Wang Sangui, Professor of the School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Chinese Min University, and a key member of the China Macroeconomic Forum (CMF), this article is reproduced from the Chinese WeChat public account on April 11.
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At the historical juncture of advancing toward the second centenary goal, doing a good job of consolidating and expanding the achievements in poverty alleviation and effectively linking with rural revitalization is a major issue that requires the whole party to attach great importance to the overall situation. In order to achieve an effective connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, it is necessary to find experiences that can be learned from the practice of poverty alleviation, so as to more effectively formulate institutional mechanisms and policy systems for rural revitalization.
First, industrial development. Improving and adjusting industrial poverty alleviation policies and doing a good job in industrial layout planning is the key link to effectively link poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. During the period of poverty alleviation, various localities have cultivated a large number of industries that can increase the income of the poor and explored different interest connection mechanisms. Affected by the human capital endowments of the poor, the industrial poverty alleviation that has overcome poverty mainly relies on the development of low-tech primary agricultural product production and labor-intensive non-agricultural industries to help the poor increase their income. Rural revitalization is to improve agricultural innovation, competitiveness and total factor productivity by building a modern agricultural industrial system, production system and management system, so as to realize the transformation from a big agricultural country to an agricultural power.
The connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization industries is to find a reasonable balance between helping the poor to achieve industrial development and stable employment and realize the expansion and strengthening of the rural revitalization industry, so as to benefit the poor in the process of realizing industrial upgrading in poor areas. Second, it is necessary to do a good job in scientific industrial layout planning, while introducing and encouraging new business entities to develop industries, fully draw on the experience and model of industrial poverty alleviation, and establish a benefit connection mechanism that can benefit the poor and low-income population for a long time and is conducive to improving their capabilities. It is necessary to avoid that the industrial support policy for rural revitalization only benefits leading enterprises and large households with large talents, which violates the goal of rural revitalization to alleviate relative poverty.
Second, ecological livability. Poverty alleviation in this regard has carried out a lot of exploration, first, the relocation of poverty alleviation, relocation policy on the relocation of poverty alleviation relocation site layout planning, social integration of relocated households, habit change, follow-up support livelihood issues have made a series of major explorations and attempts, cost control, relocation methods, land disposal, infrastructure, public services and community management in the process of relocation have formed different models, providing a good policy and experience for rural revitalization. The second is the transformation of dangerous houses, poverty alleviation to solve the problem of dangerous houses, rural revitalization will shift to the construction of beautiful and livable villages, the policy focus will shift to the demolition of idle and dangerous old houses in rural areas, village mergers, sewage treatment, garbage removal and rural dry toilet transformation and other aspects of ecological and environmental livability.
General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that "green water and green mountains are golden mountains and silver mountains", and the improvement of the ecological environment is also conducive to industrial development. First, rural tourism, a good ecological environment can bring economic benefits through the development of tourism; the second is "carbon trading", "carbon peak" in 2030, "carbon neutrality" in 2060 is China's major strategy, and the future role of rural "carbon sequestration" can generate economic benefits through "carbon trading".
Third, education guarantees. Poverty alleviation mainly focuses on the problem of poor people dropping out of school in the compulsory education stage, and many effective measures have been taken to control school dropouts and prevent school-age children from poor families from dropping out of school due to poverty, boredom, inconvenience in going to school and other reasons. These measures can be applied to the non-poor in the rural revitalization stage or to the non-compulsory education stage, thereby increasing the enrolment and completion rates at all stages of education throughout rural areas. The focus of rural revitalization work should be on improving the universal rate of preschool education and the enrolment rate of high school education, and areas with the capacity can incorporate high school education into the compulsory education stage and implement 12 years of free education.
It is not enough to focus only on the problem of school-age children dropping out of school in the rural revitalization stage, and the quality of education will become a more important issue and face more challenges, which need to be solved by innovative policies and methods. The key to the low quality of education in rural areas is the lack of excellent teachers, and how to train excellent teachers, retain excellent teachers and introduce excellent teachers in rural areas in the future is obviously a problem that needs to be explored.
Fourth, medical security. The main focus of the poverty alleviation stage is the basic medical security of the poor, and the policy focus is to make the poor people see and afford to be sick. Policy measures include the construction of a three-level medical system at the county, township and village levels, basic medical insurance and policy-based major illness insurance to cover the poor population, increase the reimbursement ratio of the poor population, chronic disease subsidies and contracted services, and the implementation of preferential policies such as first diagnosis and treatment, post-payment and one-stop settlement for the inpatient treatment of major diseases.
In the stage of rural revitalization, the medical security policy for the poor during the period of poverty alleviation can be retained, and some policies can be extended to all rural residents and become inclusive policies; taking the serious illness and long-term chronic disease security system of the poor as the model, accelerate the establishment of a national major disease and chronic disease relief system, but to prevent the occurrence of problems such as excessive protection and excessive medical treatment for the poor in some areas, the level of security must be compatible with the local economic and social development and have financial sustainability Medical and health departments should attach importance to cultivating rural medical talents and general practitioners, promote the construction of county and rural medical communities and the popularization of telemedicine, and greatly improve the level of grass-roots medical services.
Fifth, the rural style civilization. During the period of poverty alleviation, the practice of "wisdom and wisdom and double support" in various places has provided valuable experience for the construction of rural style civilization during the period of rural revitalization. Specifically, there is a "moral bank", and poor households can score points in the "moral bank" for good deeds, and the points can be exchanged for things; there is a "red and black list", which is done well on the red list, and those who do not do well are on the black list; and the person in charge of support is set up to encourage poor households to participate in "dry learning" and improve labor skills. These ways of stimulating endogenous motivation can be further refined and applied to rural revitalization.
Sixth, institutional mechanisms. At present, rural revitalization follows the working mechanism of "overall planning by the central authorities, overall responsibility of the province, and implementation by cities and counties" during the period of poverty alleviation, establishes a leadership responsibility system for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, clarifies that the number one party and government leader is the first responsible person for rural revitalization, and requires the secretaries of the five levels of provinces, cities, counties, townships, and villages to grasp rural revitalization together; establish a performance appraisal system for city and county party and government groups and leading cadres to promote the rural revitalization strategy; and establish a third-party evaluation mechanism. During the period of poverty alleviation, the system of east-west cooperation and fixed-point assistance that plays a major role should be further improved and continue to play a role.
Seventh, grassroots governance. During the period of poverty alleviation, all localities sent first secretaries to poor villages, village task forces, long-term village assistance, cadres and paired assistance with poor households, which significantly improved grass-roots governance. In addition, we have invested a lot of manpower and material resources in poverty alleviation, which has greatly improved the governance and management capabilities of poor villages. Rural revitalization involves all villages, can not simply copy the way of poverty alleviation in the village, the specific way of staying in the village, the requirements of the personnel stationed in the village, the time spent in the village, should be fully combined with the actual situation of each place and adjusted accordingly. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of the two village committees, improve the level of governance, and achieve the goal of combining "autonomy, rule of law, and rule by virtue" in rural areas.
"It is not difficult to win, but it is also difficult for those who hold on." To consolidate and expand the effective connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, it is necessary to prevent the emergence of large-scale return to poverty, realize the shift from targeted poverty alleviation to comprehensive rural revitalization, improve policies and optimization systems to serve rural revitalization, improve the level of modernization of rural governance, and write a new chapter of the times in building a new development pattern, promoting rural revitalization, and promoting common prosperity.