The question of the size of the territory of the Ming Dynasty is very strange, because when it comes to this problem, the people with double standards are really double standards, and no matter how big you say, someone will raise the bar.
So in this article, I take out the information I have collected, and everyone will make their own judgments based on historical data.
First of all, to expose one thing, posting on the Internet to prove that those who are small in the territory of the DPRK, 80% of them are committed by "a certain group", of which the representative figure is a "relict" called "Beidou Weixuan", you go to the Internet to search for topics related to the territory of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, basically you can see his posts, here I want to say, I say that what I said is not necessarily right, but what he said must be wrong.
Yuan, Ming and Qing territories
If the three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties are compared in terms of territorial size, the order has basically not changed, or: Yuan, Ming, and Qing.
Don't worry about spraying, the territorial side said that the Qing Dynasty is the smallest, most people may say that I am not objective, but according to my research, this is indeed the case, we use historical data to speak.
The mongolian region in ancient times
This is the territory at the peak of the Yuan Dynasty, and in ancient times there was no formal territorial definition, but it was generally like this picture above, and there was no problem.
In fact, after Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, the above territories were basically accepted in its entirety, and the only controversial point now is that many people do not recognize that Mongolia at that time belonged to the Ming Dynasty, which is actually a wrong perception.
The rudimentary shape of the territory of the Ming Dynasty was laid during the Zhu Yuanzhang period, but the peak of the territory was the Zhu Di period.
At that time, Mongolia was divided into two parts, East Mongolia and West Mongolia, with Eastern Mongolia being Wala and Western Mongolia being Tatar, descendants of the previous Yuan Dynasty. The two sides have always been opposed in the Mongolian steppe, and they are all loyal to the Ming Dynasty in order to get the assistance of the Ming Dynasty and completely overthrow each other, but Zhu Di does not allow the various tribes of the steppe to be unified, so the consistent policy is to send troops to fight whoever disobeys.
In October of the sixth year of Yongle, VarazMaham and other tribute horses, and asked the seal to be knighted. In May of the following year, Zhu Di made Mahamu the King of Shunning, Taiping the King of Xianyi, and Bald Polo the King of Anle. "Records of Emperor Ming Taizong, Volume 84" Yongle 6th Year October Chengzi Article, same book 92 Yongle 7th Year May 2nd Article. Wallachia took the lead in receiving recognition and support from the Ming Dynasty.
The Tartars, on the other hand, are unstable in their evidence and have been killing each other. In October of the fourth year of Yongle, Arutai killed Yesuntai, expelled Ma'erhawe, and marched south to the land of the Hailar River (present-day Hailar River, in the territory of the Hulunbuir League in Inner Mongolia) in the Ming Taizong Shilu Vol. 60 Yongle in October of the fourth year of Yongle became the only ruler of tatarism.
However, Arutai did not submit to the Ming Dynasty like Vala, so Zhu Di began to crusade against the Tatars. When wa lai received the news that Zhu Di was going north, he was very active and directly expressed his willingness to work with the Ming Dynasty to suppress the Tatars. In the tenth year of Yongle, the envoys of The Wallachians once again boasted that they had killed Ben Ya Uzuli, seized the Yuan Dynasty's imperial jade seal, and once again proposed a plan to jointly attack the Tatars, and also requested various weapons and rewards from the Ming Dynasty. Records of Emperor Ming Taizong, Vol. 128, Yongle 10th Month of May.
Between Vala and Tatars, whoever was a threat to the Ming Dynasty, that is, did not submit to the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di sent troops to fight whom, and Tatars have always been the focus of Zhu Di's attack, Zhu Di's five expeditions to the north of the desert, four times against the Tatars. The Tatar forces that fought became very weak and had little room for them, which also created conditions for the future Wala to first rebel and unify Mongolia, and also laid the groundwork for the change of Tumu Fort.
During the Xuanzong years after Zhu Di, There was basically no major movement between Vala and Tatars, but Wuliangha was a bit foolish, and another name of Wuliangha was Duoyan Sanwei.
Duoyan Sanwei has always been said to be the Ming Dynasty's direct subordinate guard in Mongolia, but as the Tatar forces weakened, Wuliangha suddenly felt that he could not have more room for development, so he actually went south to the Luan River without the permission of the Ming Dynasty to herd horses. In order to deter the Northern Prisoners, Xuanzong Xuanzong personally led his troops out in the autumn of that year.
Moreover, Emperor Xuanzong led his troops to personally meet the enemy and defeated Wuliangha at Kuanhe (廣河, in present-day Kuancheng County, Hebei).
It can be said that the basic principle of the Ming Dynasty at this time was that those who recognized the Ming regime and obeyed them would provide all money, grain, knives and soldiers, and those who disturbed the side and did not obey discipline would send troops to teach lessons. After the conquest of Wuliangha, the Mongol steppes were basically left with only tatars and had not been completely surrendered, so Xuanzong provided weapons such as swords and bows for Vala to assist in the war, allowing Vala to attack Tatars. Records of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty, Vol. 65, Xuande 5th Year 4 Prop shen article.
In the sixth year of Xuande, only 2,000 people remained under the blows of the Tatar Arutai tribe, and fled to Jining Haizi to stay in the "Records of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty, Volume 79", Xuande's sixth year of May was ugly. It can be said that the sphere of influence has been basically dispersed.
In July of the ninth year of Xuande, Arutai was killed. Among the Tatar tribes, only the Great Khan Atai of Arutai and another minister, Duo'er Baobo, fled with more than a hundred people to the land of Acha bald (present-day Alxa League, Inner Mongolia). Another remnant of the army marched south to the territory of the Ming Dynasty, and were suppressed by the Ming army in the "Records of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty, Volume 113" of the ninth month of Xuande.
Subsequently, the Great Tatar Khan Atai Khan repeatedly asked the Ming Dynasty to surrender, but the Ming Dynasty ignored it and sent troops and Vala to jointly encircle and suppress the Tatars.
In the second year of orthodoxy, Atai Khan asked for surrender again, and the Ming Dynasty accepted the request this time, and also found a step down for Atai Khan, admitting that Atai Khan's disturbance was "hungry and cold, and had to die", allowing Atai Khan's subordinates to "choose a convenient place near the border to live and cultivate, fight around and fly, and be able to protect all their belongings and be my foreign domains."
At this point, all of Mongolia was submitted to the Ming Dynasty. Until the change of the civil fort in the back, a rebellion was launched first.
Some people will say that the time to rule Mongolia is so short, in fact, it is not so, the above is all the submission of all the tribes in Mongolia, in fact, most of the time, except for the Tatar tribes, the rest of the tribes have always been in a state of submission, and the Tatar tribes of the people, their ruling area is actually very small. So I think there's nothing wrong with the Ming Dynasty map painting most of Mongolia.
Then mongolia:
Many people who prove that Mongolia does not belong to the Ming Dynasty will generally talk about the change of Tumu fort, because this event is too famous, but in fact, if you have studied this period of history, you will know that this evidence is too boring, because even if you are yourself, you are acknowledging the orthodox status of the Ming Dynasty.
At that time, it was only a rebellion. There was another famous rebellion during the Orthodox years, that is, the rebellion of Ye Zongliu and Deng Mao in the Fujian-Zhejiang region, can you say that the entire Ming Dynasty period in Fujian and Zhejiang did not belong to the territory of the Ming Dynasty?
Let's look at the records of Ye Xian, according to Li Xian's "Excerpts from the Ancient Miscellaneous Records", when Yang Shan went to welcome Emperor Yingzong back, he also said first:
The two families have been reconciled for many years, how can I detain my envoys this time, reduce the price of my horses, cut them into two pieces with satin, and close my envoys in the museum and not release them?
"Two families reconciled for many years" will still make people feel that the expression is not very clear, we are looking at Ha Ming's "Orthodox Linrong Record":
During the month, there was also a pioneer camp that told me to come closer to each of my envoys and said, "You have never come to rebel against the great truth." I have sent here to buy and sell back, leaving my envoys who went to the Emperor Daming within the number of people. Every time I play the object, I will not talk to it. Every time I went to the envoys, the pots, saddles, and other things that I went to buy, I refused to buy them. Since the two families have made one, they have a good exchange, and the reward is also reduced. For this reason, I have gone up to heaven, and I will join the leaders of the king of the flowers, and keep each of your envoys, and scatter the horses to keep alive. I led the horses to the side to have a look. Emperor Dayuan ruled the world, and the people were all emperors of The Yuan. I went to the side to see, and emperor Daming knew that I was back, and sent you back every time. The crowd wept.
"The two families made one" and called the Ming Dynasty "reward" for him, and there are also records that they also "performed a very respectful salute" to Emperor Yingzong first.
Another most direct record is that during the Qing Dynasty, the first object dedicated to the Qing court was the jade seal of the Ming Dynasty Yongle Eight Years, which is also very telling, and they recognize the canonization of the Ming Emperor.
This Turk special department is derived from the Wala of Yexian, and is part of the formation after the division of Wala after the death of Yashin.
That is to say, after the death of the Mongols returned to the rule of the Ming Dynasty, and then until the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Mongol Lin Dan Khan also helped the Ming Dynasty to defend the city, resisted the Houjin, and resisted the battle alone in the case of the Ming army fleeing first, but the Ming Dynasty did not have money to pay salaries, and then stopped helping the Ming Dynasty to defend the city.
Of course, only working without taking money, the Ming Army itself can not do it, how can we harshly rebuke Lin Dan Khan, and then Lin Dan Khan also fought alone against Hou Jin and did not surrender until after his death.
That's it for Mongolia, and then look to the northeast.
Nuer Gandusi
Most people now know that the territorial scope of nuer gandusi is wrong.
New bottles of old wine, here are all the content I have posted before, here is a comprehensive post, first of all, how their three plans were agreed upon when ma ge consulted with lao Maozi.
Don't blame me for not speaking clearly, I just want to avoid touching on sensitive words as much as possible.
If you don't understand this diagram very clearly, look at the following one:
The result is clear, the loss is very thorough, and at the same time, one thing that is exposed is that the north has always been our territory.
Some people will say, the land of the Qing Dynasty, what is related to your Ming Dynasty, I will tell you whether it is related to the Ming Dynasty. The ming dynasty information was "lost" on a large scale, so that many exact records have not survived, but we can still find only a few words, let's first look at the Ming dynasty version of the map.
This is a few of my casual paintings, have you found a common problem?
That is to say, the territorial scope of the Nuer Gandusi in the northeast is incomplete, that is to say, the northern border is not drawn at all.
Why?
Because during the Ming Dynasty, there was no state in the north, and there were only countless small tribes there. However, after the Establishment of the Nuer Gandusi in the Ming Dynasty, these tribes were assigned to the Nuer Gandusi for administration, which means that they were all the territory of the Ming Dynasty.
There are some rumors that the Ming Dynasty abandoned the Nuer Gandusi very early, which is wrong, let's look at the historical records:
In 1452 (the third year of Jingtai), Wu's Hewei (present-day Wudihe region, Russia) commanded Wushan to be transferred by the Ming court to serve as the Governor of Jinzhouwei in Liaodong Province, Shandong Province (see Records of Emperor Mingying, vol. 217);
In 1478 (the fourteenth year of Chenghua), Wu Dingge and 6 other people were beheaded for violating the ming dynasty decrees (see Records of Emperor Ming Xianzong, vol. 180);
In 1506, because of the command of Gelinwei (whose jurisdiction was in the Green River region of present-day Far East Russia), Tongzhi Tahaju was promoted to wei commander by the Ming Dynasty because of his excellent performance;
Theriel Shanwei (whose jurisdiction was in the area of the Anuyi River in present-day Russian Far East) was also ruled in 1581 by officials appointed by the Ming Dynasty (see Taizu 80 of the Manchu Old Archives);
Jiajingnian (1522--1566) added Ma Lost Guard (source: Wanli Minghuidian, vol. 125), near present-day Sinda in the Russian Far East;
This kind of management, even in the 36th year of the Wanshi history (1608 AD), there are records about the management of the Nuergandu Division in the official records of the Ming Dynasty.
By the time of Li Chengliang, he was very good at using Yi to control Yi, recruiting four athletes to resist the invasion of the Mongols and Jurchens, and during the 30 years of zhenshou Liaodong, he successively played ten great victories and the grandeur of bian shuai martial arts, which was unprecedented in 200 years.
Fortunately, we can still find some of the Ming Dynasty's records on the management of the Far East.
Why is the Qing Dynasty the smallest territory?
Because when Ma Ge signed a treaty with Lao Maozi, his territorial scope at that time was as follows:
At this time Tibet had not yet been ruled, but the Far East was gone and had not been touched since. That is to say, after the recovery of Tibet, the Western Regions and other places, compared with the previous two dynasties, he was less distant and eastern in a large area.
In addition, in addition to the north, the southwest has also shrunk a lot.
Three Propaganda and Six Consolation Divisions
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan was the base of the Remnant Yuan Liang King, and Zhu Yuanzhang sent Fu Youde and Mu Ying to march into Yunnan, eliminating the Liang King, and then marching into the central province of Burma to eliminate the remnant Yuan's forces.
Later, in Myanmar, northern Thailand, and Laos, two xuanfu divisions were established in Nandian and Ganya, and seven propaganda and consolation divisions were set up in Luchuan, Liuwei, Myanmar, Mu bang, 800 Dadian, Meng Yang, and Laos. During the Yongle period, there were three consolation envoy divisions of the Bottom Wu Thorn, the Great Ancient Thorn, and the Bottom Horse, for a total of ten Propaganda and Consolation Envoy Divisions.
Its rule covers almost all of Burma, northern Thailand and northern Laos, reaching the Indian Ocean.
The Southern Ming Yongli Emperor Zhu Youluo was hunted down by the Qing army and ran to the territory of present-day Burma, where he was captured and handed over to the traitor Wu Sangui, who some ridiculed and said that he had run abroad. But in fact, that place almost had to be called "foreign" after the Ming Dynasty died.
Cross toes
Zhu Di received the toe everyone knows, and many people also know that the later Xuanzong years gave up the toe. However, I believe that most people do not know that Jiaotong was recovered during the Jiajing period and set up the "Annam Metropolitan Envoy Division".
In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), The former Li Dynasty official Mo Dengyong, the Prince of Anxing, coerced Emperor Li Gong to change his name to Yuan Mingde, still with Shenglong as the capital, and established the Mo Dynasty. Ruan Gan, who was then the former general of the Right Guard Hall of the Lê Dynasty, led his people to flee to the Ailao State after Mo Dengyong usurped the throne, recruiting troops to buy horses in an attempt to revive the Lê Dynasty.
In the eleventh year of Jiajing (1532), Nguyễn Gan found Li Zhaozong's youngest son Li Weining in Ailao and proclaimed himself emperor for Li Zhuangzong, and in the south Thanh Hoa confronted the Mo Dynasty in the north, and the Vietnamese rebellion was great.
At the end of the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), Mo Dengyong gave way to the crown prince Mo Dengying. In the first month of the following year, Dengying officially ascended the throne for Mo Taizong and changed his name to Yuan Taizheng. Deng Yong claimed to be the Emperor Taishang.
In the sixteenth year of Jiajing (1537), Emperor Lizhuang sent a messenger to Beijing to state that Mo had usurped power and requested the Ming Dynasty to crusade against Mo. The following year, Emperor Mingshizong (Emperor Jiajing) appointed Qiu Luan as the governor, Mao Bowen as counselor of military affairs, and TunBing zhen Nanguan, preparing to invade The Vietnamese invasion of Mo. Under the pressure of the army, in March of the eighteenth year of Jiajing (1539), Mo Dengyong sent an envoy to Zhennanguan to ask for surrender, and dedicated the Land Register and Household Registration of Annam to Daming.
On the third day of november in the nineteenth year of Jiajing (1540), Mo Dengyong and dozens of ministers bowed down to the town of Nanguan to ask the Ming dynasty official Nadi to surrender, and the Ming Dynasty demoted the Annam state to the subordinate state of Annam Tou, and changed its thirteen provinces to the thirteen Xuanfu Division, each with Xuanfu, Tongzhi, deputy envoy, and Youshi, and listened to the deposed capital. With Mo Shi as the commander of the Annam capital, ranked from Erpin, divided into the thirteenth political division of his country as the thirteenth Xuanfu envoy division, and subordinate to the Guangxi Cloth Political Envoy Division.
At that time, Vietnam was actually divided into two parts, north and south, and the four political divisions of Qinghua, Qi'an, Hue, and Quang Nam in the south were not in the hands of the Ming Dynasty, so the Ming Dynasty placed the Annam Metropolitan Division, which was in charge of the Jiuxuanfu Division in northern Yue.
From then until the death of the Ming Dynasty, the toes belonged to us.
Old Port Consolation Division
The old port is the city of Palembang in Indonesia today. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the old port belonged to the State of Srivijaya.
Srivijaya, also known as Gantuli, is a country on the island of Sumatra that has been paying tribute to China since the time of Emperor Wu of Liangwu in the Southern Dynasty! After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, in the third year of Hongwu, that is, in 1370 AD, he sent someone to summon the State of Srivijaya, and his king Maha Lazha Ba Labu sent emissaries to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and then paid tribute.
Later, the Chinese Liang Daoming, Chen Zuyi, and Shi Jinqing who flowed from the sea gathered thousands of Chinese to start dividing one side and sent people to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty.
After Ming Chengzu succeeded to the throne, he sent Zheng He to open the sea route to start going to the West, and when he arrived here, he found that there was actually a wave of Ming Dynasty rogues who had built a country here, so he took prisoners by the way, and let Shi Jinqing, who had returned to the Ming Dynasty in the process of pacification, serve as Xuanwei envoy, give gold seals and imperial clothes, and rule the old port, which is the origin of the Old Port Xuanwei Division.
After that, Zheng He went to the West and stationed here every time, sometimes for more than a month.
Later, after the Ming Dynasty stopped going to the West, the old port was annexed by the neighboring Manchuria, but the deterrent power of the Chinese people in Southeast Asia has always existed, and since then, there have been people who have moved here and will not be bullied, which is why Southeast Asia has so many Chinese, and Singapore can even form a country composed of Chinese descendants in modern times. Many of them immigrated during the Ming Dynasty.
There was also the Philippines, where there were also many Chinese immigrants during this period.
Timurid Empire
When I first found this picture when I was looking for the Old Port Propaganda Department, it can also show that some people actually have the same understanding of the northeast direction and the southwest side as me. However, this picture seems to me to be more than a part of the line, Yili place in the Yuan Dynasty period belongs to the Chagatai Khanate, I have not found the Ming Dynasty to take over the Historical Materials in Yili, so I personally think it is a bit inappropriate to paint here.
But seeing the Timurid Empire in the picture reminds me of one thing.
In fact, many times you can't believe the facts, just because there is not enough knowledge storage.
Look at the location of the Timurid Empire pictured above, and then you go and search for a man named Fu An.
This person is also known as "Su Wu of the Ming Dynasty".
Around 1403, the Spaniards sent envoys to the Timurid Empire, and at the king's banquet, the Spaniards saw such a scene, and an envoy from the Ming Dynasty came to hold Tamerlane accountable, asking him why he had been paying tribute for seven years when he occupied the land of China. If you don't have any money, you can raise it slowly.
The incident is recorded in his travelogue, called "The Messenger of Clavijo":
[When we were still in Samarkand, envoys sent by the Chinese emperor were also in this city. The Chinese emperor meant that Timur occupied many parts of Chinese land, and should pay tribute on an annual basis. For nearly seven years, Timur had not yet accepted the offering, and he came to rebuke him.
"The Chinese Heavenly Son rebuked the old tribute, of course, but the tribute owed for seven years was accumulated, and once the full amount was replenished, it would be difficult. It is better to raise funds than to raise funds and then perform the service to the imperial court. ”】
You may say, will it be the person who wrote it blindly, telling you: No. For there are accounts of envoys from other countries, such as that of John Schultegger, a German who was in Timurid's army at the time:
【.... The Great Khan of the Khitan (Ming Dynasty) sent envoys with 400 horses to timur's court and paid tribute to them. It has been five years since Gai Timur did not pay tribute. Timur led the envoy to his capital (i.e., Samarkand) and returned home after him. After the return of the court, he must report to the Khitan Khan, and Timur has since ceased to pay tribute to the Great Khan. Soon he would come to see the Great Khan in person and make him pay tribute to Timur. When the messenger returned, Timur ordered the whole country to personally conquer the Khitans. Recruit an army of 1.8 million people. After traveling east for more than a month, when it reaches the desert, it must be crossed in seventy days. Water and grass are scarce, the weather is cold, and there are many horse dead. Tamerlane returned to the capital and died of illness. ....】
John Scheer's account of the white grid has some slight discrepancies in some details, but there are no errors of principle.
Tamerlane was arrogant and arrogant, thinking that he was powerful, so he decided to pay tribute, and when he heard the Ming Dynasty's rebuke, he was immediately enraged, saying that he wanted to conquer the Ming Dynasty in the east and detain Fu An.
The details can be searched online, and you can also see the information I collected earlier: from the "Chronicle of the Eastern Envoys of Clavijo" and "The Book of Kings" to see the Ming Dynasty
A few days ago, a netizen left a message below my article saying that Zhu Di sent Zheng He to the West to launch a counter-rebellion against Timur from the sea. Now that I think about it, what is the original intention of going to the West, and perhaps this is one of the reasons.
Later, after Timur's death, Shaharu ascended the throne and resumed his tribute to the Ming Dynasty.
Demassa Confessions Division
Demasas was a kingdom founded by the ancient Kachari. Around the 13th century, the Kecheli people moved from Kechemari to the south bank of the Brahmaputra River, establishing the capital Dimapur, hence the name Ofmasa Kingdom.
In August of the third year of Yongle (1405), Ming Chengzu sent envoys to Zhou Zhou to send envoys to Mengyang, Dagula, Xiaogula, Chashan, menglun and other places in Yunnan.
In June of the fourth year of Yongle (1406), dagula and Dimasana attached the Ming Dynasty. Because of the wide area of Thema, it was placed as the Propaganda Division, and Lapa was used as the Messenger of Consolation.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, british colonists unearthed the Dimasa XuanweiSi Letter given by Ming Chengzu Zhu Di in Assam, India, which proved that Assam was once the territory of the Ming Dynasty, and also completely revealed the correct location of the Dimassa Xuanwei Division.
Because in the "History of Ming" officially compiled by the Qing Dynasty, the record of the Dimasa Xuanwei Division is not only a few words, but also has major historical errors, until the discovery of the Letter of the Dimasa Xuanwei Division revealed this little-known history to posterity.
According to the Burmese scholar Chen Rusheng, the time inscribed by the Timasa Xuanwei Si Xin Fu is the fifth year of Yongle, that is, 1407, that is, At this time, Assam was already part of the territory of the Ming Dynasty.
In 1405, Zhu Di sent an envoy to South and Southeast Asia to MengYang, which is today's Kachin in Burma, Dagula, today's Burmese Bago and Timasa, and today's Assam, India, to preach the prestige of the Ming Dynasty. In June of the following year, King Lapa of Themasa took the initiative to declare that he was attached to the Ming Dynasty and wished to be a citizen of Daming. Zhu Di was very pleased, and ordered that the kingdom of Dimasa be changed to the Dimasa Xuanwei Division, and appointed Lapa as the first envoy.
When compiling the History of Ming, the Qing Revision went so far as to say that the Dimasa Xuanwei Division was located in the "southeast of Dagula", that is, in the southeast of today's Burma, Bagu. This mistake directly misled later scholars, so much so that Tan Qijun, when compiling the Historical Atlas of China, marked the Dimasa Xuanwei Division in Burma. Thanks to the excavation of the Dimassa XuanweiSi Letter in Assam, it was able to correct the omissions in the Ming History, and now in the General History of The Administrative Divisions of China and other map works, the Timasa XuanweiSi has been marked in Assam, India.
According to the Ming Shilu, it can also be found that In 1408, La yipa went to the Forbidden City in Beijing to face Saint Zhu Di and pay tribute to Zhu Di for horses and specialties, while the Ming Dynasty returned tea leaves to La Yipa.
After six years of Yongle, Dimasa declared that sigong would not arrive.
Tibet
According to the Ming Shi Zhi XI, the territory of the Ming Dynasty "was sealed in the early Ming Dynasty, from Korea in the east, to Tufan in the west, to Bao'annan (Vietnam) in the south, to the Moraine in the north, to 11,750 miles from east to west, and from north to south for 10,944 miles." Since Chengzu abandoned Daning and moved to Dongsheng, Xuanzong moved Kaiping to Dushi, and when Emperor Sejong abandoned Hami and Hetao, he started from Liaohai in the east, Jiayu in the west, Qiong and Ya in the south, Yun and Shuo in the north, more than 10,000 miles in the east and west, and ten thousand miles in the north and south. ”
The "Tufan" of "Western Tufan" in the text is a common name for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and local indigenous people in the historical books of the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties.
As early as the Yuan Dynasty, the political and religious leaders in the Qinghai-Tibet region had to go through the canonization of the Central Plains Dynasty to have the legitimacy to rule. After the Ming army invaded Sichuan in the fourth year of Hongwu, the Tibetan leaders in the Qinghai-Tibet region began to recognize the legitimacy of the Ming Dynasty, regarded the Ming Dynasty as Zhengshuo, and accepted the canonization of the Ming Dynasty.
For example, in the first month of 1370, Shakya Gyaltsen, who controlled most of the area of Wusizang (Qinghai-Tibet), sent an envoy to the Ming Dynasty after zhu Yuanzhang made him an empowerment teacher, and then paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and a large number of Tibetan local leaders also began to accept the title of Ming Empire and became local officials of the Ming Dynasty.
It also stipulates that Tibetans should pay tribute to the Ming central government:
Ming Taizu Shilu Vol. 150:
The people of Xifan have been attached for a long time, and have not tried to blame their tribute, and if they hear that there are many horses in their land, it is advisable to count the number of their lands to give out their endowments, such as three thousand households, then three households will produce a horse; four thousand households will produce a horse together, which will be determined as a soil endowment. Shu made him know that the emperor was personally honored to serve the court.
Records of Ming Taizu. Volume 220:
The Xifan tu chieftain of Xining Wei also made Zhen Ben say: "All the Fan tribes live in the wilderness and gather, shoot and hunt for food, and please lose two hundred horses for the year." "From there.
The supreme chief of the Tibetan region needs to be canonized and approved by the Great Ming:
Hongwu twenty-one years "feared that the Muzhupa empowerment of the state teacher Suo Nan Za Si Ba Wasg Zang Zang said that he was ill, and his brother Ji Shi Si Ba supervised the tibetan Ba Tsang Bu to take over the post. Xu Zhi". The Sonam Zasba prison here is the Sonam Zaba. His "Di Ji Shi Ba Supervisor Tsang Ba Tsang Bha Tsang Phu Tsang
The Pamuzhupa regime, which had held the administrative power in Tibet since the late Yuan Dynasty, needed to be approved by the Ming Emperor for the replacement of its supreme leader, which was a strong proof that the Ming Dynasty fully enjoyed sovereignty in Tibet.
Administrative planning
With regard to the administrative establishment of Tibetan areas, the Ming Dynasty successively set up the four guards of Tao, He, Min, and Xining in the northwestern Tibetan areas, and set up "Duogan Wei" and "Wusi Tibetan Wei" in some Tibetan areas of present-day Gansu, Qing, and Sichuan, as well as in the Wei and Tibetan areas. In 1374, Fu yu set up the "Xi'an Xingdu Command envoy division", and at the same time promoted "Duo gan wei" to "Duo Gan Xing du command envoy division", and promoted "WuSi Zang Wei" to "Wu Si Zang Du Command envoy division". For this purpose, Emperor Ming issued an edict to the various ministries:
At the same time, Guan Zhao Wu Ji'er and Suo Nan Wu Ji'er were appointed as the commanders of Wu Si Zang and Duo Gan, and gave them silver seals. Later, it was promoted to "Xingdu Command and Envoy Division" to "Capital Command envoy division", and there were several line command envoy divisions, ten thousand household houses, thousand households, and hundred households. In 1375, the "Office of the Military and Civilian Marshal of Oris" was re-established in the Ali region. The official ranks of officials at all levels were uniformly stipulated by the Ming Central Committee, and they were issued with seal letters and trumpet paper, so that they were "SuiZhen Side, An Ji Zhongshu", and directly responsible to the Ming Central Committee, no matter how big or small, they could play the "Emperor Wenshu of Daming".
The ming dynasty's official positions such as command envoys, capital command envoys, thousand households, and hundred households in Tibetan areas were all granted hereditary succession, but the succession of important official positions was approved by the emperor, and edicts and letters were issued.
Orlith Military and Civilian Marshal's Office
"Oris" or "Ali", Hongwu viii (1375) in the first month. Its jurisdiction was in present-day Ali region of Tibet and outside Of Ladakh. It was one of the most remote military and civilian marshals' offices in the Ming Dynasty. In February of the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, in order to summon the Tubo tribes to submit, issued an edict to the former Yuan Oris Military and Civilian Marshal's Office (元作 "Marshal Nari Sogulusun Marshal's Mansion"), saying that the local chief, Shu Sigong, was imprisoned. The Office of the Military and Civilian Marshal of Orlith was now set up, and in the eighth year, the imperial court officially ordered its construction. In 1375, the Office of Marshal Oris was formally established together with the Pamuzhu BawanhuFu and the Kūtō Senju House.
Amdo Tibetan Area
The administrative structure of the Ming Dynasty in the Amdo Tibetan area was mainly a military guardhouse, on the one hand, it recognized the lineage privileges of the tuguan chieftains who lived in its land, and on the other hand, it sent Han officials to manage the territory and rule the land with the soil, and the tu and liu officials were all military posts and obeyed the dispatch of the military department.
According to the official system of the Ming Dynasty, military officials were divided into eight grades, namely: the governor and Tongzhi and Youshi, all commanded envoys, Tongzhi, and Youshi, and the main and deputy remained;
The tuguan, on the other hand, is divided into nine grades, namely: command envoys and tongzhi and youshi, wei and zhenfu, main and deputy thousand households, hundred households, and test hundred households.
All the divisions below the Governor's Office and the Metropolitan Command Division, including the Toastmaster, must strictly carry out the order, "each of its officers and men and its tribes, in order to obey the orders of conscription, guarding, tribute, and protection." "But the management of toast is like youshi, zhenfu, thousand households, hundred households, etc. all have no age.
The power of the various health centers was generally controlled by Han officials, and the local officials were only "supported by it". However, this situation changed in February 1437, and the Ming Dynasty began to issue Feng Lu to the Eight Wei Tu officials in Shaanxi, such as Hezhou, Taozhou, and Xining.
In general, the entire Amdo Tibetan area is under the jurisdiction of the Shaanxi Buzheng Division. The Wei House set up by the Ming Dynasty in the Amdo Tibetan Area changed greatly before and after the Ming Dynasty, and the following are the Wei Houses set up in Amdo in the early Ming Dynasty:
Xi'an Xingdu commanded the Envoy Division, which was the general military institution of the northwest territory of the Ming Dynasty. In July 1374, the seat of government was located in Hezhou, and Ning Zheng was under the command of the capital, with jurisdiction over the three guards of Hezhou, Duogan, and Wusizang. In October 1375, it was renamed the Shaanxi Xingdu Commandery and Commanding Envoy Division, ruling Xi'an. It was deposed in December 1376, reinstated in Zhuanglang in the first month of 1379, and moved to Ganzhou in 1393.
Hezhou Wei (河州衛), in 1371, was placed in Hezhou, with Ning Zheng as the commander, Suo Nanpu as the tongzhi, Duo Er and Wang Jianu as the servants, under the jurisdiction of eight thousand households, one military and civilian thousand households, seven hundred households, and two Fanhan military and civilian hundred households.
Minzhou Wei was relocated from Minzhou Qianhu in July 1378, promoted to military and civilian command envoy division in April 1382, changed to military and civilian command envoy division in 1545, and re-established military and civilian command envoy division in May 1561.
Taozhou Wei was re-established in February 1379 from Taozhou Qianhufu. The Great Toast of Taozhou, Zhuo Niyang, was cast in 1404 and was given the hereditary command of the Imperial Household in 1418. Another surname in Taozhou, Datusi, was also given the surname "Blame" in the third year of Yongle, and had jurisdiction over the seventy-six ethnic groups of Tibetans. The Taozhou Weizhi says that "(Yang and Blame) are the two parts of the title of xiong, and they are feared by all the fans".
Gansu Wei (Gansu Wei) was placed in November 1372 in Ganzhou, Gansu Wei in December 1390 as Ganzhou Wei, and Ganzhou Zuowei in 1392. In 1393, he moved to Shaanxi to command the envoys in Ganzhou, with jurisdiction over twelve guards and four imperial thousand households.
Xining Wei, in 1373, the first month of the month, so Yuan Tongzhi Li Langge hereditary as a commander of the Youshi, so the Yuan Gansu Province's Right Beggar Duo'er only lost the knot as a commanding you. In 1432, he was promoted to the rank of Military and Civilian Commander. Xiningwei has up to 13 major toastmasters who inherit the three positions of commanding envoy, commanding Tongzhi, and commanding you, and five of the seven guards in Kansai are subordinate to Xiningwei.
Biliwei, relocated in 1403 by Bili Qianhu. The Chronicle of Jiajinghe Prefecture records that the guard did not have a commanding envoy, but only two members of the palm card commander, five members of the palm card thousand households, fourteen members of the palm card wenhu, and one member of the town fu.
In addition to setting up a guard house, the Ming Dynasty also sent the sons of the imperial family to the Amdo Tibetan region to take up the domain, such as in 1391 Ming Taizu sealed the eighteenth son Of Zhuang King Zhu Yu in Minzhou, and in 1392 the fourteenth son Su Wang Zhu Yu in Ganzhou. On the afternoon of the first month of 1395, Hezhou Wei commanded Ning Zhengbing to assist the Qin king Zhu Zhu of Qin in rebelling against Taozhou, which shows that the king of the feudal domain directly intervened in the affairs of amdo Tibetan area.
In order to coordinate the relationship between Buddhism and the imperial court in Amdo Tibetan areas, the Ming Dynasty set up a Fan Monk Gang Division in Amdo, the more important of which were:
In March 1393, the monks Sanla and Yue Jianzang were awarded the posts of Du Gang respectively.
Taozhou Sanggang Division, under the jurisdiction of Chuba Monastery Zhao Monk Gang, Luoyang Monk Gang, Ma'er Sima Monk Gang, Yuancheng Temple Hou Monk Zheng, Yan Family Temple Yan Monk Zheng.
The monk Gangsi of Minzhou Chongjiao Temple, placed in the Ming Dynasty, Ban Dan Zashi hereditary Du Gang position.
Zhuang Langwei monk Gangsi, a hereditary position of Du Gang by a lama surnamed Yan.
The Sanggang Division of The Zen Ding Monastery was commanded by TaoZhou Wei and Yang Tusi was also a monk.
Khampa Tibetan Area
In 1370, King Wujing of Xifu, the former yuan town of Kham, took the initiative to surrender to the left deputy general of the Ming Dynasty, Deng Yu, and later entered the court.
In October 1371, the Ming Dynasty set up a Duoganwei command envoy in Kham.
In February 1371, the former Yuan regent Shi Rangapa Zangbu led a large number of old Yuan officials to pay tribute to the court and beg for the title. Therefore, he was awarded the official positions of Commander of Duo Ganwei, The Counselor and his subordinate organs, Tongzhi, Deputy Envoy, Marshal, Solicitation, and Wanhu. Among them, Suo Nan Wu Ji'er was appointed as the commander of Duo Ganwei. In October of the same year, after sending the former Yuan Situ Seal, Suo Nan Wu Ji'er was promoted to wei commander Tongzhi.
In 1373, Duo Ganwei and Wusizang Wei were jointly promoted to the command of Xingdu Commandery, which was subordinate to the Xingdu Commanding Envoy Division of Xi'an, with Suonan Wujie'er and Guanzhao Wujie'er as the commanders of Tongzhi. In December of the same year, the Duogansi Xuanwei Division, the Various Solicitation Divisions, the Ten Thousand Households House, and the Thousand Households Office were added, and seven people, including the Inspector of Zhu, were added to command Tongzhi of Duogandu.
While the Ming Dynasty appointed local political and religious leaders to perform official function, the Ming Dynasty also had the power to approve and approve the promotion and inheritance of local officials.
For example, in May 1430, Duogan Dusidu commanded the envoy Salija to supervise the tibetan court, calling the old beggar Zhishi, and requested that his son Ji'er supervise Tibet to take his place, and the Ming court was invited by him;
In April 1441, the chief of the Dogandu Division sent envoys to the imperial court to play the personnel change within the Capital Division. Wait a minute.
Wu Si Zang
In April 1372, Hezhou Wei made a statement to the Ming Court, "WuSizang was afraid of the belief of the Muzhuba Guyuan empowerment state teacher Zhangyang Shajia", and suggested that the imperial court invite him. Zhongshu Province reported this proposal, and with the permission of Ming Taizu, "ZhaoZhangyang Shajia is still empowered with the title of Guoshi." Zhangyang Shaga is the second Siddha Gyaltsen of the Uszang Pazhu regime, and this time the seal of reward is the first time that the Ming Dynasty established the wusizang chieftain.
In the first month of 1373, Zhangyang Shaga immediately sent Suo nanzangbu to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty. In February of the same year, Wu Sizang's former Yuan regent, Ranga Ba Zangbu, also personally entered the dynasty and was given the title of Blazing Buddha Treasure Guoshi, and the sixty old officials of the Former Yuan he recommended at the same time were all given official positions.
In July 1374, the Ming Dynasty placed Xi'an Xingdu to command the envoys in Hezhou, and Wei Zheng was the commander of the capital, with the overall jurisdiction of Hezhou, Duogan, and Wusizang.
In 1375, the Ming Dynasty set up thirteen officials in the Oris Military and Civilian Ten Thousand Households Mansion, the Pamu zhuba Ten Thousand Households Mansion, and the Wusi Tibetan Cage Answer Thousand Households. Oris here is the ali region of the present-day Tibet Autonomous Region.
Thus the Ming Dynasty completed the task of appeasement of all of Tibet.
Packet
During the Ming Dynasty, most of the titles of Tibetan monks and laymen were granted in response to the self-introduction of those who asked for the titles. From the quantitative point of view, it is basically based on lay officials and supplemented by monks; from the perspective of official rank, the rank of conferring in this period is generally low, and the highest is only "great country teacher" and "empowerment national teacher". Most of the official positions and titles conferred in Tibet follow the old name of the Yuan Dynasty.
During the Yongle period, the Ming Dynasty established a system of monks and officials in Tibetan areas, and the monks and officials were divided into kings, Western Heavenly Buddhas, Great Masters, Guoshi, Zen Masters, Du gangs, lamas, etc., and each level was divided according to the identity and status of the recipients.
The various religious kings of the Ming Dynasty needed to ask for the approval of the Ming court when they ascended the throne.
For example, in 1423, in order to examine the reincarnation of the fifth Karmapa Living Buddha, the Fan monk Bandanza was sent by the Ming Dynasty to go to the Tibetan Gongbu Mountain to "examine the Great Treasure Dharma King's Khubilhan", which is the earliest record of the Central Dynasty's review of the reincarnation of the Tibetan Buddhist sect.
Bawu Zula Chenwa's "Feast of the Sages" records: "According to the thinking of the emperor (indicating Chengzu), he used the army to imitate the story of the Yuan Dynasty and incorporated Wusizang into the rule of law."
During the Yongle period, the various sects in Tibet were already controlled by major families, so the Ming Dynasty was bound to divide the sects. For example, in February 1413, wusizang wei niu'er zongzhai was placed, that is, Nai Dongzong of the Pazhu regime. In May 1416, he set up the Lingsi Ben Village, that is, the Ren Bengzong, and the official Munggarb was the Zongben Namkhajpo.
Post
Because of the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the post in Tibet was once in a state of ruin.
In 1373, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Duogandu Division and the Wusi Tibetan Capital Division in the Qinghai-Tibet region. And set up a post.
In ancient China, the post station was an important transportation facility related to many political, military, economic and other matters. Therefore, the post station system was a declaration and proof of the sovereignty of the imperial court over the jurisdiction and rule of each region.
Records of Emperor Ming Taizong, Vol. 65:
(Yongle five years) Xin Wei, The Capital commanded Tongzhi Liu Zhao, He Ming, and others to go to Xifanduogan Wusizang and other places, set up a station, and comfort the military and the people.
Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty, Vol. 88:
(Yongle seven years) Shaanxi Du commanded Tongzhi He Ming and sixty other people to go to Wusizang and other punishments to set up a post, and also played.
In 1407, Ming Chengzu "commanded Liu Zhao, He Ming, and others to Go to Xifan, Duogan, Wusizang, and other places to set up a station to appease the military and the people."
In 1414, he also dispatched the lieutenant Yang Sanbao (赍三保赍) to the King of Illumination, the King of Illumination, the King of Apologetics, the King of Zanshan, and the leaders of various places, "so that those who have not yet recovered from the local stations under their jurisdiction will be set up as before, so as to pass the mission." At the beginning of the restoration of the post, in order to alleviate the difficulties of the post station horses, the Ming court issued an edict to allocate conscripted horses or military horses to the messengers for use.
The Qing emperors acknowledged that their legal sovereignty over Tibet had been inherited from the Ming Dynasty
In 1648, the fifth year of Shunzhi, the Shunzhi Emperor of the Great Qing Dynasty issued an edict to the Tibetan Emperor Yihua: "The Nian'er Western Regions have always respected Buddhism, and it has become a common practice to subordinate China. If the edicts issued in the Ming Dynasty are held and sent, they will be re-awarded, just as it is not easy as the old practice. ”
The political and legal significance of shunzhi's edict from the emperor is very clear: the sovereign status enjoyed by the Qing Dynasty in Tibet was inherited from the Ming Dynasty, and the central government of the Qing Dynasty accepted it in its entirety, and it was "not easy as the old practice."
During the Wanli Dynasty, Huangzhong won three victories
The Mongol rebel leader Yong Shaobu gathered more than 15,000 men and attacked Xiningwei from the direction of Yuanyuan.
Tian Le, the Ming governor of Gansu, ordered the mobilization of soldiers and horses from Tibetan tribes to come to support. Respectively, the Tribes of Shibul, Sina, Dazhaoshun, and Shenzhong each sent 300 elite horses to cooperate with the Ming army, and more than 7,000 Tibetan soldiers of the remaining nineteen ethnic groups were directly dispatched by the Ming army, all of which added up to nearly 10,000 people.
During the reign of Emperor Ming
During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Ming, king Of Tibet (one of the 5 Tibetan kings, one of the supreme rulers) died, and his son AjiWangchu thi thi was sent to Beijing to request hereditary succession.
However, due to the long distance, when the two monks rushed back to Tibet with the Edict of the Ming Dynasty, the new king Aji Wangqiu Dixi also died. This is not easy to deal with, because the name on the edict is the newly deceased Aji Wangchui Di, and now that the new king has also died, then the edict should also be invalidated. The next successor, Aji Wangchudishek's son, Ajwang Chodhi, asked for an example of a reference.
Unexpectedly, in order to save trouble, these two monks gave this unsuitable edict to Azhiza Zaba Jianshan.
There was no impermeable wall in the world, and this matter was later known to the Sichuan officials, and then they wrote a letter to impeach the monk, and tied his ropes and sent him to Beijing, according to the Ming Dynasty's laws, the monk was sentenced to be beheaded, and his successor, Axiangza, lost Zaba Jianshan, and was also temporarily detained.
Later, Emperor Xiaozong, considering that "the Fan people were not enough to rule deeply", spared them from the death penalty, sent them to the Shaanxi Pingliang Wei Army, and ordered ah xiangza to lose Zaba Jianshan's innocence and attack his post as usual.
"At that time, the king's pawn, his son (i.e., Aji Wangchu di xi), asked for an attack, and ordered the two monks to be the chief and deputy envoys. At this point, the new king also died, and his son A to Zaza lost Zaba Jian to ask for the seal. The two had no choice but to grant it, so they gave thanksgiving gifts and gave the seal of investigation and sealing received by their father as zuo, and went to Sichuan, where the guards were diligent in sealing them, arrested and cut them, and reduced their deaths, and the deputy envoys were all below. ”
The Ming Dynasty's governance of Tibet was enthroned in the fifth year of Hongwu (1372) by the Yuan regent Emperor Rangaba Zangbu, and finally in the third year of Chongzhen (1630), the Wusi Tibetan monk Sandan duo only waited for fifteen people to enter the imperial tribute, which lasted for more than 200 years.