Leeds fish
Mid-to-late Jurassic giant teleost fish, the largest teleost fish ever built
Leedsichthys is a member of the order Pachycephalidae under the order Of the extinct ray-finned fish and the largest teleost fish ever discovered by humans, generally 7–12 m long and weighing 20–40 tonnes. Living in the warm oceans of the Mid-To-Late Jurassic period 165 million to 152 million years ago, Leeds represents an early branch of the Eukeletal fish with a large mouth, pectoral fin, and caudal fins.[2] The Latin literary name for the Leeds fish, leeds' fish, derives from the fossil discovery by fossil collector Alfred Nicholson Leeds in 1889 in Peterborough, England. Although many fossils have been found in different sites, these specimens do not have obvious interspecific features to distinguish, so there is only one species, namely the suspected Leeds fish (L. Leez fish). problematicus), also known as confused liz fish.
Leeds Fish Restoration Diagram
directory
- Discover history
- Classification and evolution
- Morphological characteristics Body type identification characteristics
- Origin and age
- Paleontological predatory prey growth rate
- Paleoecology
- Cultural image
- Resources
Basic information
| Chinese name | Leeds fish |
| Latin scientific name | Leedsichthys |
| world | animal kingdom |
| door | Chordata |
| Submen | Vertebrate subphylum |
| class | Ray-finned fish |
| eye | Thick-stemmed fish order |
| section | Pachycephalus |
| genus | Leeds fish genus |
| seed | Confused Leeds Fish |
| Length | 7-12 meters, the maximum can reach 16.5 meters |
| Weight | 20-30 tons, the maximum can reach 45 tons |
| Distribution area | Europe - South America |
| The age of survival | Mid-to-late Jurassic |
Discover history
Leeds fish was first found in 19th-century Britain by a nobleman named Alfred Nicholson Leeds. Paleontologist John Whitaker Hulk believes that the broken fossils may belong to the stegosaurus Omosaurus. Paleontologist Marsh later discovered that it was a fossil of a large fish, and ichthyologist Arthur Smith Woodward named it Leedsichthys problematicus. Since then, fossils of The Leeds Fish have been discovered. In September 1901, the German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene identified a specimen as the tail spine of a rysosaur, but it still belonged to the Leeds fish. Specimens of Leeds fish found in Germany in 1982 were also mistaken for fossils of Stegosaurus lexovisaurus. In 1999, specimens of leeds fish were also discovered in Chile and a new species of South Sea troll Leedsichys notocetes was created, but this has been abolished due to lack of sufficient features.
Classification and evolution
In the beginning, paleoichthyologist Woodward classified leeds fish in the Acipenseroidea family, but soon he also classified leeds fish in the Pachycormidae family. The taxonomic status of the family Pachycephalus is not fixed – the mainstream view is that it belongs to the basal bony fish, although a few views consider it to belong to the sister group of bony fish or the order Amiiformes. In the family Pachycephalus , the Leeds fish is thought to be more closely related to the such as rhinconichthys. The classification table is as follows[11]:
A phylogenetic tree of the family Pachycephalus
Morphological characteristics
1. Body type
Although the Leeds fish is currently the largest bony fish ever found in humans [12]. But its body size range is constantly changing. Initially, the size of the Leeds fish was thought to reach 9 m, but due to the lack of intact vertebral fossils, this data was compared by the researchers based on the tail fossils of the Leeds fish and its close relatives (Hypsocormus), but it was not widely accepted .13-14]. [15] A comparison was made with another close relative of the Leeds fish, Asthenocormus, which was estimated to be over 13 m. However, depending on the object of reference, the size of the Leeds fish is calculated to be larger, gradually reaching 27.6 m or even more than 30 m.
Comparison with human body size
Research now shows that most individuals in Leeds fish are between 7–12 m, and a small number of individuals can be larger, even reaching 15 m[1], with NHM P.10156 showing that it may be the largest individual found, with a body length of 16.5 m and a weight of nearly 45 t [17].
2. Identification characteristics
Although more than 70 individuals have been found in The Leeds Fish, the specific morphology of the Leeds Fish is still difficult to determine, especially the anterior part of the skull and the center of the vertebral body of the Leeds Fish have not been completely ossified, so its shape has not been well preserved after the formation of fossils [2]. Lack of bony scales on the body surface [18].
Broken fossils of Leeds fish
The shape of the snout of the Leeds fish is currently uncertain, but the top of its skull is fairly hard with a bulge on the parietal bone. The hyoid bone is thick. The first two gill arches have ossified subgirl fissures, and one may have unscalinated gill fissures. These subgill fissures are connected by special joints that help to expand the area of the mouth when eating. There is a parallel row of gill rakers on the gill arch, which should have some soft tissue before birth to help filter plankton in seawater when feeding.[2]
The pectoral fins are enormous, located lower on the body, and five times longer than the width. Loss of ventral fins. One is present in the dorsal fin, but the exact location cannot be determined. There is a small triangular fin. The caudal fin is large and symmetrical up and down, with a small bump in the middle that helps to strengthen the tail .[2]
Huge pectoral fins of Leeds fish
Origin and age
Leeds fish have been found in a number of specimens in different regions, including the Karlough Order in the United Kingdom and northern Germany, the Oxford Order in Chile, and the Carof And Upper Kimelid Order in France. The time span is at least 5 million years. In addition, fossils of Leeds fish have been found in the Vacamurta Formation in Argentina, suggesting that the temporal distribution of Leeds fish dates back to the early Titon order.
paleontology
1. Eating habits
According to gill raker fossils, leeds fish should be a large filter eater, filtering plankton or small animals in the water stream through gills, but whether the leeds fish rely on water flow to feed or actively use the gills to pump water remains to be further studied. In 2010, researcher Liston pointed out that some of the fossil remains found in Switzerland that were previously thought to be the result of plesiosaur activity may have been liz fish that interfered with and ate the formation of seafloor organisms by spewing water from their mouths [21].
2. Prey to eat
Fossils of Leeds fish have been reported to have been attacked by sea crocodiles metriorhynchus, but later studies suggested that this may have been caused by scavenging. It is important to note, however, that the Oxford order has large upper dragons – which may threaten the survival of Leeds fish, such as Liopleurodon.
3. Growth rate
The growth patterns of Leeds fish still need to be further studied, and in general, giant bony fish lay large numbers of eggs and the size of the newborn juveniles is very small, so it needs to grow rapidly, especially in the first year of birth .24] In the past, the metabolism of Leeds fish was also very high according to fossils, which supported this view to some extent, but new research has found that Leeds fish grow very slowly, and it is possible that Leeds fish have a unique growth pattern [2, 25].
In addition, studies have found that although the growth rate of the Leeds fish is slow, but its own movement can not be said to be slow, combined with the live teleost fish, the Leeds fish can be filtered in the water at a speed of 17.8 km/h in the seawater, and will not cause the body to lack of oxygen due to its huge size [26].
Paleoecology
Leeds fish live in warm waters and are widely distributed in the middle and late Jurassic oceans from Europe to South America, with ammonites, sharks, sea crocodiles, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, plesiosaurs and so on coexisting with leeds fish. As large filter eaters, they need a large amount of plankton to feed, but plankton are easily affected by the environment, and the study points out that climate change during the Karlof period had a large impact on the population of Leeds fish. By the end of the Late Jurassic Period, records of Leeds fish were further reduced.
In addition, Leeds fish may have been the beginning of large filter eaters among vertebrates: prior to Leeds fish, no filter eaters larger than 0.5 m in length have been found, but with the emergence of Leeds fish, it indicates that the size of the plankton population in the ocean has changed significantly, and only a significant increase in the number of plankton can ensure the survival of large filter eaters such as Leeds fish [27].
Cultural image
[28] The Leeds fish appeared in the 2003 BBC filmIng With Sea Monsters, in which it was attacked by ground lizard crocodiles and bowfish, and eventually became food for the slippery toothed dragon in the deep sea. In the documentary "Big Monster Discovery", The Leeds Fish also appeared as an important character.
bibliography
[1] Liston, J., Newbrey, M., Challands, T., and Adams, C., 2013, "Growth, age and size of the Jurassic pachycormid Leedsichthys problematicus (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii) in: Arratia, G., Schultze, H. and Wilson, M. (eds.) Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp. 145–175.
[2] Liston, JJ (2004). An overview of the pachycormiform Leedsichthys. In: Arratia G and Tintori A (eds) Mesozoic Fishes 3 - Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, pp 379–390.
[3] Hulke, J.W., 1887, "Note on some Dinosaurian remains in the collection of A. Leeds Esq., of Eyebury, Northamptonshire", Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 43: 695-702.
[4] Woodward, Smith, A (1889). Preliminary notes on some new and little-known British Jurassic fishes. Geological Magazine Decade 3 Volume 6: 448–455.
[5] Huene, F. von, 1901, "Notizen aus dem Woodwardian-Museum in Cambridge", Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie 1901: 715-719.
[6] Michelis, I., Martin Sander, P., Metzdorf, R. & Breitkreuz, H., 1996, "Die Vertebratenfauna des Calloviums (Mittlerer Jura) aus dem Steinbruch Störmer (Wallücke, Wiehengebirge)", Geologie und Palaeontologie in Westfalen 44: 5-66.
[7] Martill, D.M., Frey, E., Caceras, R.P. & Diaz, G.C., 1999, "The giant pachycormid Leedsichthys (Actinopterygii) in the southern hemisphere: further evidence for a Jurassic Atlanto-Pacific marine faunal province", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1999: 243-256.
[8] Arratia, G., 1999, "The monophyly of Teleostei and stem-group teleosts. Consensus and disagreements". –In: Arratia, G. & Schultze, H.-P. (eds.): Mesozoic Fishes 2 – Systematics and Fossil Record: 265-334, München, Dr. Friedrich Pfeil Verlag
[9] M. Friedmann, 2012, "Parallel evolutionary trajectories underlie the origin of giant suspension-feeding whales and bony fish", Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279: 944-951.
[10] J.J. Sepkoski, 2002, "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera", Bulletins of American Paleontology 363: 1-560.
[11] Matt Friedman; Kenshu Shimada; Larry D. Martin; Michael J. Everhart; Jeff Liston; Anthony Maltese; Michael Triebold (2010). "100-million-year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the Mesozoic seas". Science. 327 (5968): 990–993. Bibcode:2010Sci... 327..990F. doi:10.1126/science.1184743. PMID 20167784. S2CID 206524637.
[12] Martill, DM (1986). The world's largest fish. Geology Today March–April: 61–63.
[13] Woodward, Smith, A (1905). A Guide to the Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes in the Department of Geology and Palaeontology of the British Museum (Natural History). Eighth edition. British Museum (Natural History), London. Pp xviii, 110 pages.
[14] Woodward, A.S., 1917, "Alfred Nicholson Leeds, F.G.S.", Geological Magazine, 6(4): 478-480.
[15] Martill, D.M., 1988, "Leedsichthys problematicus, a giant filter-feeding teleost from the Jurassic of England and France", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 1988 (11): 670-680.
[16] [Ed.] "Catch the 100ft fish", The Mirror, London, England, September 18, 2003.
[17] Ferrón, H. G., Holgado, B., Liston, J. J., Martínez-Pérez, C., & Botella, H. (2018). Assessing metabolic constraints on the maximum body size of actinopterygians: locomotion energetics ofLeedsichthys problematicus(Actinopterygii, Pachycormiformes). Palaeontology, 61(5), 775–783.
[18] Liston, J.J., 2008, "A review of the characters of the edentulous pachycormiforms Leedsichthys, Asthenocormus and Martillichthys nov. gen.", In: Mesozoic Fishes 4 Homology and Phylogeny, G. Arratia, H.-P. Schultze & M. V. H. Wilson (eds.): pp. 181–198, 10 figs., 1 tab. © 2008 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany – ISBN 978-3-89937-080-5.
[19] Liston, JJ (2008a). Leedsichthys of the Black Cows ... with a fine comb (translation by M-C Buchy) L'Écho des Falaises (=Ech.des Fal.) No.12: 41–49, 2008 ISSN 1253-6946.
[20] Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad. "Large and Mainly Unnoticed: The First Lower Tithonian Record of a Suspension-Feeding Pachycormid from Southern Gondwana." Ameghiniana 54.3 (2017): 283-289.
[21] Liston, J.J., 2010, "The occurrence of the Middle Jurassic pachycormid fish Leedsichthys", Oryctos 9: 1-36.
[22] Martill, D.M., 1986, "The diet of Metriorhynchus, a Mesozoic marine crocodile", Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1986: 621-625.
[23] Noe, Leslie F.; Jeff Liston; Mark Evans (2003). "The first relatively complete exoccipital-opisthotic from the braincase of the Callovian pliosaur, Liopleurodon" (PDF). Geological Magazine. UK: Cambridge University Press. 140 (4): 479–486.
[24] Freedman, J.A. & Noakes, L.G., 2002, "Why are there no really big bony fishes? A point-of-view on maximum body size in teleosts and elasmobranchs", Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12: 403-416.
[25] Bardet, N., Pennettier, E., Pennetier, G., Charles, A. & Charles, J., 1993, "Des os énigmatiques à section triangulaire dans le Jurassique Moyen (Callovien) de Normandie", Bulletin trimestriel de la Société géologique de Normandie et des amis du Muséum du Havre 80: 7-10
[26] Humberto G. Ferrón, Borja Holgado, Jeffrey J. Liston, Carlos Martínez‐Pérez & Héctor Botella, 2018, "Assessing metabolic constraints on the maximum body size of actinopterygians: locomotion energetics of Leedsichthys problematicus (Actinopterygii, Pachycormiformes)", Palaeontology 61(5): 775-783.
[27] Friedman, M., 2011, "Parallel evolutionary trajectories underlie the origin of giant suspension-feeding whales and bony fishes", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279: 944-951.
[28]"Sea Monsters: A Walking With Dinosaurs Trilogy". BBC.
[29]"The Big Monster Dig". Channel 4.