Eysenck
Hans J. Eysenck (1916–1997) was a German-British. Both parents were actors, his father was a comedian, and his mother was a silent film actor. As a young man, he moved to England because he did not join the Nazi Anti-Party. He is the editor-in-chief of the journal Personality and Individual Differences and has published more than 50 books and more than 900 academic papers. His research on the relationship between race and intelligence has caused intense controversy and blame. From 1955 – 1983, Eysenck was Professor of Psychology at the School of Psychiatry. He is a major contributor to modern theories of personality science and plays a key role in establishing behavioral therapy for mental disorders. He is primarily engaged in research in personality, intelligence, behavioral genetics, and behavioral theory. He advocated looking at psychology from the perspective of the natural sciences, seeing man as a biological and social organism. In the study of personality problems, Eysenck used factor analysis to put forward the theory of neuroticism, introversion-extroversion, and three-dimensional characteristics of mental quality.
Character experiences
Hans Eysenck was born on March 4, 1916 in Berlin, Germany.
When he was 2 years old, his parents divorced and he was raised by his grandmother.
At the age of 18, he was unable to enter the University of Berlin because he refused to join the Nazi organization, so he left Germany to study abroad.
He first went to Dijon University in France to study literature and history. After going to the University of London, he had intended to study physics and astronomy, but because he did not have the necessary training, he was faced with a choice: either to spend a year in basic training or to choose another major he had never heard of, psychology. In the end he chose psychology.
In 1935, he began studying psychology at the University of London under C.E. Spileman.
In 1938, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree.
In 1940, he received a doctorate in psychology.
In 1942, during World War II, he worked as a psychologist at the Mill Hill Emergency Hospital
In 1945, he became a full-time psychologist at Mosley Hospital in London
In 1947, Eysenck opposed the abstraction of the definition of personality, stating in The Dimensions of Personality that "personality is the sum of the patterns of behavior that living organisms actually exhibit."
After 1950, he used experimental psychology to study perverted psychology and clinical psychology
In 1955, he became Professor of Psychology at the University of London, Professor at the Institute of Psychiatry at the University of London, and Specialist in Psychology at the Royal Infirmary of Mozley and Bethleme. During this time he undertook the task of pioneering clinical psychology, and the Department of Psychology, which he led, was the first institution to train clinical psychologists and to develop methods of behavioral therapy
He died in London in 1997 from a brain tumor.
Main theories
He opposed S. Freud's psychoanalytic theories and constantly criticized them. At the same time, based on the theory of conditional learning, the psychotherapy of behavior is studied and advocated, and the Mozley Personality Examination (MPI) is proposed.
Eysenck's personality theory, starting from the trait theory, combines factor analysis methods with traditional experimental psychology methods to study personality problems for a long time, and shifts research interests from traits to dimensions, thus establishing his own personality theory.
Eysenck inherits the work of previous experimental psychologists and deeply studies the personality dimension through the factorial analysis of a large number of human trait data obtained from experiments, questionnaires, and observations. He believes that studying personality traits can sometimes be ambiguous, and only by studying the personality dimension can it be clear.
They believe that personality can be described in two right angles. According to the assumptions of the German psychologist W. Fonte, one dimension is the transition from emotional strength to emotional weakness, and the other dimension is the transition from variability to immutability. Eysenck proposed five dimensions of extrinsic-introverted, neurotic, mental, intellectual, and old-fashioned-radicalism, but believed that exotic-introverted, neurotic, and spiritual qualities were the three basic dimensions of personality.
1. The hypothesis of the hierarchy of personality structures
Eysenck used factor analysis methods for a large number of human trait data and proposed a unique hierarchy theory of personality structure. He divided personality structure into four levels: type, trait, habitual response, and special (concrete) response.
The lowest level of special reaction, which is the individual's reaction to an experimental experiment or some of the most basic "individual reactions" (such as the simplest every move) expressed in daily life, is an error factor, which is the level of habitual response, such as repeated experiments or the reappearance of life situations, and a person will react in a similar way, which is a special factor.
Trait level is a person's personality trait formed by a person's habitual reactions, which is a group factor. The uppermost type level is the type displayed based on the interrelationship of personality traits (e.g., the type of extroversion composed of personality traits such as sociality, impulsivity, activity, liveliness, excitability, etc., and the introversion type composed of personality traits such as persistence, rigidity, subjectivity, shame, and susceptibility), which are general factors.
2. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) is a widely used personality scale that has been translated or revised in some countries. H.J. Eysenck and S.B.G. EISENK of the Department of Psychology and the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, designed a method for the study of personality dimensions. Abbreviated as EPQ.
It was developed from several early personality scales. In 1952, the Mosley Medical Questionnaire (MMQ) was developed as the earliest personality questionnaire. In 1959, the Mozley Personality Questionnaire (MPI) was developed. In 1964, the scale developed into the Esenck Personality Questionnaire (EPI). Now GM's EPQ was developed in 1975.
Questionnaire content
1. Do you have many different hobbies?
2. Do you have to stop and think carefully before doing anything?
3. Does your mood fluctuate often?
4. Have you ever accepted a reward knowing that it is someone else's work?
5. Are you talkative?
6. Does debt upset you?
7. Have you ever felt "really uncomfortable" for no reason?
8. Have you ever coveted something extraordinary?
9. Do you carefully close doors and windows at night?
10. Are you active?
.........
EPQ is a self-explanatory personality questionnaire with 85 questions, including three dimensions and four subscales, E-scale: 21 entries, mainly measuring explicit or implicit tendencies; N-scale: 24 entries, measuring neuroticism or emotional stability; P scale: 20 entries to measure potential mental traits, or stubbornness; L scale: 20 entries for the validity scale that measures the subject's cover-up or defense.
(1) E scale: extroversion - introversion, indicating the internal and external tendencies of personality.
(2) N-scale: neuroticism or emotional stability. It reflects normal behavior, not illness.
(3) P scale: mental quality, also known as stubbornness, does not imply mental illness
(4) L scale: determine the subject's disguise, pretense or self-concealment, or determine the level of its social simplicity and naivety.
The scoring method EPQ questionnaire has a total of 88 questions, each question corresponds to the "yes" or "no" two alternative answers, the subject chooses according to their own situation, and the main participant calculates the original score on each subscale according to the scoring question number of Appendix 1. It is worth noting that some questions are 1 point when the subject answers "yes", and some questions are 1 point when the subject answers "no", and then the actual scores of each subscale are added respectively, which is the original score obtained by the subject on this subscale. After calculating the original scores for each subscale, they can be converted into standard scores according to certain conversion rules. By analogy, the original and standard scores obtained by participants on each subscale can be calculated.
The analysis of the test results by the analysis index is mainly based on the standard score. The average score of the standard score is 50, and the standard deviation is 10. According to statistical theory, the standard score between 40 and 60 includes about 68.46% of the norm group. The standard score is between 30 and 70 and includes about 95.45% of the norm group. It is generally believed that if a participant's standard score is greater than 60 or less than 40, it can be considered that the participant has a high or low score on a scale, and if its standard score is greater than 70 or less than 30, then these characteristics are more obvious.
According to the factor analysis and calculation of Eysenck et al., the first 3 scales represent the 3 dimensions of personality structure, which are independent of each other, and L is the validity scale, which represents the false personality traits and also shows the level of social simplicity and naivety. Although L has some correlation with other scales, it itself represents a stable personality function. Because the questionnaire has a high reliability and validity, the results measured by it can be confirmed by a variety of experimental psychological studies at the same time, so it is also a theoretical basis for verifying the personality dimension.
Eysenck's personality research does not focus on type rather than many American psychologists engaged or biased toward trait levels. He argues that traits are aggregates of observed individual's behavioral tendencies, and types are aggregates of observed traits. He sees personality types as organizations of certain traits. The theory of personality he proposed is mainly a type of hierarchical nature. Each type of structure is clearly hierarchical, so that personality can be broken down into well-documented and countable elements. This is something that psychologists have been exploring for years and is difficult to determine. Many psychologists believe that Eysenck does a pretty good job of dealing with traits and types of relationships.
3. Differences in color preferences in different countries
Eysenck (1941) summarized the results of many people's survey of color hobbies of different ethnic groups, and the color order of hobbies was blue, red, green, purple, orange, and yellow. Men and women are only in the orange and yellow order is reversed, the male favorite order is orange, yellow, female is yellow, orange.
Outstanding contribution
Before Eysenck, psychology was still in a vague state, preparing to part ways with physiology and medicine. Eysenck trait theory attempts to provide a biological theory for various personality dimensions. In addition, he has done more research on the relationship between individual differences in traits and differences in biological functions. He applied factor analysis to the study of personality.
Eysenck used Jung's dichotomy to study personality. He found that the vast majority of personality assessments actually focus on two themes: either measuring chronic negative emotions — a concern for psychiatrists and clinical psychologists; Or measure interpersonal activity—that's what social psychologists care about. Eysenck grouped the two themes into two dimensions, Neuroticism and Extraversion, and later added the dimension of spirituality, and developed a corresponding scale: the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).
Social evaluation
Eysenck's study of personality shifted from personality traits to personality dimensions, proposing three basic dimensions of personality. This has not only been confirmed by many experiments in the laboratory, but also supported by mathematical statistics and behavioral observations, which has been valued by psychologists in various countries and has been widely used in the fields of health, education and justice.
The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) is a widely used personality scale that has been translated or revised in some countries. China's Ethan test was revised by Chen Zhonggeng equal to 1981. Eysenck's personality research does not focus on type rather than many American psychologists engaged or biased toward trait levels. He argues that traits are aggregates of observed individual's behavioral tendencies, and types are aggregates of observed traits. In the discussion of the hierarchy of his type structure, it is shown that his view of personality does not exclude the role of the environment, but the biological predisposition of personality remains a major aspect of his theory.