Gilea
What can the occultists who delved into Hinduism and Celtic mythology a hundred years ago have to do with modern politics? The answer was unexpected: from the Kremlin to the White House, there is a specter of "traditionalism" haunting the center of political power — Putin's think tank Alexander Dugin believes that traditionalism is worth learning from, former U.S. President Trump's adviser Steve Bannon is very familiar with traditionalist theory, and Brazilian President Bolsonaro's think tank Olavo de Carvalho is the third generation of traditionalism.
Alexander Dugin
Mark J. Sedgwick, a British scholar who studies traditionalism, once said: "[Du jin's] spiritual practice can be explained by Rene Guenon, and his political activities can be explained by Julius Evola", which is a good summary of The relationship between Dukin's mystical beliefs and grand political ideals and the genealogy of traditionalist thought. In The Fourth Political Theory, published by Dugin, it is clear that traditionalism is worth learning, especially the parts that oppose modernism. This is extremely intriguing, because the theory of thought against modernity is overwhelming, and he has chosen a fringe faction full of mysticism and eschatology. In fact, as early as Soviet times, Dugin joined a small circle of esotericism, specializing in the study of scholars related to the occult and experimenting with various mystical rituals. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he tried to hide his mystical beliefs and organized a "national Bolshevik party" to reconcile communism and ultra-nationalism, but eventually chose to repackage his political theory as "neo-Eurasianism", focusing on promoting his own geopolitical theory. But in a 2014 interview, he frankly admitted: "Traditionalism was and remains the central focus of all my later philosophical developments ... As a thinker, it is traditionalism that shapes me... I realized that I was a rebel who belonged to the "Tradition" in the desert of modernity, a rebel who belonged to the "metaphysical underground"... I've never gotten rid of that." He also said that "I also think that Evora and Ganon are masters, symbols of the final revolt and the great revival".
In Duking's neo-Eurasianism, he argues that Genon and Evora do not attach enough importance to the traditions unique to Russia and oppose a certain expansive, monistic tradition, but instead transform the units of tradition into "civilizations", but instead of supporting some kind of apartheid multipolar society like the New Right, he proposes an expansive "Eurasianism" based on Slavism in Russian history. Like the traditionalists, Dugin believed that modern society was in a state of depravity, except that he believed that the "Eurasian" tradition of Orthodox and Slavic unions would be the best bulwark, and that the restoration of "Eurasian" traditions in Russia would be the last beacon of human civilization. In particular, he stressed that the Orthodox Church, unlike the secularized Christianity of the West, retains the pagan traditions of the pre-Christian era in Russia, so that the Russian tradition has not been broken. He puts it bluntly in the book: "I agree with Gaynon and Evora... The view that modernity stems from its ideology —individualism, liberal democracy, capitalism, and so on—is the cause of humanity's future catastrophe, and that the dominance of Western attitudes around the globe is the ultimate degradation of the planet. The Western world is coming to an end, and we should not let it drag us all into the abyss. ”
Dukin also actively engaged with traditionalists in different countries in an attempt to form some sort of consensus. In 2011, he had a feud with Oravo de Carvalius of Brazil, who not only joined Sufism under Chinon's followers Shuon, but also publicly denied any scientific discoveries made by Newton and Galileo. Olavo later became Bolsonaro's personal adviser, eventually helping him to be elected president of Brazil in 2019. In 2018, Dukin met with Trump's campaign adviser and personal adviser Steve Bannon, who repeatedly spoke in interviews about Gunon and the belief in the "end of the law" era. Dukin also actively organized the translation of his own treatises in Hungary, Turkey and other countries to cultivate political allies.
The fringe school of the founders who believed in the real existence of atlantis and apocalypticism in ancient Greek legends was not at first a crazy political doctrine, but only a mystical worldview. But the danger of extreme ideology is not how extreme and crazy it is, but how close it is to those who have political power. After several generations of theoretical scholars, traditionalism has evolved from the study of the mystics of hidden wisdom to a political movement with a prominent influence on right-wing politics.
"The Crisis of the Modern World"
In 1922, the French occult scholar Abdel Al-Walheid Yahya published his first book, Introduction to the Study of Hindu Doctrine. He tried to use Hinduism as an example to establish a theory of understanding "metaphysics" and "tradition" through Eastern religions. In his view, "tradition" is not exclusive to one civilization, but a common set of values shared among many civilizations. Later, in The Crisis of the Modern World, he further elaborated on his worldview: all transcendental truths and goodnesses have been contained in the tradition of the "Golden Age", scientific progress is a pure illusion, and modern Western civilization that worships matter and the individual, and opposes spirit and caste has gradually deviated from tradition, and society has fallen into chaos, which also reflects the fact that we are in the "end of the law". He claimed that democracy usurped the spiritual power of the spirit, but was nothing more than the product of hypocritical materialism, that the opinion of the masses could be easily manipulated, that the large number did not prove itself to be the true truth, and that at the end of the "age of the end of the law", a few who truly understood the tradition would take back the power that belonged to them. In fact, he believed that the best outcome of science was nothing more than the decaying forms of alchemy and astrology, which in turn were close to older (and correct) wisdom, so that all technological inventions were superfluous and disruptive.
René Guénon
Yahya is better known as Rene Guenon, and Yahya was the name he took after his conversion to Sufiism in 1921. Ganon sought to build a set of "divine sciences" from the interpretation of ancient religious symbols and myths around the world, deciphering the subtle wisdom contained in them. For him, this tradition hidden in religion is not a fantasy, but a real history—he believes that thousands of years before the history of mankind, there were glorious civilizations that advocated spiritualism, but they did not pursue material and technological, and the wooden cities they built could not be preserved, but these spirits were left in the form of "tradition" (trade in capital letters), such as the Celtic civilization in Europe, which was the "far north" after the sinking of Atlantis and also withered "(Hyperborean) the result of the fusion of civilizations. He believed that "Tradition" was a primordial truth, a priori, unchanging, perfect, and this belief in the "eternity of truth" also gave traditionalism another name for "perennialism."
According to Ganon, the "metaphysics" implicit in "tradition" is universal wisdom, and we cannot define what metaphysics is like science, because definition itself is a limitation, the opposite of universality. In his view, modern Western civilization is farther and farther away from "tradition" and more and more empty because it worships materialist science, ignores the universal wisdom of the spirit, and only emphasizes the order of human beings themselves rather than the existence of individuals. He believed that the decline of the West reflected the cycle of times that existed in both Eastern and Western religions: the gold, silver, bronze, and black iron ages of the ancient Greeks corresponded to the cycle of the four Hindu eras (Yuga), from the beginning of the "Krita Yuga" to the "time of struggle" (Kali Yuga), the gradual decline of truth and morality, and the era in which Dharma had died, that is, the "age of the end". In the Golden Age, everyone had abundant virtues and convictions, and could find their place in the so-called "metaphysics", so that the world was happy and life was happy. The crisis of modernity must therefore be salvaged by reconstructing a set of understandings of "metaphysics."
Ganon argues that Christianity hides a true European "tradition" and that the high civilization that existed only in the pre-Christian era is now insurmountable. He further believes that these "traditions" can only be found in Eastern civilizations that are not polluted by the materialism of Western civilization, which is why he is so fond of Eastern religions such as Islam, Hinduism, and Taoism. He argues that the caste system of Indian Brahmin dictatorship reflects the "traditional" order, that is, the divine power that arises from the understanding of the sacred "tradition" should be superior to the secular, temporary power, and each person has his own place. He even quotes in the entire passage of the Book of Rites and Universities: "Those who want to rule their country first; those who want to rule their country first; those who want to rule their country, first cultivate their homes; those who want to cultivate their homes, first cultivate their bodies; those who want to cultivate their bodies, first straighten their hearts; those who want to correct their hearts, first be sincere; those who want to be sincere, first to know, to know in the grid, to know the qualities, to know the qualities and then to know, to know and then to know, to know and then to be sincere, to be sincere and then to be sincere, to be sincere and then to be righteous, to be sincere and then to be righteous, to be sincere and then to be righteous, to be honest and then to be righteous, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest and then to be honest, to be honest This Passage of Confucianism, which he explains, is how rulers realize the "Mandate of Heaven" and how to submit to divine knowledge by accepting the guidance of "tradition." It is precisely because the Western rulers claim to be under the command of others and lack the command of spiritual principles, that all their actions are nothing more than false incitement and do not bring about real change, and "democracy can only appear where pure knowledge no longer exists."
Out of contempt for mass politics, Ganon also refused to actively organize the transformation of contemporary society, but chose to escape into the empty door in 1930 and go to Cairo, Egypt, to practice Sufi occultism, and continue to delve into what he called "metaphysics" and wait for the end of the "end of the Law" until his death in 1951. Although he did not resort to mass movements, he called on a small number of intellectual elites to continue to study tradition and use "vincit omnia veritas" to encourage colleagues not to doubt their own causes. He says in the book, "Those who can successfully overcome all these obstacles and overcome an environment of hostility against all spirituality are undoubtedly few; but, let us stress again, numbers are not the most important, for the laws of our field are quite different from the laws of matter." ”
In fact, contrary to his own imagination, he was no smarter than the scholars of his time, let alone approached any "truth." Regardless of the fact that his interpretation of archaeology and world history is fraught with all kinds of fallacies and misunderstandings that were popular at the beginning of the twentieth century when archaeology and anthropology first emerged, such as trying to prove the authenticity of ancient legends with archaeological discoveries, and using the indigenous cultures that existed in modern times as a legacy of primitive society, the East, which in his eyes preserved ancient traditions, is not so different from the view of other Oriental scholars, and is stagnant and unchanged, just like the "noble barbarians" believed by the thinkers of the Enlightenment. Traditionalists use the interpretation of Eastern religions and cultures as antidotes to the intense social conflicts experienced by Western societies in the first three decades of the 20th century, and the reality of the East is not important, what is important is to be able to provide a template for self-help for the declining West. It's just that he whimsically believes that stagnation is a beautiful thing. And his comparative study of semiotics and mythology is only to interpret the subtle meanings, but who can decide whether these interpretations that believe that the world's cross symbols come from the ultra-ancient tradition are "truth"? Similar to Leo Strauss's subtle reading of Western classics, they wanted to discover the truth in the wisdom of the ancients as they hoped to become the "monastic class" that held the sole definition and domination of truth. And When Ganon naively stated the theory that "brahmins should be in power," it is hard not to suspect that he considers himself to be a future brahmin in power, and that other crypticians like Strauss will be somewhat hidden.
The impact of Genon's semiotic research was so far-reaching that wild traditionalist theories attracted opposition from the Catholic Church and later inspired a large number of thinkers, and the Italian occultist and far-right thinker Julius Evola was the first to try to put "traditionalism" into modern politics.
A rebellion against the modern world
Evora liked to wear monocle glasses, dressed up brightly, and called himself a "baron", although at best he was a distant relative of a baron. Like Cannon, he came from the so-called esotericism study. The difference is that Ganon did not serve for physical reasons, while Evora fought in World War I, which made Evora far more enthusiastic about violence than Ganon, who considered himself an intellectual.
Julius Evora
Like many fascists, Evora was initially influenced by the Futurism, Avant-Garde art, and Dadaism that prevailed in the 1920s, but he was also gradually influenced by various supernatural studies, especially Tantric Buddhism. Together with Arturo Reghini, he founded the Ur Group, which aimed to have a magical effect on the world through the practice of tantra, Hermeticism, and other occult knowledge. Regini was a traditionalist mystic who supported fascism, arguing that fascism could restore Italy's ties with ancient cultures and tried to support them through magic. It was at Regini's recommendation that Evora began to correspond directly with Ganon and translated the Italian version of The Crisis of the Modern World, and went on to expound Ganon's doctrines about caste order, the "age of end times", and "spiritual power".
Evora and Ganon were convinced that the Hindu Yuga Cycle, the crisis-ridden present, is the end of four ages, and that after the end of the age, the golden age of the Great Path will be revived. However, according to Gannon's calculations, the four eras are 64800 years long, and the "end of the law era" should end in 1999. Evora's belief in the "end times" was less rigid than that of the "end times", which for him represented the rise of Nazism and fascism, which would revive the ancient civilizations of the Aryans and restore the "traditions" to domination. In 1934, Evora published Rebellion against the Modern World, which is considered his most important work. Like Ganon, he declared that "the truths that make us understand the traditional world are not those that can be 'learned' or 'discussed.'" They are either or they are not. That is, truth is rooted in intuition and is an eternal wisdom. He believed that "tradition" was born from the prehistoric Far North and gradually spread throughout the world, through the traditional social system of the conqueror race (The Aryans), "a hierarchical system that carried spiritual, national and racial values was established." This tradition still exists in the East, providing order and beliefs for local societies, such as caste systems and matching Hinduism.
He agreed with Ganon that history is a process of constant regression, that the power to rule is lost from top to bottom in the order of the four castes/hierarchies of the holy leader, the samurai nobleman, the merchant (bourgeoisie), and the slave (proletariat), and the power of the fools at the bottom is getting bigger and bigger, and all aspects of society are declining. For example, the dominant building has changed from a temple to an ugly and boring factory, and the aesthetic has changed from a symbol with the magic of predicting the future to a pure destruction of a bygone era. Although he was also opposed to capitalism, the aim was to return to the pre-capitalist era, for example, he pointed out that the development of industrial survival made the machine dominate man, and man had to generate new desires to satisfy the results of machine production, rather than suppressing and reducing man's desires as in the ancient tradition, and his solution was to control desires and abandon machines rather than control machines, which was completely different from marxist theory of alienation. In his hyper-conservative view of gender, where men are fighting and possessive, women are giving and protected, and "humanizing" women will deprive them of their qualities as women," and ultimately, as women become increasingly self-centered, men are no longer interested in her; she only cares about what they can offer to satisfy her pleasure or her vanity." ”
Citing the rampant Jewish Jews as evidence, he believes that the 1930s symbolized the collapse of the merchant-led Third Era, and that the Soviet Union represented the advent of the next era (the End of the Law). The human beings of this age have developed the illusion of the self, "creating a world of mirages, apparitions and idols, replacing spiritual reality; this is the cultural myth of humanism, which is nothing more than a cave full of shadows." While he argues that "a return to the spirit of tradition in the context of a new, unified European consciousness is needed for the West to be saved," he also argues that the true tradition of the West is obscured by Catholicism, which itself as a spiritual form is already in decline, and it is too late to save. In his view, there is nothing worth "turning into spring mud" for the next golden age, and the wisdom of the past era exists only among a very small number of people who inherit the "eternal fire", "although they are scattered all over the world and often unaware of each other's existence, they are bound together by an invisible bond, forming an unbreakable chain in the spirit of 'tradition'." So he came up with the best solution: acceleration—that is, since postponing the end is prolonging suffering, it is better to use the most destructive process of modern society to achieve liberation, which he called "riding the tiger," and he later published a book devoted to how to accelerate through the practice of "riding the tiger" in the end times.
Evora was more dangerous than Gaenon because he stepped out of the occult circles and tried to influence politics, thus giving a traditionalist public character. For him, fascism was too weak, absorbing too many elements of popular politics, and making too many compromises with the Catholic Church, so he attacked Mussolini throughout the thirties. According to archival research, he tried to join Mussolini's Fascist Party in order to join the army in World War II, but was rejected, and he never obtained fascist membership. As early as 1928, he published Pagan Imperialism, which is considered by later generations to be one of the founding works of fascism. He believed that fascism represented conformity with the Pagan tradition of Rome, rather than the pursuit of universality as the Catholic Church. However, after Mussolini signed the Vatican Agreement with the Holy See, Evora was suppressed by official fascism, but his theories gained repercussions in Germany, especially his maverick racial theory.
Mussolini and his fascist army
Evora believed that the Jews did indeed seek to control the world's politics and economy, which also represented their ethnic traits as merchants. However, Evora believed that races should be divided into physical races, soul races, and spiritual races, and that a person could be physically Aryan but spiritually Jewish. In the Golden Age racial identity should have been monolithic and basic, consistent with his caste status. It is important to approach "tradition" on the level of spiritual races, not just to restore the flesh of ancient races. This view is far from fascist racism, which cries for "blood and earth". In 1938, In order to speed up the political coordination of the Italian fascist movement and Nazi Germany, Mussolini introduced the anti-Semitic "Racial Law", and in the official Italian "Racial Manifesto", Evola's theory was criticized by name for seeking benefits for the Jews. Evora himself, however, was a thorough anti-Semite, and he even prefaced the Italian edition of the Pamphlet "Protocol of the Presbyterian Church of Zion," a conspiracy theory pamphlet about Jewish world domination. By 1941, Mussolini admired his Review of Racism, published in the same year, and met with him to consult him on how to balance German descent racism with Italian cultural racism. Mussolini feared that pedigree racism in favor of the Aryan race might not be able to be pursued in fascist Italy, especially italy with African colonies and the annexation of vast Arab and Islamic-influenced territories in the eastern Mediterranean, and even whether the Italians themselves were Aryans. Therefore, he preferred to maintain domestic order with a more conciliatory identity, but also needed to balance with the ideology of the Nazi "Big Brother", so he turned to Evora.
But Evola was really recognized not in his homeland, but in Nazi Germany. He toured Germany for a long time in the 1930s and 1940s to give political speeches, and his prestige was so high that he attracted the attention of the Nazi SS. The Nazi Party, while agreeing with his pagan theories, considered his ideas too utopian and unfavorable to the Führer system, and therefore allowed him to propagate his theories to a certain extent. At that time, the SS suggested to Himmler to curb evora's public influence to avoid him gaining political leadership.
His doctrine had many resonances with the "conservative revolution" school in Germany at that time, especially in the decline of the West, the rejection of the linear Christian view of time, the return to the old times, and the advocating of the spirit of battle. The conservative revolution, which originated in Prussia's anti-French, anti-Enlightenment tradition, was proposed by the likes of Arthur Moller van den Bruck, Edgar Jung and Oswald Spengler during the Weimar German period, when Edgar Jung and Oswald Spengler advocated a "conservative revolution" that revived pre-modern traditions through violence and became one of the main forces on the right at the time, with Edgar Jung serving as prime minister's adviser. During the Third Reich, some conservative revolutionaries were purged for expressing opposition to the Führer, anti-Semitism, the nationalization of the Church, and so on, such as Jung, who was executed on the night of the long knife; others, such as Karl Schmidt, wanted to borrow Hitler to realize their political ideas, but were eventually marginalized because they failed to achieve absolute loyalty to the Nazis. But after the war, conservative revolutionaries revived in Germany as a non-Nazi right-wing ideology.
In the final stages of World War II, Evola insisted on sorting out the archives of secret societies for the SS in her offices in Vienna, rather than hiding from bombing in bomb shelters. He would even take a walk through the ruined streets of Vienna, where he claimed to "set out in search of (danger) with the spirit of silently asking questions about fate", and in the end it was the Soviet aviation bombs that satisfied him as a representative of fate. Although she recovered her life, Evora spent the rest of her life in a wheelchair due to paraplegia under her waist. But this material obstacle certainly did not prevent him from continuing his activities.
Even though Evola, out of anti-democratic and anti-popular principles, did not gain a more important position during the Nazi and fascist regimes, he and the "conservative revolutionaries" succeeded in inspiring a new right-wing movement after the war.
The "rebellion" he proposed in his youth did not give up after the war. In 1950, in a Letter to Youth, Evola stated that "inner action must precede all other actions" The four poisonous weeds of Darwinism (evolution), Marxism (economic determinism), psychoanalysis and existentialism prevent young people from forming a healthy view of themselves and cultivating new people who can rebuild the country. He published Man in ruins: Postwar Reflections of Radical Traditionalists (1953) and Riding the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocracy of the Soul (1961), the former of which deals specifically with the "organic state" as an alternative to the already discredited totalitarian politics, and the latter, in a more pessimistic way, depicting how individuals in the "end times" should preserve themselves for the end times. He described the modernity trend as already so powerful, like a tiger: How can you ride a tiger? Isn't that hard? So he essentially advocated hiding and retreated to the Ganon-style hermitage. He also explained that the other side of "riding a tiger is difficult" is that you can avoid being swallowed by the tiger, and even when you can maintain yourself sitting on the tiger, you can also control the tiger. That is to say, the traditionalists need to practice and coexist with modernity in order to be able to gain an advantage in the age of end-time in the golden age of the future.
So what does he mean by an "organic state"? "When a country has a center, it is organic, and this center is an idea that shapes all areas of life in an effective way. When it ignores the divisions and autonomy of individual things, and under a system of hierarchical participation, each part within its relative autonomy performs its own function and is closely related to the whole. In his eyes, traditional societies are organic, and each society organizes its parts in the same way as life. In fact, as early as 1939 he praised the SS as the ideal defense mechanism of the "organic state", who was not only responsible for removing toxins from the organism in the form of enforcing the law, but also "preventive and counter-offensive" and able to protect the spirit of the state. Based on a set of mystical theories, he called for a "Romano-Germanic European civilization" and replaced the European Federal Parliament with an "organic, masculine, hierarchical unity" that ensured that "every European country can contribute with its talents while retaining its own personality and the place it deserves." Evora made this European unity a "European empire" in which "nationalism (and its terrible appendage, i.e., imperialism) and chauvinism should be excluded — in other words, the fanatical absolutization of a particular unit." "Evola during the Cold War saw both the United States and the Soviet Union as a symptom of modern decay, the former essentially representing the corruption of Western materialism, especially the hippie movement of the sixties and seventies, and even associating with black culture; the latter was an extreme form of Russia's abandonment of its traditions and assimilation by the West, representing the dark age of so-called fourth-class rebellion. His criticism brought him to the attention of those who sought the "third way" in the era of bipolar hegemony, allowing an extremist thinker who was inseparable from fascism to gain a more prominent political and cultural status than before in the post-war era when fascism was overthrown.
The specter of traditionalism
In Evola's native Italy, the far-right terrorists who supported him created a "lead-color era" of frequent terrorist attacks and political assassinations, which lasted from the 1960s to the 1980s. At that time, the neo-fascist theorist Pino Rauti made no secret of following Evola's example and advocating violence to create tensions and the disintegration of the social order to bring the neo-fascist organizations to power, and the platform of the Italian neo-fascist organization "New Order" also directly quoted his work, and they were closely related to several terrorist attacks, including the Bologna attack that killed 85 people in 1980.
The Bologna attack, which killed 85 people in 1980
In Germany, Evora was already closely associated with the conservative revolutionaries, but disagreed on the issue of nationalism. The confluence of the two inspired the "New Right" movement in European countries. Led by the establishment of the "GRECE" (Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne," a study group for the study of European civilizations, which advocated "ethnopluralism" based on cultural characteristics, they believed that each ethnic group should preserve its own traditional culture and should not be mixed with other cultures. Its core essence is actually racial segregation. They believed that Europe as a whole was a unified white race, belonging to a tradition. In order to protect their European identity, they believe that immigrants (especially Muslims) should be rejected, and pluralism should also be rejected to avoid the demise of indigenous European cultures from being occupied by foreign traditional doves. Inspired by Evora, they also advocated an "organic democracy" that was different from egalitarian liberal democracy, a natural hierarchical society in which the elites were necessary to preserve their cultural identity and maintain a sense of social responsibility.
The "identitarian movement," which is highly integrated with the American alternative right, is the direct successor to this faction, which directly cites the New Right leader Alaine de Benoist, Evora, the conservative revolutionary Ernst Junger, and the new right's white supremacy and xenophobia, proposing the "white genocide." Conspiracy theories such as "great replacement" claim to protect European traditions from destruction. Anders Behring Breivik and Breton Tarrant, who carried out terrorist attacks in Norway and New Zealand, respectively, both cited these conspiracy theories in their manifestos.
The American alternative right itself has been influenced by traditionalism. Don't say that Steve Bannon was an outspoken traditionalist, but unlike his predecessors, he preached to defend a Judeo-Christian civilization. In a 2020 study, the authors searched for "Kali Yuga" and the words that appeared at the same time in 7,000 posts from 2013 to 2019 on forums where the alternative right was concentrated and active (4chan's "Politically Incorrect" section), resulting in an associative graph in which "Evola" took center and the most prominent words were "cycle", "calendar" and "Jews" (Jews).
In addition, Romania, Greece, Hungary, Ukraine, Italy and other European countries have emerged far-right parties influenced by Evola, such as the once-coalition Greek "Golden Dawn", Hungary's Jobik, Ukraine's Azov movement and so on. Space limitations make it impossible to enumerate them all.
When Gahenon was in Paris contemplating the universal meaning of the cross, it was absolutely inconceivable that he would appear on the reading list of a man who had incited the public to storm the U.S. Capitol building. The threats of the era of globalization are far worse than the wars and riots of the Era of Everla, and the many social phenomena spawned by the migration problem have become new targets of attack by the traditionalists, who have changed from generation to generation and have now absorbed too many other political theories to make it even more difficult to see the ambitions of those who really insist on the traditionalists. It also reminds us once again that the danger is not ideology itself – even though traditionalism encompasses almost all the ideological elements of contemporary neo-Nazis, neo-Nazis are absolutely less dangerous than traditionalism. Importantly, this extreme ideology has entered the small circle of power and become a kind of ghost — you can't tell if they're really assisting in specific political action, but it's as if a certain sentence, a certain political conflict, does have something to do with their claims. This immediacy relationship is precisely the ideal political model of traditionalism, a master of mystical knowledge that subtly guides aristocratic leaders to rule the ignorant masses that are easily instigated.
Editor-in-Charge: Wu Qin