【Dharma Eye View】
From August 1, the Black Land Protection Law will come into force
Sound the clarion call of the rule of law for the protection of black land
Guangming Daily reporter Liu Huadong
Seven years ago, with the childhood memory of "the fragrant rice and flowers say a good year", Yang Fan, who had been wandering outside for more than ten years, founded Qinong Science and Technology Service Co., Ltd. in his hometown of Jilin City, Jilin Province, and became a "new farmer". When he picked up a piece of black soil, his local feelings and childhood memories were instantly pulled back to reality - "The black soil of his childhood was soft and shiny black, and when we were ready to establish an organic agricultural product project base 7 years ago, we found that the soil was yellowed and badly compacted, and there was not even a vole in the whole field." ”
The degradation of black soil may mean the most realistic cost increase problem for Yang Fan himself, but the "black land emergency" crisis reflected behind it has affected the jobs of 1.4 billion people. That is, in the years before Yang Fan returned to his hometown to start a business and cultivate soil and cultivate fields, with the introduction of various policies and measures, laws and regulations, "protecting the 'giant pandas in cultivated land'" gradually rose to become the will of the state.
On August 1, the Black Land Protection Law was officially implemented, and black land protection entered a new track of rule of law.
Legislation is imminent to protect the "giant pandas in cultivated land"
"The land is fattened home, and the soil is pinched to make oil flowers" has gradually become the memory of farmers on the black soil. Nowadays, the grain production is still abundant year after year, but the overdraft of the black soil is well known to almost every farmer.
Yang Fan found that in the past few years, although the land output has remained unabated, the dosage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used by farmers has increased year by year. Yang Fan, who is determined to abandon chemical fertilizers and pesticides, under the premise that the investment continues to rise, even if he relies on the cooperation of local agricultural colleges and universities for scientific planting, the rice yield of this land can only reach two-thirds of the yield he remembers, and at that time, there was almost no additional fertilizer.
The degradation of the black soil touches the hearts of 1.4 billion people.
Farmers replant rice seedlings in rice paddies in Xinglongtai Subdistrict, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City, on May 18. Xinhua News Agency
It is understood that there are only four black soil areas in the south-central region of North America, the Russian-Ukrainian Great Plain, the northeast region of China and the Pampas region of South America, accounting for less than 7% of the global land area. According to the "Northeast Black Land White Paper (2020)" released by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2021, the total area of black land in northeast China is 1.09 million square kilometers, of which the typical black soil arable land area is 18.5333 million hectares, and it takes about 400 years to form a 1 cm black soil layer. Therefore, the black soil is known as the "giant panda in the cultivated land".
For the mainland, the preciousness of the black land is far more than that. The black land in the northeast is the most important commodity grain base on the mainland, and the grain output of the black land accounts for a quarter of the country, and the amount of grain transferred accounts for one-third of the country, which is known as the "regulator" and "ballast stone" of grain production on the mainland.
According to the research results of the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the past 30 years, the surface water production of the black soil in Northeast China has decreased by 2.9 billion cubic meters, the carbon storage of the soil has decreased by 595 million tons, and the amount of windproof sand fixation has decreased by 101 million tons. The limited black soil layer is reduced by an average thickness of a few millimeters to about 1 centimeter per year. Han Xiaozeng, a researcher at the institute, is worried: "The formation of black land has experienced tens of thousands of years, and we have developed and utilized it for less than two hundred years, and it has been tossed into this way." The protection and utilization of black land is imminent! ”
The reason behind it is very simple - not to mention for future generations, protecting the "giant pandas in the cultivated land" is to protect the rice bowl of the current Chinese. "At present, the century-old changes and the century epidemic are intertwined, and the complex international situation has brought about various risks and challenges, highlighting the importance of ensuring national food security, especially the important role of black soil in ensuring stable production and supply and maintaining national food security." Just as Yue Zhongming, director of the Economic Law Office of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, said, protecting black land well is related to national food security and ecological security, and to the sustainable development of the Chinese nation.
Black land protection has entered a new era of rule of law
The mainland's "black land defense war" has already begun.
After 2000, the loss of black land has gradually become the consensus of the academic community, and with the efforts of scientific research institutions, the "Longjiang model" of straw and organic fertilizer deep ploughing and corn and soybean rotation, so as not to cultivate less and return straw to the field, gradually formed and promoted.
In recent years, a series of policies on black land protection, such as the Outline of the Northeast Black Land Protection Plan (2017-2030), the Northeast Black Land Conservation Tillage Action Plan (2020-2025), and the National Black Land Protection Project Implementation Plan (2021-2025), have come to the scene.
On the basis of the Land Management Law, the Cultivated Land Protection Law, the Water and Soil Conservation Law and other laws, local protection laws and regulations such as the Regulations on the Protection of Black Land in Jilin Province and the Regulations on the Protection and Utilization of Black Land in Heilongjiang Province have been established successively.
At the same time, the call for special legislation by npc deputies, experts, and scholars has also been increasing. Fang Shaokun, a professor at the Law School of Jilin University, said that in terms of black land protection, although the mainland has formulated some relevant laws and local legislation has also tried, these laws and local regulations still have many deficiencies in coordinating the utilization and protection of black land resources, and it is difficult to form an effective protection synergy for black land. Han Xiaozeng also said bluntly that at the provincial, municipal and county levels, environmental, forestry and grassland, natural resources, water conservancy, agriculture and rural areas and other departments are carrying out black land protection, but to a certain extent, there are measures and funds dispersion problems, "one person and one trumpet, each blowing its own tune", it is difficult to form a joint force.
On June 23, black soil monitoring technicians measured the height of maize plants at the black soil quality monitoring point in Ciyu Village, Daniu Town, Tai'an County, Anshan City, Liaoning Province. Xinhua News Agency
Against this backdrop, the draft Black Land Protection Law was submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for preliminary examination in December 2021 and passed in the third instance in June 2022, and the law will be formally implemented on August 1.
"From the preliminary examination to the implementation, it has been less than a year, highlighting the determination and strength of the state in the protection of black soil." Han Xiaozeng said that at present, one-third of the black land in the northeast of the mainland has been extremely seriously eroded and degraded, one-third is slowly degrading, and only one-third of the black land still maintains high-quality and fertile soil properties. To avoid the degradation of this part of the high-quality black soil, actively control the soil that is being seriously degraded, and treat the soil that has been degraded by the cultivation of fertilizer, it can be said that the time is not waiting for me and cannot be delayed.
"The formulation of the Black Land Protection Law can not only coordinate the legislative objectives, legislative content and law enforcement process of the use and protection of black land resources, but also form a legislative connection with the land management system such as permanent basic farmland construction and management, soil pollution prevention and control, and promote the improvement of the land management system." The formulation and implementation of the Law on the Protection of Black Land, the realization of the rule of law in the protection of black land, and the storage of grain in the land are of great significance to ensuring national food security. Fang Shaokun said.
Crack the "hot and cold" and establish rules and regulations to improve the enthusiasm of peasants in raising land
The black land protection law is about to be implemented, which makes many experts and scholars who have been working for many years to protect black land very happy. Han Xiaozeng hopes that with the promulgation and implementation of the Black Land Protection Law, a unified plan for black land protection can be formed from the national level as soon as possible, and a black land protection pattern led by the government, with farmers as the main body and diversified participation can be established in a rule of law manner, forming a black land protection work system of "each making a dish and forming a table". At the same time, he also put special emphasis on "mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers and grass-roots production units".
When Yang Fan led the company to "cultivate land" a few years ago, he was embarrassed to find that although the protection of black land has become a consensus, at the level of farmers, there is a trend of "thunder and rain and small points". The practice of protecting black soil is currently largely stuck in the "hot and cold" stage. "Black land protection is a complex system project, involving planting, irrigation, agricultural machinery and other aspects, the investment is large, difficult, slow to achieve results, coupled with the current farming efficiency is too low, and farmers have little land per capita, neither heart nor ability to do these things." The vast majority of peasants simply do not have the time and cost to pick up land, raise fields and protect fields, and either directly transfer the fields to large grain growers for cultivation, or directly put chemical fertilizers and pesticides into the fields after sowing seeds and go out to work, and come back in the mature season to harvest and sell grain. ”
At the Qindeli Farm in Heilongjiang Province, growers drive machinery to harvest rice. Xinhua News Agency
During this year's two sessions, Leng Youbin, a deputy to the National People's Congress, told the media that the average income per mu of land in Heilongjiang in 2021 will be less than 1100 yuan, excluding agricultural materials and large machinery investment, and the net income is very little. When "growing grain without making money" gradually became a common phenomenon in the fertile black soil, farmers naturally lost the motivation to cultivate the land. "From the perspective of arable land area, about 2/3 of the cultivated land on the mainland is cultivated by farmers' families. Therefore, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers is the key to achieving practical results in farmland protection."
To this end, the Black Land Protection Law establishes a black land protection system led by the government, implemented by agricultural producers and operators, and participated in by society, especially strengthening the protection obligations of grass-roots organizations and agricultural producers and operators, requiring producers and operators to cherish and rationally use black land, strengthen the construction of farmland infrastructure, apply protective farming and other technologies, and actively adopt black land conservation measures.
Yue Zhongming stressed that it is necessary to adhere to the status of peasants as the main body and protect the interests of peasants, and at the same time pay attention to giving play to the role of the market, guide social forces to participate in the protection of black land, and achieve extensive participation and pluralistic co-governance.
【Link】
In accordance with article 28 of the Black Land Protection Law, people's governments at or above the county level shall report the situation of black land protection to the people's congress at the same level or its standing committee, and accept supervision in accordance with law. The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress should pay attention to the new situations and new problems in the process of implementing the Black Land Protection Law by the relevant departments of the State Council and localities, assist the NPC Standing Committee in carrying out law enforcement inspections on the implementation of the law in a timely manner, do a good job in listening to work reports, promptly put forward opinions and suggestions on the implementation of the law and the improvement of relevant systems, and promote the effective implementation of the Black Land Protection Law.
-- Wang Xiankui, vice chairman of the Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress
Continue to promote the comprehensive treatment of black land. Based on the conditions and climatic characteristics of the black soil area, explore suitable varieties, planting systems, field management, agricultural machinery and equipment and other products and technical equipment support, research and development and promotion of a number of applicable new technologies, new products, new equipment, encourage the development of breeding and breeding cycle agriculture, promote the scientific return of livestock and poultry manure resources to the field, especially guide the local government to take the construction of high-standard farmland as a platform, give full play to the advantages of farmland water conservancy construction, comprehensive treatment of slope cultivated land, soil erosion control, livestock and poultry manure resource utilization and other comprehensive policy advantages, Promote the organic connection between engineering measures and agronomic measures.
——Zhao Chenxin, deputy director and secretary general of the National Development and Reform Commission
Black soil protection takes a long time. Insufficient capital investment has always been an important constraint on the sustainable and effective development of black land protection in practice. The Black Land Protection Law clearly stipulates that black land protection funds should be included in the budget and the inclination of funds should be increased; It is required to establish a long-term and stable incentive and subsidy mechanism, and gradually establish and improve the black land cross-regional investment protection mechanism, and encourage other areas such as the main sales area to invest in black land protection; At the same time, county-level people's governments are also allowed to use agriculture-related funds for black land protection in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, and social capital investment and insurance institutions are encouraged to carry out insurance business related to black land protection.
-- Zhang Taolin, Vice Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
Strengthen the governance and restoration of black land. In accordance with the requirements of the integrated protection and restoration of grass and sand in landscapes, forests, lakes, and lakes, strengthen the protection and restoration of black soil, especially the quantity, quality and ecology of black soil arable land. When arranging major projects for ecological protection and restoration and carrying out comprehensive land consolidation, actively cooperate with relevant departments to carry out black soil protection and restoration, systematically control the degradation of black land, and enhance the functions of water conservation and soil conservation of black soil while improving food production capacity, and restore soil biodiversity.
——Liu Guohong, chief engineer of the Ministry of Natural Resources
Guangming Daily (2022-07-30 11th edition)
Source: Guangming Network - Guangming Daily