- Insertion method
The "Cold Fasting Night Talk" mentions the misalignment of "listening to the deer in the autumn garden under the forest, and the monk sweeping the leaves by the river" and so on. This sentence uses the "interpolation" method, which separates the closely related definite words from the central language and inserts other components.
Zheng Gu's "under the forest" sentence if the normal word order is restored should be "in the autumn garden, under the forest to listen to the deer." The monk sweeping the leaves by the river at sunset" under the sun". "Autumn Garden" and "Sunset" are originally place words that can be placed at the beginning of a sentence or before a predicate verb. However, both words in this sentence have removed the sign of the place adjective, the appendix of the orientation word, and become a common noun, placed before the subject, together with "listening to the scriptures" and "sweeping leaves" as the final words of the modified nouns.
Chinese can use nouns as the definite words of nouns, but they can only play a restrictive role, and cannot be modified like adjectives, such as "candles" and "window flowers". In the sentence , " Autumn Garden " is a word that indicates a place , and there is a spatial limit to the deer , and there is no obvious indication that the poem is a transorder. It's just that the poem uses a larger range of "Autumn Garden" as the definite word for "deer", and the use of a smaller range of "under the forest" as a place adjective, which feels a little strange.
The definite word for "sunset" in the sentence is "monk", and the definite language and the subject are two distant things, and they do not have any qualifying factors at all.
Among the three words of "riverside", "leaf sweeping" and "sunset" in the sentence, "leaf sweeping" and "monk" are most closely related, because "monk" appears in the posture of "sweeping leaves", but this sentence cuts into "sunset" among them, then the relationship between "sweeping leaves" and "monk" is diluted, and the distance between "sunset" and "monk" is greatly shortened. The sunset is not just a background, but a trait in the "monk".
The good times of sunset have passed, and the desolation of the world is about to be bid farewell, and The depression gives the "monk" a sense of loneliness, and we can even imagine that this must be an old monk. Such an aesthetic effect cannot be achieved with "riverside" and "leaf sweeping" as the final words. Although aesthetic harmony is achieved, the collocation of "sunset" and "monk" in the grammatical relationship is still not harmonious, and there is an obvious dislocation effect between them, resulting in a conflict in nature, and the reader must return the "sunset" to its original position to solve this problem.
The key to the "interpolation" method is the same as the "intricate" method in that the sentence must be conditionally restored to its original form, which is the existence of conflicts between words, which is both a sign of a variable-order sentence and a hint of returning to the constant order, so that the expression of meaning can be carried out normally, and the smooth flow of the meaning is guaranteed.
- Clutch inversion method
For example, the Song Dynasty Chen Shan's "New Words of the Lice" volume VIII records: "The poet poured a word is Jian: Wang Zhongzhi summoned the test hall, tried to stop, and made a unique title cloud: "Gumu Sensen White Jade Hall, this test article for many years." The sun obliquely played Yang Fu, idly brushing the dust to see the painting wall. Jing Gong saw it, and loved it very much, and changed it to "Playing Chang Yang Strike", and Yun: Poet Language, so Nai Jian. This sentence is more complicated. In the sentence, Wang Anshi separates the closely related predicate verb "play" and the postposition complement "strike", and embeds the definite component "Chang Yang", which is also a definite modifier component of the object "Endowment", which should have been placed in front of but backward, which is called the method of "clutch inversion".
In this poem, after the separation of "playing" and "strike", it is necessary to find a monosyllabic word to combine into a two-tone step, so that the word "long Yang Fu" is reversed to "Fu" and "Long Yang", so that the word "play" is used as a predicate and the object word "Fu" to match. The inverted method used in this sentence is mainly due to the consideration of the rhythm of the sound step and the formation of the standard rhythm.
The use of the split method is to change the semantic center of gravity. The center of gravity of the sentence generally falls on the back of the structure, the center of gravity of the original sentence is in the "Long Yang Fu", and the center of gravity becomes "strike" after the change. This sentence emphasizes "strike", which is to explain the development of the action process of the playing the fu in time, and the pair of sentences continues to explain the actions after the recital, and the content of the sentence and the content of the sentence in semantics is connected because of the temporality carried by the word "strike", becoming a flowing sentence that connects nature. The two sentences were naturally formed, and Wang Anshi called it "so jian".
"Healthy" is steady. Sentences are scattered and upside down, and the structure of the chapter is unstable. If the sentences are closely linked, the overall chapter of each sentence will play a greater role, and the structure of the chapter will naturally be stable. The revised sentence reinforces the role of syntactic structure. This comprehensive change of order method seems to be very complicated because of its many variations, but it is actually very practical for the chapter.
- hypallage
The "Poetry of Cai Kuanfu" advocates the syntax of "temporarily stopping the number of birds and fixing the new nest with frequent words" ("Tang Cheng"). In the sentence, the subject and predicate are reversed, and the predicate is changed to a definite. This uses a substitution method.
The original word order of the two sentences should be "the birds will temporarily stop counting the numbers, and the swallows will frequently determine the new nest". Both sentences are compound sentences, "the bird stops" because "the number will be counted", "the language swallow frequency comes" in order to "set a new nest", the first sentence is a causal relationship, and the last sentence is a compound sentence of the purpose relationship.
The semantic center of gravity of the compound sentence is generally placed in the back, for example, if the result of causality is emphasized, then the clause representing the result is placed behind, and if the cause is emphasized, the opposite is true. After changing the word order, the sentence becomes a single sentence structure with clear semantics and clear structure.
"Suspension" is the definite word for "asuka", "will number" is the predicate, "frequency" is also the modified component of "language swallow", and "fixed new nest" is the predicate component. However, there is an inseparable logical connection between the two actions of "forfeiting" and "counting", which is truncated by the subject "asuka", resulting in a striking sense of incoherence.
And because the position of "suspension" bears the brunt of it, the semantic center of gravity of the emphasis is shifted forward. The next sentence "frequently" is the same as "suspended", and after being highlighted, it has a metaphorical meaning. Some poets have noticed the unusualness of this sentence, and Pu Qilong's "Reading Du Xin Xie" said: The words "temporarily suspended" and "frequently coming" are compared to the scenery, and there is still a wandering in the meaning.
The purpose of changing the word order is to meet the need to express the poet's emotions. The substitution method of changing predicate verbs into definite words in advance greatly weakens the dynamic degree of the sentence, and the imagery in the sentence is changed from dynamic to static, in order to conform to the overall chapter style. Moreover, the predicate is also a descriptive word around the subject, forming a static picture with the central language as the protagonist.
We admit that "woman sitting" and "sitting woman" are in line with grammatical norms, this variable order Du poem is also within the allowable range of ordinary language order, which is not easy to perceive, and even does not have to return the order to the normal order to understand the meaning, so Cai Kuanfu believes that this kind of change order is the most "natural and free", not to harm the meaning, nor to damage the poetry. This view is very illustrative of the different attitudes of critics towards the inversion of verses.
There is another case with the interchange method. The "Lutang Poetry" cites Du's poem "Wind Window Exhibition Scroll" as "poetry with inverted words and inverted syntax", praising "Nai Jue Jinjian". The position of the definite word and the subject in the sentence is reversed, and the normal word order should be "window wind exhibition scroll" The word "window" that was originally used as a definite word is reversed in the subject, and "window" is originally to indicate the place where the wind is located, which means that the wind blowing in from the window blows the scroll away. After the position is reversed, the meaning changes, and it is obvious that "window" cannot be the subject of "exhibition scroll" under any circumstances, so it is still necessary to be played by "wind", and the word "window" is used as the predicate. The whole sentence can be seen as two predicate components, meaning "the wind blew through the window to unfold the scrolls." Sentences increase dynamically after changing order, which is much more semantically fluent.
Li Dongyang also praised the phrase "the wind and the river are sassy and chaotic and the sails are autumn", which is even more "particularly vigilant". This sentence is the same as the inversion of the predicate after the final in the previous example, which means "the wind blows on the river, blowing the sails on the river, a scene of autumn." Compared with the normal word order, "The river wind is fluttering and the sails are chaotic and autumn", it is special and more dynamic. This change of order causes the reduction of the modified and definite content of the subject, the increase of the dynamic predicate, and the sentence appears more direct, powerful, and thus more eye-catching, so Li Dongyang repeatedly commented on such variable order sentences "Jinjian" and "Police Policy", which is not unreasonable.
The above two completely opposite substitution methods are added and subtracted in the subject and predicate, the former increases the additional components of the subject, increases the weight of the noun subject, and mainly creates a static picture-like mood; the latter uses subtraction to the subject, strips away the additional components of the noun central language, and then adds it to the predicate to strengthen the power of the verb predicate, and the sentence is naturally more powerful.
The two transposing methods have different lexical functions, one static and one moving, and the specific use of which inversion depends entirely on whether the large context of the whole poem needs to move or static. In general, these two different inversions are less variable, less noticeable variation of the order method, the use is also very extensive, for the poet to grasp the overall style of poetry or adjust the local layout can play a good auxiliary role.
#Tang poetry Song ci ##Original poem ##诗词 #