Text//Bai Xiaolin (Original)
Graph//Network
Eagle Trainer in the Hunting Chart of the Ancestors of the Yuan Dynasty (Network)
The origin of the Xin Ku'er Qin clan in the history of the Mongolian Yuan
Among the materials collected by Mr. Xin Lao, there is an article entitled "The Ancient HengZhou of the Tatar Dynasty - Zhou Zhi and the Tatar King Xin Delu in the Mongol Yuan War", written by Xin Lingkuan. Mr. Xin said: "Xin Lingkuan is Xin Fan, a native of our village, deputy director of the Propaganda Department of Zhouzhi County and director of the Rong Media Center. Mr. Xin Lingkuan recounted in the text: "As a descendant of the Xin Ku'erqin clan, Xin Delu, who had made many military achievements in the Cowardly Xue Army, was given the title of Hengzhou Daru Huachi. The article conveys two messages: Xin Delu was a soldier who had made many military achievements in the Cowardly Xue Army, and was given the title of Hengzhou Daru Huachi; Hendlu was a descendant of the Xin Ku'er Chin clan.
The members of the Timid Xue Army were appointed as Daru Huachi, which has precedents among the great khans of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, and there are many records in the Secret History of Mongolia, the History Collection, and the History of the Yuan, because the Timid Xue Army is the closest and most newcomer to the Great Khan, and these people are either the sons of the generals of the Zhenshu side or the children of high-powered courtiers, and their status is extraordinary.
Mongol Army Array Map (Network)
The "Secret History of Mongolia , Verse 124" records: "My guards, guards, scattered shifts, etc., from each of the tens of thousands of households, a thousand households, a hundred households, choose ten thousand people to do." When selecting, I selected from among the tens of thousands of households, thousands of households, hundreds of household chiefs and white bodies (without positions), selected those with skills and strong figures, and taught me to experience. Those who are elected as members of the Cowardly Xue Army, if they are the sons of a thousand households, can bring a younger brother and ten ladder slaves to accompany them; The children of a hundred households may take one younger brother and five ladder slaves with them; The sons of the brand and the white man can take a younger brother and three ladder slaves with them..." The Cowardly Xue Army was the most elite unit of the Mongol Ulus, and it was also the means by which Genghis Khan controlled the generals through "protons". The status of cowardly Xue is extremely high, and thousands of households fight with the cowardly Xue army, and thousands of households are guilty; Timid Xue can "big root foot" as Qianhu, Daru Huachi, local officials, and Wang Fu. In addition to guarding the Great Khan, Xue Also undertook all kinds of military and political affairs and daily miscellaneous services of the Great Khan.
Xin Ku'erQin, Mongolian transliteration, "Yuan Shi" translated as Xi Baoqin, Xi Baochi, Xi Bochi, just like the mainland transliteration of the former PRESIDENT of the United States as "Trump", Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as "Trump", the difference in pronunciation brought about by the difference in transliteration. Literally translated as a bird keeper, meaning to raise eagles, eagle trainers, during the Mongolian Yuan Period, the royal family, kings, and nobles all set up eagle rooms, which were specifically responsible for capturing and taming falcons such as Hai Dongqing, mainly for hunting. It is called "Eagle Man" and "Eagle Man". The Liaojin Yuangong Zi records: "Xi Baochi, the servant of the Eagle House. ”
During the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, from the royal family to the Mongolian royal palaces, there were Xi Baochi (Xin Kuerqin). The Yuan Shi Bing Zhi II records: "The name of his cowardly deacon: then the lord bow arrow, the eagle falcon thing, the fire er chi (the one with the arrow barrel), Xi Bao Chi (the eagle man), bi Jian Chi (the clerk), Zari Chi (the writer of the holy will), Bao Er Chi (cook), Yun Du Chi (the one with the knife), the jade canon chi (the doorman), the Sogu Er chi (the one who still provides clothes), the jade lie chi (the tailor), the candle holder chi (the lamp bearer), the kuer chi (the musician), the Eight Rakhachi (the defender), the Atachi (the shepherd of the army), the Timai chi (the camel herder), Fire you chi (shepherd)..." that is, the Great Khan (Emperor) cowardly Xue Jun, "the lord of the eagle falcon thing is called Xi Baochi." ”
The extant "Ancestors of the Yuan Dynasty Hunting Map" rides a white horse in the lower left, with a red scarf, blue clothes, red pants, and red boots, and a eagle on his right arm, looking at the distance, calming down, and is a typical image of Xin Ku'erqin. Entering Xi Baochi of the cowardly Xue army, capturing and taming Hai Dongqing, and hunting with the Great Khan is his main duty; The average Xinkuer Chin people have to pay the prey caught by the eagle according to the season. As a tribute.
Mongol Army Array Map (Network)
"Nancun Quit Farming Record": "Xi Baochi, the servant of the Eagle House". He is one of the deacons of the "Cowardly Xue" (Guard, Janissaries). The Mongol Yuan royal family, the thrones, and the roads, states, and counties extensively set up eagle hunting houses, and special people raised falcons such as Hai Dongqing for hunting, and at the same time, "made them fresh food to recommend the Zong Temple, for the heavens, and the tooth and feathers are enough to be used." "Hunting eagle house households, taking more households such as the analysis of residence, the release of good and the leakage of the bo lanxi, the return of lay monks, and the rogues of absenteeism, and also recruited the old Song dynasty and other households." According to the "Yuan Shi Bing Zhi", there are more than 4,400 households in the abdomen alone.
The "Jin Yuan Shi Gong Ci Volume 19 Yuan" records: "Every person who wins the first place at the age (with the hai Dongqing raised) will be rewarded with a gold ingot." Head goose, i.e. swan also. The first to get it weighs more than thirty pounds, and enters the imperial meal, so it is called 'head'. "This means that when hunting, Hai Dongqing, who domesticated the falcon, was the first to catch the swan, and was rewarded with a gold ingot. The first goose weighs more than thirty pounds, and is selected as the food of the imperial meal, which can be called the head goose.
The reason why the Xinkuerqin people are highly revered is related to the hunting of the Mongols. The Mongolian methods of hunting include hunting and hunting, and the objects are divided into beasts and birds.
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The objects of hunting are mostly caught with falcons, called falconry, and there are also large eagles with curved bows, horseback riding, eagles, hounds, leather drums, and white cloth flags (calling birds to hold birds) to hunt. Falconry, that is, hunting by domesticated birds of prey. Falconry birds of prey, there are many varieties, such as white sea blue (white with black spots), haiqing, white yellow eagle, yellow eagle, soap eagle, crow, red eagle, rabbit harrier, horned eagle, white harrier, cliff eagle, osprey, iron harrier, wood bone harrier, Song'er, Baixiong, Furloaf... Falcons are the most precious to Hai Dongqing, known as the "Tiger of feathers" and "the king of birds". "Haidongqing Mongolian name Sheng Huo'er, rare birds also." Short and short, good at catching goose cranes, especially good at catching swans, sea greens, rabbits, cranes, yellow eagles, ejiao, special horns (sea ivory). (The Weekly Commentary. Volume XXV)
Hunting objects are beasts, falcons, cheetahs, hounds, as well as strong bows, sharp arrows, and punches (Mongolian consonant, is a long pole with metal, known as the wolf artifact). When hunting, there are tactics and tactics of military operations. When hunting, the army has its own division of labor, sometimes it takes 60 to 90 days to form a circle, and when the diameter of the hunting circle is closed to about ten kilometers, the surrounding hunters will string the ropes and tails together, and cover the rope with a white felt to prevent the beasts from escaping, and the prey is surrounded in the circle, and the Great Khan, the kings, the xungui and their sons, in order of succession, hunt in the hunting circle, continuously, and shoot all kinds of wild animals in the circle.
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After Genghis Khan established the Mongol Uluth, he paid great attention to hunting. The purpose is to exercise the proficiency of soldiers' bows and horses through hunting, and to sharpen the vitality of soldiers to fight bravely; Train generals to practice how to use guerrilla warfare, mobile warfare, and blitzkrieg warfare in hunting, and how to encircle and intercept prey.
The training of eagles became an official institution, beginning in the period of Wokoutai Khan, and the "History of the Yuan" records: "Since the eighth year of Emperor Taizong Khan, the books (Xin Kuerqin) were copied under the imperial throne and the kings, princesses, and horses were cast. "At this time, in the Khan's court and the jurisdiction of kings, princesses, and horses, there were official institutions for eagle training. During the reign of Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, the training of eagles became an official permanent institution, and the "History of the Yuan" records: "XingshangShu Province restored its nationality, and it will always be customized." ”
In order to manage the eagle house households at all levels in various places, the Yuan Dynasty set up a special agency in the Ayakin General Library (later the Supply Library) to manage more than 13,000 eagle houses and other households of various colors. The "Hundred Senses and Five" records that "the general administration of the households such as the five hundred senses" records that "the general manager of the households who led the various roads to hunt the eagle house and Namian".
The source or identity of the eagle trainers is also recorded in the "History of the Yuan": "To hunt eagle houses, more households such as emigration, release and leakage of books, Bo Lan xi, returning to lay monks, and recruiting old servants of the late Song Dynasty." In addition to paying local tax, commercial tax, and going out of the army according to the routine, they are exempted from miscellaneous errands. The gist of this passage is that the arrest of eagle house households was mostly carried out by households (separate households), well-released households (pardoned slave households) and leaky households (5), widowed households (unclaimed vagrants), some monks and nuns who returned to the world because they broke their vows, and hooligans who evaded ding service, and recruited some poor servant households left over from the Song Dynasty. That is to say, in addition to paying land tax, commercial tax, and routine military service, the eagle house household is exempted from other miscellaneous services.
Of course, this is the composition of the personnel of the Kublai Khan Dynasty and later the "Xin Kuerqin".
During the genghis Khan period, the origin of the Xin kuerqin people consisted of two parts, one part came from the "people in the forest" conquered by Genghis Khan's eldest son Shuchi, and the "Secret History of Mongolia" recorded that it was the "Noyan" (Mongolian transliteration of the people in the forest, also translated as Nayan, the meaning of the chief and the official) who first presented the most precious "White Sea Qing" falcon to Genghis Khan, which was mostly nomadic in today's northern Jilin, northern Heilongjiang, and Lake Baikal in Russia. There is also a part of the eagle trainers brought back from the western region by Genghis Khan during his "Western Expedition", and this part of the people are mostly nomadic in the north of today's Altai Mountains, in today's Altai Krai, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan in Russia.
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In the evolution of history, the Xin Kuerqin people, with occupation as the characteristic and symbol, gradually formed the Xin Kuerqin tribal clan, especially the Yuan ancestor Kublai Khan decreed that all localities "restore their nationality in Shangshu Province and forever customize it", so that Xin Kuerqin talents became a special tribal group.
In the late Mongolian Yuan, most of the Xinhuerqin people scattered during the strife and war, some of them crossed Lake Baikal to the north, living in the territory of today's Russian Republic of Buryatia, some migrated to today's Mongolia, some migrated to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and some migrated to the Alxa region of Inner Mongolia and the Altai region of Xinjiang.
After the death of the Great Khan, the Tsakhan Sulid (national flag) of the Mongol Uluth, the Xin kuer Qin clan that remained in Mongolia during the Northern Yuan Dynasty (Ming Dynasty) was under the jurisdiction of Chahar Wanhu, and in the 1730s (around 1630), when the last Great Khan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, Lin Dan Khan (6), was conquered by the Emperor Taiji to move west, leaving these people in the Ordos region.
However, the Mongolian eagle training culture has been passed down, and at present, the Altai region of Xinjiang and the northeast of Inner Mongolia are the most representative, and Mongolia and Kazakhstan are also inherited.
Zhouzhi County Xinjiazhai Xin Clan God Axis (Partial)
The origin of the Xin clan and the Xin Ku'er Qin clan in Zhou Zhi Xin JiaZhai
The descendants of Xin Ku'erqin of Zhou ZhixinJiazhai belong to the descendants of the "people in the forest" in the northeast or the descendants of the "people of the western region" in the northwest, and there is no documented record.
But Mr. Xin lao said an interesting phenomenon, there have been descendants of the Xin clan in the village, the appearance of the ancestors, the outstanding features are: "not tall, low eyebrow bone, brown red hair color, beard curls." "These characteristics are typical of the appearance characteristics of westerners.
When Xin Delu conquered the Jingzhao and Fengxiang provinces occupied by the Jin Dynasty in 1231, the followers should also be those who were of the same tribe as Xin Delu, which was also determined by the selection rules of the Mongol army "half pastoral and half soldiers", "clan for the army" and the Great Khan Timid Xue.
From this, it can be concluded that the trajectory of Sindro's life -
The stele of the ruins of the Yuan Dynasty Anxi Royal Palace, which fell in the wild grass
He followed Wokoutai Khan's conquest to Guanzhong, conquered Jingzhao Province (present-day Xi'an) in 1230, and Fengxiang Province and its jurisdiction in 1231, and was appointed by Wokoutai Khan as Hengzhou Daru Huachi;
In 1234-1270, the imperial court decreed the construction of Chongyang Palace and the surrounding palaces, and Xin Delu, as the highest official in Hengzhou where the ancestral court of the Quanzhen Taoist Sect was located, gave support for land, wealth, military service, civil service, and guards;
After Hengzhou was withdrawn in 1278, Xin Delu entered the Anxi Royal Palace and held an important official position, which was deeply valued by the second Anxi King Ananda, during which the XinDelu people built a family temple according to the Han system in the anxi wangfu district.
In the eleventh year of Daedeok (1307), he was involved in the struggle for the throne between Empress Dowager Yuanchengzong and Ananda the King of Anxi, Haishan (Emperor Wuzong of Yuan) and Ayuri Bali Bada (Emperor Yuanrenzong). After Ananda's unsuccessful bid for the throne, he was beheaded at the Kuritada Conference, where Emperor Yuanwuzong ascended the throne. As for those who say that According to the old Mongolian custom, Xin Delu was wrapped in wool felt and did not die, and was later exiled to the north of the desert or in today's Xinjiang region, there is no historical record.
Ananda was the son of Theo Tui of the Huange Lama and Princess Hongjira clan, and was raised in his childhood by "MuSuman" (7) Tanti Timur Haza and his wife Zulaiha, influenced by his adoptive parents, and firmly believed in "Musuman", and after his death, according to the Mongol royal family and Muslim rituals, he was buried in the Cha Khan's Palace south of Shangdu (present-day Zhangbei County, Hebei).
The Hui'er Elementary School, which records the historical imprints of the Yuan Dynasty
After that, the Anxi royal palace existed in name (8), the officials implicated in the "struggle for the throne" were either killed, exiled, or punished, and the Xin Delu family was also implicated, so they left the Anxi royal palace, and some of them went southwest to return to Qijiazhai in Zhouzhi, and the village was named Xinjiazhai, that is, Hengzhou Village, Furen Town, Zhouzhi County, and some people moved to the southeast, migrated to the slope on the west bank of the Zhiyu River in the southeast of Xi'an, and then took the village name Xin Shangpo Village. It is located 1.5 kilometers southeast of Weizhai Subdistrict, Chang'an District, Xi'an, south of Feng Village, Tangyu Town, Lantian County, and lijiayao Village in the north. The Qing Dynasty Jiaqing edition of the Xianning County Chronicle records: "Xin Shangpo, founded in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty. The "Gazetteer of Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province" records: "Xin Shangpo Village was built in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, when many people with the surname Xin held important positions in Fengyuan Province (present-day Xi'an City), and later moved to this place and built a village on the slope of the west bank of the Zhiyu River, so it was named Xin Shangpo. ”
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Regarding the origin of the Xin surname of the descendants of the Mongols, there are two theories -
One theory is that Xin Delu was originally a Mongolian, and later for a harmonious relationship with the Han people of Hengzhou Daru Hua chi jian Lindi, or under the influence of Taoist culture and Confucian Han law, with the near-transliteration of the first sound of the Xin Ku'er Qin clan in Mongolian as the surname "Xin", there are descendants of the Xin Ku'er Qin clan in the Same Area of Shanxi today;
According to one theory, "Sinder" is a transliteration of the Mongolian word "xingetle", also translated as Singhtler, meaning sunset, and the descendants of Singhlu are surnamed by the proximate word "Xin" of the first transliteration of the first transliteration of their ancestors in Mongolian. These two forms of changing The Han surname have been followed after the Yuan Dynasty.
As for the era when the descendants of Hengzhou Daru Huachi Xin Delu changed their Surnames to Han, it should be in the Ming Dynasty.
On the hanging scroll (Yingzu) in the home of Mr. Xin Zhiyong in Hengzhou Village, Zhou Zhixian, the surname Xin began in the twentieth Xin Yihan. Between the distant ancestors Xin Delu and Xin Yihan, the lineage information is unknown, and there are broken generations, but there are "Huaiyuan General Hou Da Dali" and "Huainan Allway Commander Mingwei General Li Shun". "Khudadali" is a Mongolian transliteration of the meaning of wilderness, vast grassland; "Lishun" is a transliteration of the Mongolian word "Ison", which means the number nine.
From the analysis of official positions, the "general system" is the official name of the Ming Dynasty, and the "Ming Shi Wuzong Ji" records: "(Ming Wuzong) tried to call himself the governor of military affairs, and his subordinates avoided it, but it was called the general system." The Ming Shi Zhi Zhi II records that "(Ming Shizong) Jiajing avoided the system for nineteen years, and even more (the general system) was the governor." From this, it can be seen that the period of existence of the general official position was between Emperor Wuzong of Ming (Zhu Houzhao, reigned from 1505-1521) to the nineteenth year of Jiajing of Emperor Ming (1540), about 35 years. The general Huaiyuan is Congsanpin and the general Mingwei is Zhengsipin, both of which are Ming Dynasty military officials, and it can be seen that before 1540, the descendants of Xin Delu were still Mongolian names, and their surname was Xin Ku'er Qin (clan name).
The four generations of ancestors of Gao, Zeng, Zu and Kao on the Xin hanging scroll in Hengzhou Village, the Ming Dynasty costumes have the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty, or the hanging scroll was first painted after the Ming Dynasty in 1540, or the ancestors of these four generations were all Ming Dynasty people.
Mr. Xin said: "Hengzhou Xin has been multiplying for more than 30 generations. In addition to Hengzhou Village, the Xin people surnamed Wuhe Village in Furen Town, Guangji Town, Shangmo Village in Guangji Town, Diaoyutai Village in Houyizi Town, and Xinjia Village in Wugong County are all descendants of the Xin Delu family, and their ancestors are all Mongolian. In the interview, Mr. Xin did not mention Xin Shangpo Village in Chang'an District.
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"The ancestral tomb of the Xin family, about two kilometers northwest of Hengzhou Village, covers an area of about 120 acres, and now belongs to Wanzi Village. After the death of Xin Delu, it is said that the body was transported back to the grassland, and the crown was buried in the south of Wanzibao Village in Wuhe Village this week, leaving the tomb of the Crown tomb, which later became the cemetery of the Xin family in the past. The Xin people of Wanzi Village are the clan members who guarded the ancestral graves in those years. Before liberation, the male clans of Hengzhou Village, Wuhe Village, Shangmo Village, Diaoyutai Village, and Wugong Xinjia Village insisted on worshipping ancestors in the Xin Family Ancestral Hall and the Ancestral Tomb, while our People from XinJiazhai and Wanzi Village used to bear the responsibility of entertaining clansmen who came from afar to sacrifice. ”
When I left Hengzhou Village and Mr. Xin Lao, the sun was shining, the village community was calm, and many mysteries in my heart still seemed to be solved. But the feeling of Mongolian history in my heart makes me willing to go to great lengths to explore the mysteries.