What is the Wanli New Deal?
Who assisted the emperor in implementing a whiplash law in the Wanli New Deal?
Zhang Juzheng assisted the emperor in implementing a whip law in the Wanli New Deal.
During the Ming Dynasty's Wanli Dynasty, Zhang Juzheng assisted the emperor in carrying out the "Wanli New Deal" and implemented a whipping law to equalize the enlistment, so that the national treasury was gradually enriched and the internal and external tranquility was peaceful. Financially, the clearance of the fields and the implementation of the "one whip law" are paid in silver, including endowments and services, "Taicang millet can be supported for ten years, and the Zhou Temple has accumulated gold, up to more than four million."
Military: Appoint Qi Jiguang, Li Chengliang, and other famous generals to the north of the town, use Ling Yunyi, Yin Zhengmao, and others to quell the rebellion in the southwest, implement comprehensive verification of the name and truth, adopt the "examination method" to evaluate officials at all levels, "although thousands of miles away, they will follow the trend downwards and evenings", and the political system is solemn.
Character Evaluation:
Zhang Ju had been in power for ten years, and the power he had seized was the great power of the Divine Sect, which was the need for Zhang Juzheng to serve the country, but his authority was the loss of the Divine Sect. In terms of power, Ju zheng and Shenzong became opposites. Zhang Juzheng's allegiance to state affairs and his monopoly on power were a manifestation of contempt for the Lord in the heart of The Divine Sect.
During the Ming Dynasty's Wanli Dynasty, who assisted the emperor in carrying out the Wanli New Deal?
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Juzheng assisted the emperor in carrying out the Wanli New Deal.
Zhang Juzheng (D-7/9), courtesy name Taiyue ,王白桂,Huguang Jingzhou Wei (present-day Jingzhou, Hubei Province), was born in Jiangling County (present-day Jingzhou), so it was also known as "Zhang Jiangling". Politician and reformer in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the first assistant to the cabinet during the Wanli period, and the assistant to the Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun created the "Wanli New Deal", which is known in history as "Zhang Juzheng Reform".
Details of Specific Reforms
Economically, Zhang Juzheng implemented the "one whip" law, the general content of which is that when the people pay taxes, they abolish the substitution of manpower for taxes, and uniformly divide the land into acres. At that time, most of the land in the Ming Dynasty was bought and sold by the magnates and rich people, and the rent of the land was very high, resulting in the people having no land to produce grain. Zhang Juzheng is practicing the practice of dividing the land into acres, that is, collecting taxes according to the head of the people, which has alleviated the contradiction between the land and the people to a certain extent.
Militarily, Zhang Juzheng sent Qi Jiguang and Li Chengliang to guard the border. Qi Jiguang was responsible for coastal security in the southeast, and Li Chengliang was in charge of border security in the northeast. With the Qi Family Army and the Li Family Army, the security of the Ming Dynasty in national defense was guaranteed. In addition, Zhang Juzheng cut the army and improved the phenomenon of redundant troops in the Ming Dynasty.
In terms of agriculture, Zhang Juzheng sent water conservancy experts to increase the construction of the Yellow River and the Huai River Basin, and at that time, the treatment of sediment in the Yellow River and huai river had achieved initial results.
The reason for Zhang Ju's change of law: tax land annexation
What was the tax system during the Ming Dynasty, and why was it always criticized?
The tax system of the Ming Dynasty was not static in the history of the Ming Dynasty for more than two hundred years, and in the very beginning, the tax system of the Ming Dynasty was personally formulated by Zhu Yuanzhang himself, and the system formulated by Zhu Yuanzhang referred to the two tax laws of the Tang Dynasty and the tax system of the Song Dynasty. Later, with the passage of time, this system did not conform to the social environment at that time, so in the Wanli period, Zhang Juzheng reformed the tax system and began to implement a whip law. This whipping law continued until the establishment of the Qing Dynasty.
The tax system established by Zhu Yuanzhang has too many problems, which may have a lot to do with Zhu Yuanzhang's birth in poverty, and he did not want the imperial court to levy too much tax on the people, so he set the positive tax very low. After Lao Zhu's precise calculations, if this tax system continues to operate, the annual tax revenue of the Ming Dynasty is exactly equal to the financial expenditure of the Ming Dynasty for one year, but this is only under normal circumstances.
Generally speaking, the imperial court also had many irregular expenses, such as military operations, disaster relief, construction projects, etc., and once these situations occurred, the imperial court would be stretched. In order to solve this problem, they decided to make a temporary apportionment and use next year's money to realize today's dream, which caused the arrears of the nine sides in the late Ming Dynasty to reach millions of silver.
By the time of the Jiajing Dynasty, the financial pressure of the Ming Dynasty was already particularly great, and at this time a man named Gui Cao proposed a whipping method that greatly simplified the current tax system at that time, but only experimented on a small scale. When Zhang Juzheng officially came to power, he began to promote a whipping law nationwide and measured and liquidated the country's fields. Through this series of reform measures, the financial situation of the Ming Dynasty during the Wanli period improved. Originally, the Ming Dynasty had signs of collapse during the Wanli period, and because this reform successfully lasted for decades.
What was the land system of the Ming Dynasty, and why could it not really hinder land annexation?
Did there have been land annexations in the Ming Dynasty?
Yes, it is quite serious, the Ming Dynasty implemented the right of officials and people not to pay taxes, so as long as one move, a large number of people invested in land and obtained the right to tax exemption, so the amount of taxable in the Ming Dynasty became less and less, and eventually the finance went bankrupt
Was the root cause of the Ming Dynasty's demise land annexation?
Did there have been land annexations in the Ming Dynasty?
Any dynasty is generally established after a large-scale and long war at the beginning, so the population is small, the problem of land annexation is not serious, and as the population slowly grows, this problem will become prominent.
Land annexation in the Ming Dynasty began to slowly become serious in the later years of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji and during the reign of his son Emperor Ming Yingzong.
How to solve the land annexation of the Ming Dynasty, and what measures are there?
On the one hand, they can purify the small peasant economy on which the state depends for survival, and obtain the political support of the landlord class; on the other hand, by curbing land annexation, they avoid the loss of tax sources and pathogenic land, and the changes in the anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty have implemented the collection of the Fangtian army, and the payment of taxes on more land is naturally more, which can limit the annexation of land to land to a certain extent, and the famous tide will be correct, and to a certain extent, the speed of land annexation will be delayed. There is also a certain restriction on the luxurious and well-known evasion of military service
The Ming Dynasty implemented the right of officials and people not to pay taxes, so as long as there is a medium lift, a large number of people will donate land and obtain the right to tax exemption, so the amount of taxable in the Ming Dynasty is getting less and less, and eventually the finance is bankrupt
Did the land annexation in the Ming Dynasty not enjoy the privilege of exempting people from tax exemptions and servants from servitude, which led to a large number of peasants throwing themselves into the fields? Finally a peasant bankruptcy uprising? Taxes in the Ming Dynasty were notoriously low. It has not changed since the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, only low and not high.
Why did the change that Zhang Ju was implementing during the Wanli period end in failure?
Zhang Juzheng's reforms were all for the Ming Dynasty, so why did the Wanli Emperor crack down on him?
If any social reform is not done well, the initiators of the reform will encounter a severe blow. Zhang Juzheng was also one of them, he was loyal to the Ming Dynasty all his life, and died of exhaustion in office for the stability of the Ming Dynasty. But he died and was stripped of his house and stripped of his palace rank. The confiscation of the seal book, the commandment, and the opening of the coffin and the whipping of the corpse, why not even let go of a dead man?
His reforms touched the interests of the bureaucrats, and he started by rectifying the bureaucracy and implementing the "examination law" in the bureaucratic clique. The reason why Zhang Juzheng ended up very tragic was because he was single-mindedly committed to reform during his tenure as the first assistant. That is to say, the dividends of reform allowed the Ming Dynasty to gain, and the accumulated grievances of reform all went to Zhang Juzheng alone.
Moved a lot of powerful landlord's cheese. Zhang Juzheng first implemented the measure of "clearing the land," ascertaining the real situation of land and mu and avoiding concealment by powerful landlords, which was the basis for solving the problem of finance and taxation. However, this has also led to great contradictions, and many officials believe that Zhang Juzheng's doing this will not solve the fundamental problem, and even Hai Rui and others believe that it is the next policy. Their resistance was fierce. However, Zhang Juzheng did not shake his determination, but firmly implemented it.
The Wanli Emperor was dissatisfied with him. There are old grudges. It is Zhang Juzheng who has always controlled the government of the dynasty. Everything in the court was decided by Zhang Juzheng. Despite all the measures, Zhang Juzheng would play to the Wanli Emperor every time. However, in the first place, the Wanli Emperor was just a small child, and he did not have any ideas. Second, even if the Wanli Emperor did not agree, Zhang Juzheng would force him to agree and resolutely implement it. Because, the Wanli Emperor felt that his sense of existence was not strong.
In such a situation of resentment among thousands of people, it is inevitable that Zhang Juzheng will be raided.
Financial Ills of the Ming Dynasty:
Chongzhen always lacked money in war, so why was there never a shortage of money when the Qing Dynasty suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
Although this is a law, but sometimes there will be some inexplicable signs, just take the ming dynasty war in the beginning, whether Chongzhen fought the Qing army or Li Zicheng, always lack of money to make people feel that this big Ming Dynasty is actually stretched, but why did the Qing Dynasty casually destroy the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom after entering the customs? And after a fight, how did the Qing Dynasty have so much money? Moreover, she directly inherited the territory of the Ming Dynasty, how could there be such a big difference between the two dynasties?
Let's analyze the reasons for such a big difference between the two countries, in fact, the reason is very simple, let's talk about it.
Postscript:
The Ming Dynasty is typical of earning less and spending more, and the less earned is reflected in the fact that the financial revenue of the Ming Dynasty is far less than that of the Qing Dynasty, and the more spent is that everyone naturally understands that the outbreak of war is a little more after all.
But why did the Ming Dynasty earn less? The Qing Dynasty earned more, and in fact, the problem largely appeared in Zhu Yuanzhang's body.
Zhu Yuanzhang's words everyone understands that his starting point is relatively low, and he is accustomed to a hard life, and then he thinks about it, his own princes and grandchildren, since they have now become the royal relatives of Daming, then the future life will inevitably be better, but in order to prevent this prince and emperor from interfering in the emperor's rule, so he formulated such a rule, I will raise you, you don't have to do anything, I will send you money.
To put it simply, there are two points, the first point is that the lord does not govern things, and the second point is not taxed.
How tall were the parents of the Ming dynasty princes? Let's take the prince as an example, if the prince alone has as much as 50,000 quintals of grain per year, and the money is as high as 25, not to mention the others, like brocade horses, everything is available.
Then do you think that there are a lot of the above, in fact, these are not really many places, the real number is that the 2nd article does not pay taxes, everyone knows that these princes themselves have a certain social status, and then they have a lot of wealth, they can buy land in a big way, and the royal family will reward them a lot, so how much land do they have?
According to statistics, 1/2 of the land in Henan and 1/4 of the land in Shanxi during the Chongzhen period were in the hands of these golden countries, and they did not need to pay taxes.
You say that in this case, where does Chongzhen have money?
The financial system of the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty first did not say that the imperial family did not pay taxes like the Ming Dynasty, no matter how big you are, you have to pay taxes, and if you do, after the Yongzheng Reform, the annual tax revenue of the Qing Dynasty is about 40,000 to 60,000 taels.
Compared with the Ming Dynasty, this is simply a world of difference.