History of sengoku Shichio

Brief introduction

In the last thirty years of the Warring States Period, the Six Kingdoms of Shandong were no longer able to confront the Qin State, which continued to encroach on the territory of the Six Kingdoms to the east, and later the Qin King Yin zheng destroyed the Six Kingdoms and achieved great unification.

In 288 BC, Qi and Qin were called the Eastern and Western Emperors, and both gave up the imperial title.

In 287 BC, su Qin, Li Dui heqi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, and Han jointly attacked Qin and attacked Chenggao (成皋, in modern Xingyang, Henan), and Qin returned some of Zhao and Wei to seek peace.

In 286 BC, Qi destroyed the Song Dynasty, and Qin Sui conspired to attack Qi. In 284 BC, King Zhao of Yan made Le Yi a general, and the five kingdoms of Heyan, Qin, Han, Zhao, and Wei attacked Qi, invaded the Qi capital Linzi, and occupied the State of Qi for five years.

In 279 BC, the Qi general Tian Dan organized a counterattack to recover the lost land. Although Qi was restored, his vitality was seriously injured, and he was unable to compete with Qin from then on. After that, Qin's opponents were mainly Zhao Guo. On the basis of further weakening Chu, Qin actively developed to the east and formed a head-on confrontation with Zhao.

In 262-260 BC, Qin and Zhao fought fiercely at Changpingyi (長平邑, in modern Gaoping, Jincheng, Shanxi), and Qin defeated Zhao (the Battle of Changping).

In 259 BC, Qin Jin besieged the Zhao capital Handan for three years. In 257 BC, Wei Xin Lingjun and Chu Chun Shenjun rescued Zhao and defeated Qin and lifted the siege of Handan. Although Zhao turned the crisis into safety, he suffered heavy damage.

In 251 BC, Yan took advantage of the new defeat of the State of Zhao and sent troops to attack Zhao, but was defeated by the State of Zhao. However, under the threat of Qin, the six eastern kingdoms formed a temporary alliance.

In 247 BC, Wei Xinling junhe five kingdoms attacked Qin and defeated Qin outside the river.

In 241 BC, Zhao Pangyan joined forces with the five kingdoms of Zhao, Chu, Wei, Yan, and Han to attack Qin, but was defeated by Qin. Since then, the Six Eastern Alliance has ceased to exist.

From 230 BC to 221 BC, Qin took advantage of the situation to break through each other, successively destroying Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi, unifying the world, and ending the situation of the Seven Kingdoms competing for dominance.

History

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the nations were annexed, and the remaining major powers were mainly Qin in the west, Jin in the north of the Central Plains, Qi and Yan in the east, and Chu, Wu and Yue in the south.

In the early Warring States period, all of the above powers, except for Wu, who was destroyed by Yue in 473 BC, were preserved. The qin and yan states were weaker, and the more powerful were the four kingdoms of Jin, Qi, Chu, and Yue. Among them, after the merger between the six secretaries, the Jin state formed a situation in 453 BC in which Zhao, Wei and Han "divided the three families into Jin" and "destroyed the four qings", known as the "three Jin". The Three Jins were most powerful in the early Warring States period, often combining forces to attack other countries. In 403 BC, King Weilie of Zhou officially ordered the Three Jins to become princes. Since 481 BC, Tian Chengzi Tian Heng (also known as Chen Heng) killed the Duke of Qi Jian and specialized in Qi zheng, forming a situation of "Tian Shi Dai Qi". However, in the early warring states period, Qi's strength was temporarily weaker than that of the Three Jins. Although the State of Chu expanded slightly to the east, it failed to go north to compete with the Three Jins for the State of Zheng. After the yue kingdom destroyed Wu, it was strong for a while, but after entering the Warring States, it declined due to long-term civil strife. It was destroyed by the Chu state in 333 BC

Initial stages

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, after the annexation of the nations, the remaining major powers were mainly Qin in the west, Jin in the north of the Central Plains, Qi and Yan in the east, and Chu, Wu and Yue in the south.

In the early Warring States period, the Qin and Yan states were weak. The more powerful were the four kingdoms of Jin, Qi, Chu, and Yue. Since 481 BC, the Tianzi of the Tian clan killed the Duke of Qi jian and ruled the Qi dynasty, forming a situation of "Tian Shi Dai Qi". In 473 BC Wu was destroyed by Yue. After the annexation between the six secretaries, in 453 BC, the State of Jin formed a situation in which Zhao, Wei, and Han "divided the three families into Jin", known as the "Three Jins". The Three Jins were most powerful in the early Warring States period, often combining forces to attack other countries. In 403 BC, Zhou Tianzi officially ordered the Three Jins to become princes. The State of Chu was invaded by the State of Wu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and its national strength was damaged, and it began to recover in the early years of the Warring States period, dominating the south.

Fierce confrontation

In the late Warring States period, annexation between countries became more intense. Chu broke the agreement and allied with Qin, but was caught between the two sides of Qi, Han, Zhao, and the state of Qin, which was betraying the alliance, and collapsed. Zhao extinguished Zhongshan. The country is strong. Although Qi threatened Han, Wei, and Qin to contend, it was difficult to stop Qin's encroachment on Han and Wei. In 288 BC, Qi and Qin were called the Eastern and Western Emperors, and both gave up the imperial title. The following year, Su Qin, Li Dui, Zhao, Qi, Chu, Wei, and Han attacked Qin, and dismissed Chenggao (成皋, in modern Xingyang, Henan), and Qin returned some of Zhao and Wei to seek peace. The following year, Qi destroyed the Song Dynasty. Qin Sui conspired to attack Qi. In 284 BC, King Zhao of Yan made Le Yi a general, and the five kingdoms of Heyan, Qin, Han, Zhao, and Wei attacked Qi, invaded the Qi capital Linzi, and occupied the State of Qi for five years. In 279 BC, the Qi general Tian Dan organized a counterattack to recover the lost land. Although Qi was restored, his vitality was seriously injured, and he was unable to compete with Qin from then on. After that, Qin's opponents were mainly Zhao Guo. On the basis of further weakening Chu, Qin actively developed to the east and formed a head-on confrontation with Zhao. From 262 BC to 260 BC, Qin and Zhao fought fiercely at Changping (present-day Gaoping, Shanxi), and Qin defeated Zhao (the Battle of Changping). In 259 BC, Qin Jin besieged the Zhao capital Handan for three years. In 257 BC, Wei Xin Lingjun and Chu Chun Shenjun rescued Zhao and defeated Qin and lifted the siege of Handan. Although Zhao turned the crisis into safety, he suffered heavy damage.

The State of Wei was hegemonic

In 445 BC, Marquis Wenhou of Wei appointed Li Wu to implement the reform law, and implemented social reforms earlier, making the state of Wei the first powerful state. In 354 BC, King Hui of Wei sent the general Pang Juan to lead an army to attack the State of Zhao. The Wei army rushed into no man's land, and soon approached the Zhao capital Handan. In this critical situation, Zhao Chenghou sent emissaries to the State of Qi for help. King Qi Wei sent Tian Ji as the main general and Sun Zhen as the military commander to send troops to save Zhao. Sun Bing said: If you want to untie the chaotic silk thread, you can't use your hands to pull hard; you must persuade two people who are fighting, and you can't directly participate in the fight. To dispatch troops to break the siege, we should surprise them, attack them unprepared, and adopt the strategy of avoiding the real and attacking the false, so as to cause the enemy to worry about the future. Tian Ji accepted Sun Zhen's advice and led his troops to kill Daliang, the capital of the Wei state. Pang Juan heard that the girder was tight, led the troops back to the rescue, and rushed to the road in the starry night. Sun Bing and Tian Ji ambushed the Qi army at Guiling (桂陵, in present-day northeast of Heze, Shandong) and waited for the Wei army to come to a decisive battle. The Wei army marched for a long time, tired of running for its life, and the people were sleepy and tired. As soon as the two sides fought, the Wei army collapsed completely, and the Qi army won a complete victory. This is the "Battle of Guiling", which is famous for its tactics of "encircling Wei and saving Zhao".

Shortly after the incident, the State of Wei joined forces with Korea to defeat the State of Qi and salvage the defeat. The State of Wei became the first power in the Central Plains. In 342 BC, the State of Wei attacked Korea. South Korea appealed to the State of Qi for help. The State of Qi still sent Tian Ji and Sun Zhi to lead an army to rescue Korea. Sun Bing adopted the tactics of increasing troops and reducing the number of troops and luring the enemy to go deeper. Qi Jun pretended to be defeated and retreated, leaving 100,000 people cooking pots and stoves on the first day, reducing them to 50,000 pots and stoves the next day, and reducing them to 30,000 pots and stoves on the third day. Pang Juan thought that the Qi army suffered serious casualties and pursued them relentlessly. At this time, Sun Bin set up an ambush at Maling, and when Pang Juan led his troops to chase after Maling, Sun Zhen gave an order, and the Qi army's golden drums sounded in unison, and ten thousand arrows were fired in unison, defeating the Wei army and Pang Juan committed suicide. This is the famous "Battle of Maling". After that, King Hui of Wei and King Wei of Qi allied with Xuzhou, and the two sides compromised, equally dividing the hegemonic position of the East.

Qi Qin competed for strength

The State of Wei gradually weakened, and the State of Qi and the State of Qin became the two hegemons of the East-West confrontation, entering a period of competition between Qi and Qin.

After the Shang martingale transformation, the State of Qin became the most powerful of the Seven Kingdoms.

At this time, the State of Qi in the east was on a par with the Qin national flag drum, and while the two sides were constantly annexing the weak surrounding countries and expanding their sphere of influence, they were also engaged in the so-called "joint vertical" and "continuous horizontal" diplomatic struggles. "Hezhong" means that Su Qin united the weak countries and prevented the powerful countries from annexing. "Lian Heng" is Zhang Yi destroying the alliance and forcing the powerful forces to force the weak countries to help it annex. In fact, both "combined vertical" and "continuous horizontal" are diplomatic maneuvers to win over temporary allies, the purpose of which is to further annex land and expand territory.

Vertical and horizontal

At the beginning of the Warring States period, the King of Chu appointed Wu Qi as Ling Yin, implemented a change of law, and the country became rich and strong, defeating the State of Wei in one fell swoop and sending troops to attack Qin. From the King of Chu to the King of Chu Wei. The state of Chu was quite strong, and it had the potential to compete with Qin and Qi for hegemony. After the death of King Wei of Chu, the State of Chu gradually declined. During the reign of King Huai of Chu, the State of Qin sent Zhang Yi into Chu to advocate "Lian Heng", persuaded Chu to dissuade Qi from Qin, and verbally made a wish at the cost of returning the Chu State to Shangyu (southwest of present-day Huaichuan County, Henan) for 600 miles. King Huai of Chu believed it to be true and severed diplomatic relations with the State of Qi. When the State of Chu sent someone to ask the State of Qin for land, Zhang Yi, the Minister of Qin, said slyly: "I agreed with the King of Chu that it was six miles, but I didn't hear that it was six hundred miles." King Huai of Chu was very annoyed and sent an army to attack Qin. As a result, the Battle was defeated, 80,000 Chu soldiers were killed, the Chu general Qu Zhao was captured, and the Hanzhong region was occupied by the Qin State. King Huai of Chu then mobilized all his forces to fight the Qin army at Lantian. The State of Wei took advantage of the emptiness of the State of Chu and attacked the State of Chu. The State of Qi did not support the State of Chu. The State of Chu suffered a great loss and has been devastated ever since.

At this time, the Qi-Qin struggle tended to be white-hot. From 298 BC to 296 BC, the combined forces of Qi, Wei, and Han invaded Hangu Pass. The State of Qin was forced to return to some of the places that had taken Han and Wei, and the Five Kingdoms withdrew. The State of Qi became an ally of the Kwantung countries. In 288 BC, King Zhao of Qin proclaimed himself Emperor Of the West and King Min of Zunqi as the Eastern Emperor, and used the strategy of long-distance and close attack to win over the State of Qi and destroy the "Hezhong" alliance in Kwantung.

In 286 BC, the State of Qi destroyed the State of Song, and its power was very strong for a while, causing uneasiness among the countries. The State of Qin united the states of Yan, Chu, Han, Zhao, and Wei to jointly attack Qi, and in 284 BC defeated the Qi army at Jixi (present-day liaocheng south of Shandong). After King Zhao ascended the throne, the State of Yan recruited talents and appointed Le Yi as a general, determined to avenge the invasion of the State of Qi. At this time, taking advantage of the situation to attack the capital of Qi, Linzi, more than seventy cities were connected and merged into the territory of the Yan state. Later, the Qi general Tian Dan took advantage of the internal contradictions in the Yan state to expel the Yan army and recover the lost land. However, the State of Qi had lost the ability to compete with the State of Qin.

The State of Qin weakened the State of Qi in the struggle of "combining verticals" and began to develop greatly to the East.

In 278 BC, the Qin general Bai Qi led an army to attack the Capital of the Chu State of Yanyin (present-day northwest of Jiangling, Hubei), the capital of the Chu Dynasty was in Chen (Huaiyang, Henan), and the State of Qin captured Wu Commandery and Qianzhong Commandery. Chu moved the capital to Shouchun. The State of Chu weakened even more.

Battle of Qin zhao

In 260 BC, the Qin general Bai Qi led an army to attack Shangdang County in Korea, and the county shou surrendered to the Zhao state. The state of Zhao sent the famous general Lian Po to lead a large army to guard Changping (Gaoping, Shanxi), build a fort and hold firm, wait for work, and hold the Qin army for three years, regardless of victory or defeat. Fan Ju, the chancellor of the State of Qin, sent people to the State of Zhao to carry out "anti-conspiracy" and spread incorruptible and quite bad words. King Zhao believed it to be true, so he sent Zhao Kuo, who could only "talk on paper", to replace Lian Po. Zhao Kuo was proud of the enemy, and as soon as he reached the front line, he ordered an attack. The Qin general Bai Qi adopted the tactic of enticing the enemy to go deep and encircle in a roundabout way, forcing the Zhao army to fight under extremely unfavorable circumstances. In a breakthrough, Zhao Kuo was killed by a random arrow from the Qin army, and the 400,000 troops of the Zhao state descended to Qin, and Bai Qi buried them all alive. This is the famous "Battle of Changping" in Chinese history.

Qin and the Six Kingdoms

Although the State of Qin was temporarily defeated, it was strong in strength, and none of the six kingdoms could resist Qin alone. The situation in which the Qin state unified the six kingdoms was fully ripe. In 251 BC, Yan took advantage of the new defeat of the State of Zhao and sent troops to attack Zhao, but was defeated by the State of Zhao. However, under the threat of Qin, the six eastern kingdoms formed a temporary alliance. In 247 BC, Wei Xinling junhe five kingdoms attacked Qin and defeated Qin outside the river. In 241 BC, Zhao Pangnuan joined forces with the five kingdoms of Zhao, Chu, Wei, Yan, and Han to attack Qin, but was defeated by Qin. Since then, the Six Eastern Alliance has ceased to exist. From 230 BC to 221 BC, Qin successively destroyed Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi, unifying the world, and ending the situation of the Seven Kingdoms competing for dominance.

After more than a decade of recuperation, starting in 231 BC, the Qin state began a war to unify the whole country, and by 221 BC, it had eliminated the other six kingdoms and unified China. Since then, China has changed from a confederation of princes to an authoritarian, centralized county state.

Seven kingdoms

Qi Guo

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Duke of Qi Huan dominated the Central Plains. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Qi Gong clan declined, and Qing Dafu annexed each other.

In 548 BC, Cui Zhu killed Duke Zhuang and Duke Lijing. In 546 BC, Qingfeng destroyed the Cui clan. Qingfeng dictatorship. The following year, Qingshe and luan, Gao (after Qi Huigong), Chen (Tian), and Bao attacked Qingfeng, and Qingfeng Benwu. During the Reign of The Duke of Jing, Chen Huanzi gave favors to the people, and the people returned to the Chen clan, and the Chen clan was thus strong. In 532 BC, Chen Huanzi joined forces with bao to attack the Luan clan, the Gao clan, the Luan Shi, and the Gaojiang Benlu clan. In 489 BC, Duke Jing died, guoshi and gao (after Duke Wen of Qi) li yan widow, the following year, Chen Zizi joined forces with Bao shi to attack the Guo clan, Gao shi, Guo Xia, Gao Zhang Benlu, so he killed Yan Zizi, and Li Gongzi Yangsheng became the Duke of Qi. Duke Mo reigned for four years, was killed, and Was stopped as a politician. In 481 BC, Chen Chengzi killed Kan and ruled the country. In 386 BC, Chen Cheng's grandson Taigong he was made a prince and moved the Duke of Qi Kang to the sea. In 379 BC, Kang Gong died and Lü Shi died.

Tian Qifei's surname was Guoguo, from Chen Quan, the son of Chen Ligong. Chen and Tian Guyin are similar, so ancient books are often made of fields. In 672 BC, Chen completed his entry into Qi and became the Duke of Qi Huan. Chen Passed on the fifth to Chen Huanzi, and the Chen clan began to become powerful. Later, the Chen clan gradually annexed the Luan, Gao (after the Duke hui of Qi) and the State of Guo, Gao (after the Duke wen of Qi), as well as the Bao, Kan and other clans of the State of Qi, and ruled exclusively. Tian Qi's capital was still in Linzi, and its territory was also the old jiang and lü clan.

When Tian Qi founded the country, it had already entered the middle of the Warring States period. Taigonghe was the first qihou. Duke Taihe's grandson Huan Gongwu set up a palace in Jixia, the capital of the country, Linzi, to "set up the name of the doctor" and gather the world's sages. In 386 BC, King An of Zhou recognized Tian He as the Marquis of Qi. By the time of King Wei and King Xuan, Jixia was full of talents and became the center of oriental academic culture. King Wei of Qi appointed Zou Ji as his chancellor to reform politics, and the state of Qi became strong. In 353 BC, Qi defeated the Wei army at Guiling. In 341 BC, Qi defeated the Wei army at Maling. In 334 BC, King Wei of Qi and King Hui of Wei "met the King of Xuzhou" and officially became kings. In the later years of King Wei' reign, Xiangbang Zou Ji competed with the general Tian Ji for government. In 322 BC, Tian Ji attacked Linzi, begged Zou Ji, was victorious, and fled to the Chu state. During the reign of King Xuan of Qi, the "Rebellion of the Sons" occurred in the Yan Kingdom. In 314 BC, under the persuasion of Meng Ke, King Xuan ordered Kuang Zhang to lead the "soldiers of the five capitals" and the "people of the northern lands" to cut down yan, and Wu Xun Kezhi once occupied the Yan state. Qi became one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States.

In the late Warring States period, Qi still maintained a strong and prosperous position. In 301 BC, Qi joined forces with Han and Wei to attack Chu and was defeated. From 298 BC to 296 BC, Qi joined forces with Han and Wei liannian to attack Qin, entered Hangu Pass, and forced Qin to seek peace. In 288 BC, Qi and Qin were called the Eastern and Western Emperors, and both gave up the imperial title. The following year, Su Qin, Li Dui, Zhao, Qi, Chu, Wei, and Han attacked Qin and dismissed Chenggao. The following year, Qi destroyed the Song Dynasty. In 284 BC, Yan took Le Yi as his general, and Heyan, Qin, Han, Zhao, and Wei attacked Qi and attacked Linzi, with more than seventy cities under his command. The only people who are under Qi Cheng are Ju and Ji Mo. King Qi Tang fled into Ju and was killed by Huan Ya. Wang Sun Jia and Ju Ren killed Shu Ya, and Li Tang became the Prince of Qi Xiang. Yan led troops to the east to encircle Jimo, and the city elected Tian Dan as a general. The two sides held each other for five years. In 279 BC, Tian Dan organized a counterattack and defeated the Yan army with the "Fire Bull Array" to recover the lost land. Although Qi regained his country, his vitality was seriously injured and he was unable to compete with Qin anymore. In 221 BC, after Qin destroyed Han, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Zhao, the general Wang Ben attacked the State of Qi from the south of Yan, captured Wang Jian of Qi, and the State of Qi perished.

Chu

The pre-Qin dynasty (芈本作幁) was a princely state of the Zhou Dynasty and one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. Also known as Wattle. The surname Qi is one of the so-called "Eight Surnames of Zhu Rong", and its ancestor is Ji Lian. Ji Lian's descendant, Man Xiong, was the master of King Wen of Zhou. Ancient books record that all Chu juns below the bear bear are based on the bear clan, but according to the bronze inscriptions of the late Warring States period of the Chu state, the names of the Chu jun are all based on the clan of The Chu. Xiong Xiong's great-grandson Xiong Xuan was located in the secluded Jingshan Mountains (in the area of present-day Nanzhang, Baokang, Hubei), trekked through the mountains and forests, became the king of Zhou, was enfeoffed as the son of a man, ju danyang (present-day Zigui, Hubei), and established a state from then on.

After chu duyin was captured and entered the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Chu was strong and strong, and it competed with the Jin state for a long time for hegemony. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Chu was long mired in civil strife among the Gong clan, and the limelight was gradually stolen by the neighboring State of Wu.

In 506 BC, Wu defeated Chu at Baiju (present-day Macheng, Hubei), fought five battles and attacked the capital of Chu. King Zhao fled into Sui, causing Shen Baoxu to save Qin. The following year, Qin and Chu defeated Wu Yuji (present-day Tongbai, Henan), and Wu led troops to go. King Zhao destroyed the Tang Dynasty (in present-day Suizhou, Hubei), returned to Ying, and moved the capital to Yicheng (southeast of present-day Yicheng, Hubei). After King Zhao's restoration, he destroyed small states such as Dun (in present-day Shangshui, Henan) and Hu (in present-day Fuyang, Anhui). Zhao Wang, ZiHui Wang Li. In 481 BC, Prince Jian's son Sheng, the Prince of Ping, became the Duke of Bai and attacked and killed Yin Zixi and Sima Zi in the Dynasty and robbed King Hui. Ye Gongzi sent troops to quell the rebellion of the White Duke and destroy Chen again.

In the early Warring States period, King Hui of Chu again destroyed Cai and occupied the Huaishui Valley; in 431 BC, King Jian went north to destroy Ju (in present-day Ju County, Shandong). King Jian was a pawn, the Sound King, who had only been standing for six years, and "stole" to kill the Sound King. Chu mourned Wang Li. When the three Jin Dynasties were strong, the Chu State fought with the Jin army many times, but this is not what it used to be. The Three Jins defeated the Chu army many times, and a large area of land south of the Yellow River in the Chu State was occupied by the Three Jins, and the Chu army was difficult to find a victory. Later, the King of Mourning appointed the Wei general Wu Qi to change the law, south to collect Yangyue, occupy Dongting and Cangwu, and the Chu state slightly improved.

In the middle of the Warring States period, the King of Chu Wei was defeated. When King Huai of Chu was king, Chu and Qi were intimate.

In 318 BC, the states of Wei, Zhao, Han, Yan, and Chu jointly attacked Qin, with King Huai of Chu as the leader, and returned without victory. Qin sent Zhang Yi into Chu, dividing Qi, Chu, Xu and Shang (present-day Shang County, Shaanxi) and Yu (in present-day Xixia, Henan) for six hundred miles, but they had reneged on their promises, and Chu had cut down Qin. In 312 BC, Qin defeated Chu at Danyang (in present-day Xixia, Henan) and took Chu Hanzhong. Chu counterattacked, and Qin defeated Chu at Lantian (present-day Lantian, Shaanxi). Chu obeyed Qin, but still joined forces with Qi and Han.

In the late Warring States period, Chu back Qi merged with Qin. In 301 BC, Qi joined forces with Han and Wei to attack Chu and defeated the Chu army at Chuisha. The following year, Qin also attacked Chu and took Xiangcheng. The following year, King Huai of Chu entered Qin and was executed, and died in Qin three years later, and Chu has been devastated ever since. When King Xiang was king, Qin continued to attack Chu. In 278 BC, the Qin general Baiqi broke chu and moved the capital to Chen (present-day Huaiyang, Henan). King Xiang of Xiang and King Li of Kao Lie, with Huang Xie (feng as Chun Shen Jun) as his counterpart. In 257 BC, Huang Xie and Wei Xinlingjun rescued Zhao from defeating Qin. The following year, Chu destroyed Lu. In 253 BC, Chu moved the capital to Juyang (present-day southeast of Taihe, Anhui). In 241 BC, Chu moved the capital to Shouchun (also known as Ying, southwest of present-day Shou County, Anhui). King Kao Lie, Li Yuan killed Huang Xie, and Li Youwang. The king of You, half-brother Judai, was established as the King of Sorrows. The King of Sorrow was only established for more than two months, and he was attacked and killed by the disciples who were responsible for his brother,and the negative sword was established as king. In 223 BC, the Qin generals Wang Qi and Mengwu broke chu, and the king of Yu was defeated, and the state of Chu fell.

Yan Guo

The State of Yan was a vassal state in northern China in Chinese history from the Western Zhou To the Spring and Autumn Warring States period. He was one of the Seven Heroes during the Warring States period and was destroyed by the Qin state in 222 BC. According to the "Chronicle of History", after King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, Emperor Fengzong summoned the Duke yu Yan in present-day Beijing and central and northern Hebei (the destruction of King Wu of Zhou, the Duke of Fengzhao in Northern Yan). The capital of the Yan kingdom was "Ji" (located in present-day Liulihe, Fangshan District, Beijing). The nobles of zhou and the nobles of the local old merchants, as well as the local natives, established a joint regime. Eventually, the original Donghu ethnic group in the area gradually integrated into the Huaxia ethnic group.

After the founding of the Yan State, there was little contact with various parts of the Central Plains, the culture was backward compared with the Central Plains, and it was almost destroyed in the foreign invasion in the early Spring and Autumn Period, and it was only with the military help of the Qi State "Zun Wang Zhiyi" that it was saved, and then developed in the future.

In 323 BC, Gongsun Yan initiated the "Five Kingdoms of Han, Wei, Zhao, Yan, and Zhongshan". In 314 BC, the King of Yan gave way to Xiang Bangzizhi, and the crown prince ping disobeyed, rebelled, and failed to be killed. The State of Qi and the State of Zhongshan took the opportunity to cut down Yan, and the great defeat of the State of Yan was almost destroyed, and the King of Yan and Zizhi were killed. After the State of Qi withdrew, the Yan people held the position of prince who was held hostage in Han, and was the King of Yan Zhao. After King Zhao ascended the throne, Corporal Li Xian built a golden platform, and the scholars of various countries "competed for Yan". Le Yi came from Zhao Guo, Zou Yan came from Qi Guo, and Ju Xin came from Zhao Guo. (This section is revised according to Yang Kuan's History of the Warring States.) ）

King Zhao" "hanged the orphans, and shared the happiness and hardships with the people", and also used Le Yi as Yaqing to preside over the state affairs, and after twenty-eight years of vigorous efforts, the originally weak Yan state became a strong one for a while. In 284 BC, King Bai Leyi of Zhao, as a general, led the troops of the fallen state to unite with the five kingdoms of Zhao, Chu, Han, and Wei to fight Qi, and killed more than 70 cities in the State of Qi and killed King Min of Qi. Only Ju (莒, in present-day Ju County, Rizhao City, Shandong) and Jimo Ercheng remained in Qidi. In 278 BC, King Zhao died and the crown prince Yan Huiwang took the throne. The State of Qi immediately guarded the general Tian Shan to counter-plot, and King Hui of Yan replaced Le Yi with a robber. In 279 BC, Tian Dan defeated the Yan army with a fire bull array, and the State of Qi took advantage of the situation to restore the country.

Prince Dan of Yan was a hostage in the Qin kingdom when he was young. After fleeing back to the Yan kingdom, Prince Dan did not devote himself to revitalizing the Yan kingdom, but found an assassin named Jing Ke. In 230 BC, the State of Qin destroyed Korea. In 228 BC, the State of Qin occupied the capital of the State of Zhao, Handan, and approached the State of Yan. In 227 BC, Prince Dan sent Jing Ke and his 13-year-old assistant Qin Wuyang to the banks of Yishui (present-day Yi County, Hebei). Jing Ke sang: "The wind is xiaoxiao, the water is cold, and the strong man will not return once he is gone." After that, Jing Ke attempted to assassinate Zhao Zheng, the King of Qin. This incident gave the State of Qin an excuse to attack the State of Yan. In 226 BC, the general Wang Qi led the Qin army to occupy most of the Yan state. The King of Yan retreated to Liaodong and killed Prince Dan to seek peace. In 222 BC, Yan perished in Qin.

Korea

The ancestors of Korea were the Jin Gong clan. Uncle Qu Wo Huan gave birth to a son, Wan, who was sealed in Han Yuan and established the Han clan. The Later Jin Dynasty dominated and the Han clan declined. To Han Yue, for the sake of Jin mourning the secretary of justice, the Jin mourning of the gong to restore hegemony, Han Yue's strength is quite a lot. After Han rose to rule the Jin dynasty for 27 years, the Han clan was prominent. In 403 BC, King Weilie of Zhou enfeoffed Han Qian, together with Zhao and Wei, as princes and established Korea.

Han Qian was ranked as a prince, not as strong as the Wei clan. At the time of the "Three Jins" alliance, South Korea then divided the Central Plains, made a lot of profits, and reached its peak of national power. However, due to the fact that South Korea was attacked on all sides and the chinese people were not still armed, they were repeatedly attacked by the great powers. In the midst of the brutal Warring States smoke, South Korea had to rely on wei, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Qin and other great powers.

By 230 BC, the Qin dynasty had destroyed Korea.

Zhao Guo

Zhao Guo's ancestor was the King of Zhou Mu, Yu Rong, and was very favored. Later, during the rebellion of the State of Xu, the founding father had outstanding military merits, and he was enfeoffed with Zhao Cheng, and established the Zhao clan. The suzerainty of the Zhao clan was later ranked as the Prince of Zhou. When King You of Zhou was king, Shu Dai left Hojing and came to the Jin Dynasty because he saw the corruption of the Zhou Dynasty. The following seven generations came to the decline of Zhao, assisting the Duke Wen of Jin to achieve hegemony, and the Zhao clan was therefore ranked as the secretary of the world. By 403 BC, King Weilie of Zhou had enfeoffed the Three Jin Dynasties as princes, and the Zhao clan had officially established a state.

At the beginning of the separation of the three Jins, the three families adhered to the unity of the Battle of Jinyang. Han Zhao And Wei Sanjin often formed an alliance of the Three Jins, acted together, and advanced and retreated together. Under the leadership of Marquis Wenhou of Wei, Shi Sanjin formed an extremely strong military and political force, breaking qi, cutting down Qin, defeating Chu, and dividing up the Central Plains, and the world was invincible.

Since the main battlefields of Wei and Han were in the south, zhao guo's profits were uneven. Wanting to invade the south, he was squeezed out by the State of Wei, and the contradictions between Wei and Zhao escalated. In 375 BC, Marquis Cheng of Zhao succeeded to the throne, and the Gongzi Dynasty rebelled. Marquis Wu of Wei publicly supported and helped Gongzi Dynasty attack Handan, and Wei and Zhao broke up completely, announcing the end of the honeymoon period of the Three Jins. When the state of Wei was in full swing, Qi, Qin, and Chu quietly rose. In 354 BC, King Hui of Wei sent the general Pang Juan to attack the State of Zhao and besiege the capital of the State of Zhao, Handan. Zhao called for help from Qi and Chu. King Qi Wei sent Tian Ji to send troops. Tian Ji plotted with Sun Zhen to encircle Wei and save Zhao.

After a long period of negotiations between the major powers and the State of Wei, the hegemony of the State of Wei gradually declined, and the State of Zhao gradually rose. The State of Wei was adjacent to the State of Qin and was repeatedly attacked by the State of Qin, and the State of Wei had to take measures to jointly resist qin and renew its alliance with the princes of the Central Plains. In 325 BC, King Hui of Wei initiated the Five Kingdoms of Wei, Zhao, Han, Yan, and Zhongshan. The young King Wuling of Zhao was also excited to be called King Zhao. When Zhao was weak, he was often deceived. The Wuling King said, "No truth, dare to deal with his name?" "Go to the trumpet of the king, and never be king again for the rest of your life."

Later, King Wuling of Zhao worked hard to be strong, skillfully escaped from the melee of the princes of the Central Plains, and led the people of the country, dressed in Hu costumes and learned to ride and shoot, which is known in history as "HuFu Riding and Shooting".

Hufu rides and shoots

As a result, the strength of the Zhao State was greatly enhanced. Shi Zai "Shi Zhao Zhi Qiang, Jia Yu San Jin". In 299 BC, Zhao Jun abdicated, and the prince He Washi was created as the King of Zhao Huiwen, who called himself the main father. In 296 BC, Zhao's father destroyed the Zhongshan Kingdom and annexed it alone. And north of the land, expand the soil for thousands of miles.

After the death of Zhao's father, King Huiwen of Zhao succeeded his father and gradually competed with Qin Cheng for hegemony, becoming the ultimate opponent of the Qin state to unify the world. In 262 BC, Qin Wang Gong and Zhao Lianpo confronted each other in Changping, and the two sides formed a fierce tug-of-war. By 260 BC, King Xiaocheng of Zhao replaced Lian Po with Zhao Kuo, and King Zhao of Qin replaced Wang Gong with Bai Qi. Soon Baiqi besieged the Zhao army for more than 40 days, and the Zhao army was completely destroyed. The strength of the Zhao state declined greatly.

In 228 BC, the Qin king sent an army to destroy the Zhao state and capture the Zhao king Qian.

Wei

The ancestor of the State of Wei was Bi Gonggao, and after the death of the Bi State, the Gong clan was called the Bi clan and scattered everywhere. There was a man known as Bi Wan, who served the Duke of Jin as Che Right, and was enfeoffed in Wei City for military merit and established the Wei clan. During the Jin Dynasty, Wei Dai was promoted to a secretary, and Emperor Dazong of Wei began to join the ranks of the six secretaries of the Jin Dynasty. The Wei clan made his fortune later, slightly weaker than the other five Secretaries. In 453 BC, Wei Huanzi Wei Ju, together with Zhao and Han, divided the Jin state. In 403 BC, King Weilie of Zhou made Wei Si a prince and was known as Marquis Wen of Wei.

The initial capital Anyi (安邑, in present-day northwestern Xia County, Shanxi) moved to Daliang (大梁, in modern Kaifeng, Henan) during the reign of King Hui of Wei, hence the name LiangGuo. In 225 BC, the Qin general Wang Ben attacked Wei, broke the river ditch to irrigate the city of Daliang, and the king of Wei was false, destroying Wei.

During the reign of Marquis Wen of Wei, the State of Wei monopolized the Central Plains. Militarily, with Wu Qi and Le Yang as generals, zhongshan (restored after the death of Marquis Wen of Wei), united With Han Zhao, defeated Qin, weak Qi Chu, attacked Jiang Qi, and the Wei clan in the Central Plains was dominant. After the death of Marquis Wen of Wei, Marquis Wu of Wei continued to grow stronger and stronger in the state of Wei. When Wei was in the east, he fought in the west and the south in the north. However, the relationship between Wei and Zhao gradually became tense, and the backyard of the Three Jins caught fire. Neither Marquis Wu of Wei nor his son King Hui of Wei had clear strategic goals, but they blindly used their forces to fight against the military.

The State of Qin

The ancestor of the Qin state was the King of Zhou Mu, Yu Rong, and was very favored. Later, during the rebellion of the State of Xu, the founding father had outstanding military merits, and he was enfeoffed with Zhao Cheng, and established the Zhao clan. Later, Feizi was enfeoffed in Inuqiu and established the State of Qin. After several generations of dismal operation, because of the merits of the King of Qin, he was first a prince, called the Duke of QinXiang. The barrenness of the Qin state is inferior to the princes of the Central Plains. To Qin Mugong's strength, the country was slightly stronger, and it dominated Xi Rong. Subsequently, the State of Qin fell into a long-term downturn and was repeatedly defeated by the State of Jin.

The last three families divided the Jin Dynasty, and the Three Jins jointly attacked the Qin State, and the Qin State declined even more.

During the Warring States period, Wei used Wu Qi as a general, repeatedly defeated the Qin army, and invaded the hinterland of Guanzhong. After The Duke of Qin Xiaogong ascended the throne, he issued an order to ask for a sage, and Wei Martingale entered Qin, which was used for the Duke of Filial Piety, and the Filial Piety Commission implemented the change law with the state government, which is known in history as the "Shang Martingale Transformation Law". Since then, the State of Qin has become increasingly powerful. In 325 BC, King Huiwen of Qin became king. In 316 BC, Qin destroyed Shu, and since then Qin has officially become a great power. In 246 BC, king Yingzheng of Qin ascended the throne, and in 238 BC he came to power, beginning his conquest of the Six Kingdoms. From the qin annihilation of Korea in 230 BC to the destruction of the State of Qi in 221 BC, the unification of China.

State form

Historians pointed out that the evolution of the princes into the Warring States Seven Heroes in the Spring and Autumn Period was the development of the "city state" to the "territorial state", and the old city state had lost its independence. The confrontation between the Seven Heroes of the Warring States is similar to the confrontation between the Roman Empire and Carthage, Syria, Egypt and so on in Western history. When the territorial countries were unified, the ancient empire qin and Han were formed.