Mausoleum regulations in the Northern Song Dynasty
The tomb chamber of the Song Tomb Emperor's Tomb is about 20-30 meters deep from the surface, and the tomb chamber of the Houling Underground Palace is about 15-20 meters deep from the surface.
Song Taizong Yuande Empress Li Mausoleum is the only Song Tomb was rescued excavation of the mausoleum, is a vertical cave imitation wood structure brick chamber tomb, the tomb roof is a circular dome, about 10 meters in diameter, about 12.26 meters high, the main tomb room has imitation wood structure eaves, brick carved doors and windows and furniture utensils and other daily necessities, the tomb wall is painted with temples, terraces, flying sky, flowers and other patterns, the tomb roof is painted with vivid sun, moon, stars and the milky way in the sky map, and the palace building on the ground has some similarities, quite a thing like death to reflect the perception of the living world.
According to historical records, when the Yongding Mausoleum of Emperor Zhenzong of song was built, the carvings on the ground shared 76 stones weighing several tons, while the underground palace used 27377 stones weighing several tons, which can be inferred that the construction of the northern Song Dynasty Emperor's mausoleum should be very large-scale.
Restoration of the Yongzhao Mausoleum of Emperor Renzong of Song The tomb of Emperor Renzong of Song was sealed
The imperial tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty were stolen and excavated
The Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Mausoleum is located in a small ravine seventeen kilometers from Shaoguang, the Imperial Tomb covers an area of only 2.25 square kilometers, is the largest imperial mausoleum area in Jiangnan, and there are more than 100 tombs such as Song Gaozong, Song Xiaozong, Song Guangzong, Song Ningzong, Song Lizong, Song Duzong, and other Southern Song Dynasty Six Emperors, so it is called the Song Six Tombs, and there are also more than 100 tombs such as empresses, concubines, princesses and royal heroes.
At this time, the national strength of the Southern Song Dynasty declined, and it could not be compared with the Northern Song Dynasty in terms of political economy, which was also reflected in the regulatory construction of the imperial tomb, which had neither a towering mausoleum nor a majestic stone statue group, so later generations called the Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Mausoleum "Saving Palace", which means a temporary underground palace.
But the heavens did not follow the emperor's wishes, in 1278, the iron horse of the Yuan army attacked the southern Song capital Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou), the Western Regions demon monk Yang Lian Zhenjia, who was appointed by kublai Khan as the president of the Jiangnan Shijiao Capital, unexpectedly destroyed and excavated the southern Song Dynasty imperial tombs without fear, the first of which was the Yongmu Mausoleum of Zhao Yun of the Song Dynasty, the tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty were very weak in construction, the tomb walls were shallow, and the sealing stones of the underground palace were pried open without much effort, unlike the Han and Tang tombs, which were huge and considerable, and had to be opened with hundreds of thousands of people.
The bones of Song Lizong were hung upside down on the branches, and the skull was taken by Yang Zhenjia to be inlaid with jewelry to make a wine cup due to the extraordinarily large forehead, which the Jin and Mongols had this bad habit of taking the skulls of their enemies to make wine glasses.
The museum collects skull-made wine glasses of the Yuan Dynasty
According to the records, Yang LianZhenjia's group of tomb robbers excavated a total of one hundred and one mausoleums, and all the tombs of the Emperors, Concubines, Princes, Princesses and Heroes of the Southern Song Dynasty were tragically excavated, which can be called the most tragic royal family in all dynasties, and the tomb group was seriously damaged.
After Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, he ordered the reconstruction of the Six Tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty and sent people to retrieve the skull of Emperor Lizong of Song and re-bury it. And arranged special personnel to guard the tomb, until the late Qing Dynasty no longer paid attention to the Southern Song Dynasty mausoleum, so it was repeatedly patronized by tomb robbers, coupled with the last looting of the Wang puppet regime during the War of Resistance, basically the Six Tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty became an empty shell. The tomb seal was bulldozed, and the surface structure was also seriously damaged, which is lamentable!
The imperial tombs of the Song Dynasty were constructed and shaped
Song Dynasty tombs: The royal regulations can only be built after death and the repair time is short, only seven months, so the Song Emperor's tomb is stingy.
The imperial tombs of the Song Dynasty and the imperial tombs of previous dynasties are very different in terms of construction orientation, and the imperial tombs of the Song Dynasty are located on the back of the sun, the terrain is high in the south and low in the north, and the east dome is hanging in the west. From the Quetai in the mausoleum area, the milk platform to the upper palace, the terrain descends in a stepped manner, the mausoleum is located in the center of the mausoleum, but also the lowest place, the top of the mausoleum and the bottom of the Quetai are on the same horizontal line, so sitting north to south, the construction of the south high and north low is the opposite of the imperial tombs of the past, and the traditional practice of gradually increasing the height of ancient Chinese architecture is also very different, so it is called "upside-down tomb".
The upper palace of the Song Tombs is used to make large-scale sacrifices, and the lower palace is a place for the daily living and life of the soul of the tomb owner, the lower palace is built in the northwest of the Upper Palace, and the imperial tombs built late in the same mausoleum area are built in the northwest of the early imperial tombs, and in the same northern city, the late empress mausoleum is also built in the northwest of the early empress mausoleum, so the entire layout of the Song tomb is gradually extended from southeast to north. The emperors of the Song Dynasty generally adopted the burial method of "different caves with the same cocoon".
In the Tang Dynasty, there was no specific regulation on the number and arrangement of stone statues in individual imperial tombs, while the number of stone statues in front of each imperial tomb in the Northern Song Dynasty was the same and the furnishings were arranged in a very regular and uniform manner on both sides of the Shinto, and the stone statues were very close, showing that the scale of the imperial tombs was relatively tight. Compared with the Tombs of the Tang Emperors, there are more in number, and the types have also changed and innovated.
When the Northern Song Dynasty was about to die, Liu Yu, the pseudo-Qi emperor supported by the Jin people, had already excavated the tomb of the Northern Song Emperor and stole the jewelry from the tomb. After the Jin people destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, all the buildings on the ground of the Song Tombs were arbitrarily destroyed, and even the underground palace was excavated, resulting in the bones of the emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty scattered on the ground, and this humiliating behavior of the Northern Song Emperors showed the barbaric and lowly qualities of the Jin people.
Tomb of Emperor Zhenzong of Song (Zhao Heng)
On April 1, 1022, the construction of the mausoleum was officially started, the project was very large, using tens of thousands of migrant workers and troops to basically complete it in September, and on September 11, Empress Liu summoned the Minister of Culture and Military Affairs to the Huiqing Hall to visit the funeral items prepared for Zhao Heng.
The "Imperial Hall" (the underground palace where the coffins are placed) of the Yongding Mausoleum of Emperor Zhenzong of Song is 81 feet deep (about 26 meters), the bottom surface is square, and the surrounding area is 140 feet (about 46 meters), and the stone carvings in front of the mausoleum such as horses, sheep, lions, and tigers are still well preserved. It is the best preserved group in the Beizong Tombs, with huge shapes, fine carvings, smooth ornaments, and realistic expressions, which is the superior work of stone carving art in the Song Dynasty.
Stone statues in the tomb of Emperor Zhenzong of Song
Mausoleum regulations in the Liao Dynasty
The Liao Dynasty (916 AD - 1125 AD) was a dynasty established by the Khitan people, passed down a total of nine emperors, continued the state for 209 years, and was finally destroyed by the Jin people.
Liao Dynasty tombs, with the characteristics of the Khitan system, the tomb has a square, circular and dome dome form, is a kind of vertical pit brick chamber tomb or stone chamber tomb, the tomb of the royal family is divided into front, middle and rear 3 rooms, more ear chambers, for the multi-chamber tomb form, the general burial chamber or has a simple imitation wood building structure, and are decorated with color paintings, the content is realistic style, and the living life of the tomb owner before his death, the royal tomb is decorated with travel maps, return maps, this kind of depiction drawing copied from the Tang Dynasty tombs in the travel map Que Yi map, but the painting is not as magnificent as the Tang tomb, The hunting map is also more concise, not as large as the Tang tomb depiction, but the hunting activities are still vivid and interesting.
Generally the Liao Dynasty imperial tomb chamber or there is a simple imitation wood building structure is brick carved doors, windows, tables and chairs to increase the sense of substance, the content is realistic style, is the tomb owner when he lived in the scene, the shadow wood structure is the tomb mural beams and pillars, in the dome to draw arched wooden frames, simulating the structure of the yurt, painting between the beams and pillars from the Tang Dynasty tomb travel Que Yi diagram, return map, "Kaifang Feast" and filial piety festival image, etc., but the painting is not as grand as the Tang tomb mural, the hunting map is also more concise, not as large as the Tang tomb depiction pomp and circumstance, But the hunt is still lively and interesting. Very similar to the tombs of the Song Dynasty, it can be seen that the Khitan people of the Liao Dynasty attach great importance to Sinicization, and the Khitan people of the Liao Dynasty are very yearning for the culture of the Central Plains, and vigorously promote Sinicization, but unfortunately they were later destroyed by the Jin people, and their descendants of the Khitan people scattered and fled without a trace, and the Customs and Culture and writing of the Khitan were completely destroyed by the Jin people, which is lamentable!
Xuanhua Liao Tomb, exquisite frescoes in the burial chamber
Khitan people in the early days were nomadic people, its funeral custom is to use heaven burial, put the body on the tree, wait for 3 years, take off the skeleton for cremation and then bury it, when the Khitan gradually formed a huge force, and the Central Plains trade gradually became more frequent, still in politics, commerce, culture and other aspects to absorb the essence of the Central Plains and vigorously promote Sinicization. In terms of life, it also entered the stable mode of farming from nomadism, which played an earth-shaking change in the entire Khitan culture, of course, the "primitive type of tomb" also learned the customs of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and adopted the burial customs of the vertical pit brick chamber tomb.
Khitans with bearded hair
By the late Liao Dynasty, the tombs were all hexagonal and octagonal, and the masonry was stacked into an arch-like tomb shape.
Xuanhua Liao Tomb, imitation wood structure on the lintel of the tomb Xuanhua Liao tomb, the shadow of the dome is a wooden structure diagram
In the tomb of Zhang Wenzao in the Liao Dynasty of Xuanhua, Hebei Province, the "thousand-year feast" is like the scene of the banquet, which is very shocking!
Inner Mongolia Tongliao City Turki Mountain unearthed a medium-sized aristocratic Liao tomb, the tomb belongs to the stone chamber tomb, by the tomb road, tomb door, Yongdao, burial chamber and left and right ear chamber composition, the tomb passage is slope-like, 48 meters long, the tomb on both sides of the wall is about 10 meters high, the tomb door is sealed with a sealed door stone, there are two folio wooden doors in the Yongdao, each door has three rows of gilded copper door nails, each row of 6, the tomb chamber is approximately square, for the stone block stacked roof, the tomb mural has almost fallen off, the ear chamber is located in front of the tomb is rectangular, both have wooden doors, The moon and sun are painted on the moai, and the funerary objects include bronze, gold, silver, lacquerware, wood, textiles, glass products, and saddlery.
Liao Dynasty nobles cypress painted coffins
Liao Dynasty aristocratic cypress painted coffin a semicircular coffin made of cypress wood spliced together
The coffin has been buried by sediment for a long time, and it is relatively wet, so the paint on the coffin has fallen off, what we see now is a coffin that has been repainted, the coffin is hung with copper bells around the coffin, the coffin is divided into two layers of coffins inside and outside, the outer coffin is 2.3 meters long, the widest 1.3 meters, the highest 0.9 meters, the wooden coffin cushion has a coffin bed, the coffin bed is divided into 8 layers, the top layer is a hollow railing, the railing is decorated with 6 copper lions, the left and right rows of railings are hung under the copper bells, the coffin is mainly red and black, and the middle part is painted with 4 golden phoenixes dancing opposite each other.
On either side of the small wooden door of the coffin stood guards holding bone flowers
Mausoleum regulations of the Jin Dynasty
The Jin Dynasty is a feudal dynasty established in northern and northeastern China, which was founded by the Completed Yan Akuta (完燕旻), adjacent to the Western Xia and Mongolia in the west, and confronted the Southern Song Dynasty in the south, with a total of ten emperors, guozuo 119 years, the Jin Dynasty began in 1115 to 1234, and was later destroyed by the Mongols.
During the Song Dynasty, the Jin people, that is, the Jurchen people, also known as the Jurchens, jurchens are an ancient ethnic group living in the northeast in ancient China, named Jurchen in the 9th century AD, which is the predecessor of the current Manchu Hezhe tribe and the Orunchun tribe.
Jin Taizu initially started with 2500 troops, and after the Battle of Ningjiangzhou, the number gathered to 3700 troops, and with these 3700 troops, there were 100,000 Liao troops in The Great Slope of Chuhedian, which was a very legendary battle, and the history books did not clearly record the process.
Ah Kuanta announced the establishment of the "Great Jin" state, and other Jurchens who adopted a wait-and-see attitude under this "iron heart" moved closer to Ah Kuanta's hands, and at this time the strength of the army had reached 10,000 people, so the alliance between the north and south of the Song Dynasty attacked the Liao Dynasty. Just when the Liao Dynasty Tianzuo Kingdom Yelü Yanxi was in power, dim and incompetent, the dynasty was not correct, the People of Li were lost, "rebellions" were everywhere, the dynasty had reached the point of root rot and crumbling, and Yan Ah Bone took advantage of the internal strife in the Liao capital to destroy the Liao Dynasty Kingdom without much effort, and within 3 years, he destroyed the Great Song Dynasty, known in history as the "Shame of Jingkang", fulfilling the original prophecy of the Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji, and the Jurchens were dissatisfied and invincible.
Portrait of Jin Taizu completed Yan A bone-
Unearthed Jin Taizu finished Yan A bone and concubine's sarcophagus
Historians commented that the Jin Dynasty was the fastest to get rich, the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty and the Great Song Dynasty and collected countless wealth, especially the Great Song, which became an "outbreak household" for a while, but the most humble imperial tomb also pointed to the Jin Dynasty.
In 1125, the Liao Dynasty was destroyed by Jin, the great Song Xuanhe seven years (1125 years of the Western year) summer, the Jin Emperor Wu Begmai ascended the throne, the Song Hui Sect sent the messenger Xu Kangzong to the Golden Kingdom to congratulate, but the state guesthouse was twenty or thirty large huts, the interior was very simple, when arriving at the "Imperial City", only to see an earthen castle, three or four meters high, covering an area of about three or four hectares, called the Imperial City, it was not as rich as a township chief's family in the Great Song Dynasty. It is really regrettable that such a "simple" Jin people can destroy the "Great Liao Kingdom"! I couldn't understand it, but I didn't expect that in less than 3 years, Jin Rengong trapped Fengjing and abducted Hui Qin's Second Sect, composing the famous "Shame of Jing" in history.
As early as the end of November in the second year of Xuanhe (1120 AD), the Ma Zheng delegation sent by Emperor Huizong of Song sent an envoy to the Jin Kingdom, and all the missions seen when they entered the borders of the Jin people were scattered and simple villages, the peasants were ragged, not even decent palace mansions, the founding emperor Jin Taizu A bone was also coarse grain light rice, and the side dish was salted leeks and melons, etc. It was very simple, but there were a variety of meat, cut with short knives on each person's body, and then drank and drank, which was the imperial banquet of the Jin Taizu A bone beating period.
Jin Dynasty noble stone blocks stacked with astringent wood structure tomb Jin Dynasty mural tomb
The Qing Dynasty reconstructed the architectural model of the Jinling Outer Monument Pavilion in the Jin Dynasty
The Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao State were close to each other, and it took twenty-five years for the conquest every year to conclude a friendship pact, and in the first year of song Zhenzong Jingde (autumn 1004 AD), Empress Xiao of the Liao State and Emperor Shengzong of Liao personally led a large army to the Song realm and destroyed the Song in one fell swoop, Empress Xiao was resourceful and ambitious, and her domineering spirit shocked Song Zhenzong, and Song Zhenzong's soldiers were frightened and unowned before they saw each other, and wanted to abandon the defense of Fenjing and move south to flee, at this time the prime minister Kou Zhun urged Zhenzong to supervise the battle and stabilize the hearts of the troops in the front. When the Song army saw the emperor personally visiting the front line to supervise the battle, they were all in good spirits, and they called out to His Majesty long live the sound of a hundred miles, which was not without shock to the Liao army, and when the liao general Xiao Taolan was unexpectedly shot by the crossbow of the Song army, Empress Xiao was told to cry bitterly and wept for five days, because of the loss of the main general, the siege of Liaozhou was afraid of variables, so she agreed to negotiate peace with Song.
Peace Talks Agreement of the Alliance:
- Song and Liao were brotherly countries, and Emperor Shengzong of Liao called Song Zhenzong a brother at a young age, and later generations took turns to call each other according to this oath.
- The Song and Liao took the Baigou River as the boundary, and the two sides withdrew their troops, after which all the thieves and fugitives who crossed the border to hide in other realms were not allowed to shield each other and were sent back to their original places of residence, and the cities along the border of the two countries were not allowed to be reinforced and created another city.
- Every year, the Song dynasty provided Liao with the annual coins "silver 100,000 taels and silk 200,000 horses" to be delivered to Xiongzhou.
- The two sides set up mutual farms at the border to carry out bilateral trade.
The agreement of the Liaoyuan Alliance had a profound economic and political impact on the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties.
- Political implications:
The Song Dynasty called each other brothers to the Liao Emperor, which was very cowardly in terms of national character, but it was not as good as the Ming Dynasty's Tianzi guarding the gate of the country, and the king's death of the society was just and mighty, and throughout the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a characteristic, "a corner of peace" mentality.
As long as a fierce and resourceful wolf king appears in the grassland, the lambs in the other world will become flesh and let the wolves be slaughtered and devoured.
- Economic impact:
The premise of taking the old coin to seek peace is that the Economy of the Song Dynasty is very good and the treasury is full, but the relative cowardice of the successive emperors is the "accumulation disease" of the Song Dynasty, as long as the money can solve it, they will turn the dry into a jade veil, live in peace, and highlight the weak characterization of the Song Dynasty's weak and sick head and tail.
The alliance was not a "treaty of loss of power and humiliation of the country" signed by the defeat of the Song Dynasty, but was signed in a quiet corner and the mentality of calming people. In the future, the Song Emperors were the same, without the majestic ambition to unify the great cause of China, only to seek the stability of the dynasty, the peace of the country and the people, the smooth wind and rain, and the smooth life is the greatest wish.
But can the rise of steppe hegemony make your Great Song Dynasty fulfill its wishes?
As for the annual coin silver 100,000 taels, this amount has little impact on the Song Dynasty, in the opening of mutual market reciprocity scenario, the Song Dynasty is in a big advantageous position to enter the banknote, after all, the Song Dynasty is a silk, cloth, tea, ceramics, hardware and other daily necessities and luxury goods export power, and the Liao and Jin countries are mainly nomadic people, mutual market products to cattle, horses, animals and fur products, etc., the trade deficit is very serious.
The currency of the Song Dynasty at that time was "international payment", which passed throughout the land of China, and its economic strength was quite strong. On the other hand, the Liao Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty were always in a situation of economic poverty, in the era of cold weapons, as long as there is organization and discipline, the army can also achieve hegemony, but after the founding of the country for decades, the extravagant and lavish life will naturally corrode the high-level class, and even the entire country will begin to degenerate, and eventually it will collapse and crisis, which is obviously a common problem of all dynasties, history repeats itself again and again, and no dynasty can be spared.
During the Liao Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Great Song Dynasty, and the Western Xia Dynasty, the country did not have great unification, so the scale of the imperial tomb was small or even shabby.
Some imperial tombs were destroyed by the invading regime.
Mausoleum regulations in Western Xia
The Western Xia Mausoleum is built on a very hard sandstone ground, and there are square sacred walls around the mausoleum and the dedication hall, with a gate in the center of the sacred wall, and the four corners of the sacred wall are equipped with corner platforms, and each imperial tomb is generally equipped with a closed type, a horseshoe type, and an urn-style outer city. The entire mausoleum is designed to sit north and face south.
The main buildings in the mausoleum are the mausoleum platform and the dedication hall, which is like the treasure roof of the Ming Tomb, but the Western Xia Tomb Underground Palace is not under the mausoleum, but is located ten meters south of the mausoleum, 25 meters deep underground. The entrance to the tomb is located at the bottom of the dedication hall, and the entire tomb passage is filled with a clear raised mound, which is more convenient to find the location of the dungeon of the mausoleum, which is really puzzling. Generally speaking, the tomb entrance of the imperial tombs of the past dynasties is designed to be more hidden, not easy to detect, like the tomb entrance of the Ming Dynasty Wanli Emperor Ding Mausoleum is set on the right side of Boseong, and is not located on the central axis of the entire structure of the mausoleum, whether other Ming tombs are like this, it is not yet known, the entrance to the underground palace of the Qing Emperor's mausoleum is at the center of the central axis where Boseong is located.
The Yongdao of the Xixia Tomb Underground Palace has been leading to the burial chamber ten meters in front of the mausoleum, the tomb chamber has three rooms, divided into the main room and the east and west side rooms, the length is 49 meters, the tomb is 30 ° slope, the scale of the underground palace is simple, the body is small, the tomb road, the Yongdao has exquisite murals, but unfortunately several were destroyed, and the bones of the emperor were dragged out of the tomb and scattered in the Yongdao. Outside the entire cemetery, there are que platforms, stele pavilions, stele pavilions with stone stele, and inscriptions praising the great deeds of the emperor. For the admiration of future generations, the open moon city places stone carved statues of civilian officials and military generals, the dedication hall is used to place offerings and sacrifices, and the mausoleum platform is like an earthen mound, which plays a role in sealing the soil. The imperial tombs of the Western Xia dynasty are modeled on the imperial tombs of the Song Dynasty, but on a smaller scale. But unfortunately, the Western Xia mausoleums were viciously damaged, their faces were unrecognizable, and the underground palace was also tragically poisoned, and this barbaric destruction should be done by the Mongols.
Western Xia Emperor Mausoleum The Western Xia Emperor Mausoleum
Restoration of the Western Xia Lingtai