Visualization charts bring unlimited convenience to the dissemination of information. Abstract, complex geological concepts and systems theories can be easily and concisely disseminated using charts, and are more acceptable. Little Orange has compiled 10 representative geological charts, which are both beautiful and easy to use!
01
Structure of the Earth's sphere
Image source: USGS
The structure of the Earth's sphere is divided into an outer and an inner sphere.
The Earth's outer circle is divided into a hydrosphere, a biosphere, and an atmosphere; the Earth's inner circle is divided into the earth's crust, mantle and core. The crust and the top of the upper mantle (above the asthenosphere) are composed of hard rocks to form a lithosphere.
The outer core of the Earth's core is liquid or molten, and the core is iron-nickel solid.
The mantle is an iron-magnesium solid, and the asthenosphere in the upper mantle is the source of magma.
The thickness of the earth's crust is uneven, the land crust is thick and the oceanic crust is thin, and the upper crust is a silicon aluminum layer and the lower part is a silicon magnesium layer.
02
Geological time spiral
Image credit: Ethan Hein
About 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth formed. Previously known as the Astronomical Period. This has since become a geological period. Geological periods, rocks formed due to various geological processes, as well as traces of various geological times preserved in the rocks, are called geological records.
Geological age refers to the time and sequence of rocks and strata of different periods on the earth's crust, during the formation process. Time expression units: zeus, generation, era, world, period, time; stratigraphic expression units: universe, boundary, system, system, order, belt.
You need to find a geological year representative. Representative of latest geological years (2017.2)
03
Geological dating and fossils
Image credit: Dylan Gibson
Marker fossils: Fossils that can or may be used to determine the age of the formation or to clarify their living environment, mostly used as a marker for regional stratigraphic comparison, and also used to refer to the most characteristic representative fossils in a combined belt.
Cambrian (Lederliki worm, bat worm, etc.), Ordovician (Chinese orthodontic shellfish, Chinese horned stone, etc.), Silurian (crown worm, rake penstone, etc.), Devonian (slipper coral, hexagonal coral, etc.), Carboniferous (small spindle, etc.), Permian (Neomis, etc.), Middle and Cenozoic (Li beng, J-Q; K-Q; Rough cockle, K-Q; etc.)
Stratigraphic year representation can also see the biological species of each geological age.
04
folds
Image credit: Learning Geology
Fold elements: nucleus, wing, inflection point, interfleged angle, turning end, axial face, axis, pivot.
Anticline: Folds shaped like arches. The rock formations curve downward along the hub.
Oblique: Groove-like folds. The rock formation curves upward along the hub.
Single oblique folds: steps-like, asymmetrical folds that are distinctly steeper on one wing than the other.
Tilt anticline: The fold hub has a certain angle with the horizontal plane, and the angle between the hub and the projection of the horizontal plane is called the inclination angle.
Dome: A special fold shaped like an inverted bowl. The planes are distributed in nearly concentric circles, with the nucleus exposing older formations that change outwards sequentially, and the rock formations slope from the top to the sides.
Basin: a normal bowl-shaped fold, with a nearly concentric circle distribution on the plane, a newer formation exposed at the core, which grows older outwards, and the rock formation slopes from the four axes to the top.
05
Wilson swirled around
According to the order of the life cycle of the ocean basin, The Canadian Wilson divides the history of the development of the ocean into six stages, which vividly summarizes the entire process of the ocean from opening to closing. Dewey and Burke called this development the Wilson Spiral. The image above and the following figure are combined to observe:
Embryonic stage - a continental rift valley formed by pulling apart on the basis of the continental crust, but the marine environment has not yet been formed. Such as the modern East African Rift Valley.
Juvenile – The continental crust continues to crack, and narrow bays begin to appear, and the crust has appeared locally. Such as: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden.
Adulthood - Due to the continuous growth of ridges in the middle of the ocean to both sides, and the edge of the ocean has not subducted or decreased, the ocean has expanded rapidly. Such as the Atlantic Ocean.
Period of decline - Although the mid-ocean ridge continues to expand and multiply, the total area of the ocean is gradually decreasing due to strong subduction and attenuation on one or both sides of the ocean edge. Such as the Pacific Ocean.
The final stage – as the crust shrinks, it finally leads to the two sides of the crust masses approaching each other, during which only small crust basins remain. Such as the Mediterranean Sea.
Closure period - the ocean disappears and the continents collide, causing the original sediments at the edge of the continents to be strongly deformed and uplifted into mountains. Such as the Himalayas, the Alps.
06
Rock cycle
Rocks are divided into three categories: magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks. The three major types of rocks can be transformed into each other through various diagenetic actions, thus forming a material cycle of the earth's crust.
Magmatic rock: Magma under underground high temperature and high pressure conditions, or intruding into the upper part of the earth's crust or erupting from the surface, magma cooling and solidifying to form magmatic rock.
Common magmatic rocks: granite (intrusive magmatic rocks), basalt (ejection magmatic rocks).
Sedimentary rock: Under the action of wind, flowing water, glaciers, waves and other geological forces, the exposed rocks on the surface of the earth erode, transport, accumulate, consolidate into rocks, and eventually form sedimentary rocks.
Common sedimentary rocks: conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone (mechanical deposition); limestone (chemical deposition); coal (biological deposition).
Characteristics of sedimentary rocks: with stratigraphic structure, often contain fossils.
Metamorphic rock: The magmatic rock or sedimentary rock formed first in the earth's crust, due to magmatic activity or under high temperature and pressure conditions, mineral composition, chemical composition, rock structure and structure change to form metamorphic rock.
Common metamorphic rocks: limestone → Dali rock; shale → slate→ thousand rocks→ schist→ gneiss.
You may prefer such a picture! (Background reply "Rock Loop" gets)
07
Sedimentary environment
Sedimentary environments are divided into three broad categories: terrestrial, terrestrial transitions and oceans.
Land: alluvial fans, braided rivers, meandering rivers, networked rivers, swamps, lakes, glaciers, etc.
Land and sea transitions: delta, fan delta, discerning delta, lagoon, estuary bay, barrier island, etc.
Ocean: shallow sea, semi-deep sea, deep sea.
Illustrations of various sedimentary environments
08
Sequence of geological events
What is the sequence of occurrences of each geological event in the above figure? Welcome to leave a message to discuss~
Due to crustal movement, magmatic action, sedimentary action, and ablation, there is often a phenomenon of interspersing between geological bodies (rock formations, rock masses, and rock veins).
The rock formations that are cut are older than the ones that are cut; the rock masses that are invaded are older than the rock formations or veins that are invaded.
Using this relationship to determine the relative geological age of rock formations is called structural geology.
09
Seismic exploration
Seismic exploration is a geophysical method of surveying geological characteristics by using the difference in the elasticity of rocks to study the propagation of artificially excited seismic waves in the strata.
Seismic exploration is divided into three workflows: seismic data collection, processing and interpretation.
Seismic data collection: the survey area is arranged to measure the line, the artificial earthquake begins, the wave builder receives the seismic signal, and the seismic recorder records.
Seismic data processing: The computer is used to process the original recorded seismic information, including static correction, pre-stack noise control, pre-stack deconvolution, residual static correction, post-stack time offset processing, etc.
Earthquake Interpretation: Turning processed seismic information into geological results. It generally includes synthetic seismic recording, stratigraphic calibration, establishment of well profiles, fault and stratigraphic interpretation, acquisition of velocity fields, time-to-depth conversion, fluid prediction, attribute modeling, etc.
10
rhodochrosite
Rhodochrosite is a carbonate mineral of manganese, composed of MnCO3.
Color: Pink
Gloss: Glass gloss to sub-glass luster
Transparency: Transparent to translucent
Shape: blocky, granular, kidney-shaped, etc.
Cleavage: Three groups of rhomboid solutions
Crystal system: Tripartite crystal system
Hardness: 3-5
Sedimentation is formed mainly
Due to the ability and length of the text, the text description is not exhaustive.
Image source: Network
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