", which is a kind of vanilla. We also said that in Chu Ci, Qu Yuan always uses herbs such as orchids and herbs to represent good morality, and women sometimes wear them on their bodies and pick some herbs in order to make some spices. So you can say that it is Fu, and vanilla also has the meaning of Bixing, saying that this woman's character and appearance are beautiful. This woman is "going up the mountain to collect flowers", although she is abandoned, although she is lonely and sad, but still cherishes her beauty.
It is a metaphor for good morality
If we talk about it from the point of view, not only can "蘼芜" have a metaphorical meaning, but "going up the mountain" can also have a spiritual force to go high and upward. "Go up the mountain to pick the roots, go down the mountain to meet the late husband", when she picks the roots, when she goes down the mountain, she meets her former husband, the husband who abandoned her. Therefore, "kneel down and ask the old husband, how is the new person again". The ancient Chinese often said that they knelt long when they met, and the original seat of the ancients was not a chair, and they often sat on the floor, so they were very accustomed to kneeling.
"Kneel down and ask your late husband", it is still very polite, "What about the newcomer", saying that you now have a new woman, how is that person? The man replied, "Although the newcomer is good, it is not as good as the old man", although the newcomer is also very good, but not as good as the former woman. "Similar in color", the two people have similar appearances and are very beautiful. "The hands and claws are not the same", but the skills and abilities of manual work are different.
"The newcomer enters through the door, so the person goes through the gate", this is exactly who has a conversation with whom, where the husband said it, and where the wife said it, it is difficult to break. The assumption here is that the wife said, no matter what, you say that the two people are similar, but after all, you are now new and tired of the old. "The newcomer enters through the door", the newcomer enters through the door, so the person leaves from her original boudoir inner room.
Later, the husband said again, saying "new artificial weaving", the new wife likes weaving, which is a kind of silk fabric, and the original wife weaving is also a kind of silk fabric, which is well woven. "One horse on the day of weaving", the new wife weaving, can weave one horse a day, some research said that there are only four zhang. But the old wife could weave more than five feet a day. "Compare embroidery to plain", if you look at their manual achievements, compare embroidery with Sulai. "The new person is not as good as the old", in fact, in terms of ability, the new person is not as good as the old one.
But the man likes the new and dislikes the old, he is not making this rational comparison, he has another reason, which we do not know much. So he said, "One horse for weaving, five more than five feet for weaving." Compare the newcomers to the old."
The Le Fu poem is written very implicitly, and this woman's sorrow and sorrow are not expressed at all, but the injustice in this contrast, "the new person will be compared to the plain, the new person is not as good as the old", and why is it now "the new person enters through the door, so the person goes from the gate"? This is the unfortunate fate of women, and this is the corrupt character of men.
The Book of Poetry says, "Women are not happy, but they do what they do." Morality is also extreme, two or three virtues". "Women are not happy", women's feelings do not change, we say "no-show", shuang is to change, miss the appointment. "Men do what they do" are those men who are half-hearted. This kind of man does things, there is simply no restraint, no reason, no affection, it is "two or three virtues", and his feelings change and change. The status of women in social life in ancient China was unequal and unfortunate.
Lefu's poems reflect the folk life of ordinary people, which is not necessarily the poet himself, but the poet sees this inequality in society, and women have this sad fate.
Visitors admire the sculptural painted female figurine excavated in the area of the funeral pit of the Diyang Mausoleum in Hanjing, Shaanxi Province. Xinhua News Agency
The five-word poem to the "Nineteen Ancient Poems" has been established. What is incorporation? It's a complete five-word poem. What is a complete five-word poem? The first is five words per sentence, with no liners in between. The second is that sentences with even numbers must rhyme. The first sentence can be detained or not, it is free. You can change the rhyme, and the rules after the rhyme change are the same, it is also an even number of sentences rhyme, and the first sentence can be rhymed or not.
The five-word poetry Han Dynasty was already established, and it was influenced by the poetry of Lefu and the popular music of the time. And after the Han Dynasty? This is a transitional period, that is, from the establishment of five-word poetry to the rhythmization of five-word poetry. What is legalization? It's about focusing on stricter discipline. The rhythm of the five-word poem is divided into two steps, the first step is duality, and the second step is the coordination of peace. We will talk about the coordination of peace later, and we will talk about duality first.
Chinese language monomorphic, monosyllabic, a word is a square, so it is easy to dualize. Red here, green over there; Here are the flowers, over there are the leaves. What is duality? The duality must be the same part of speech, and the grammatical sentence pattern is almost the same. Therefore, the red and green mentioned earlier are colors, and as adjectives, the parts of speech are the same; A flower and a leaf are all plants, and as a noun, the part of speech is the same. This is a feature of Chinese Chinese.
The earliest duality is also natural, not a deliberate arrangement, and naturally opposed. For example, the I Ching says, "When the water is wet, the fire is dry." The I Ching is a very old book, and no one made a rule that you should speak dually. He said that water flows to wet places, and wet places are always low-lying and wet, so the water flows towards low-lying and wet places. Fire, it is to go to a dry place to burn. "Water flows wet, fire is dry", one is water, the other is fire, wet and dry are adjectives, flow and flow is the verb. Because of the characteristics of the text, I began to pay attention to duality. The earliest duality was natural, not intentional.
In "Walking and Repeating Walking", "Humayi north wind, cross the bird's nest south branch", these two sentences are correct. Huma, Yue bird, horse and bird are animals, Hu and Yue are places, north and south are directions, wind and branches are nouns, and Yi and nest are verbs.
Many folk folk sayings are counterpoints, which is the characteristic of Chinese Chinese dialects. So this is natural, not a duality with a mind. By the time of Cao Wei of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao and his two sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi both wrote poetry. Among the three people, Cao Zhi wrote the largest number of poems and the most famous, and Cao Zhi's poetry duality began to increase. (To be continued)