As an era of turmoil and chaos, the Republic of China naturally produced a large number of heads of government. In 38 years, dozens of heads of government have been produced, several times the number of heads of state. During the Guangbeiyang government (1912-1928), 56 heads of government were produced in just 17 years. So who else but Duan Qirui and Xu Shichang, who are we more familiar with? Let's take a look at it today?
Before the article, I also interpreted the head of government with my friends. In the ancient feudal monarchy, the head of government was mostly the prime minister, but it was not a big problem, because the absolute power of the state was in the hands of the head of state, the emperor or the king. In modern times, there have been some changes. In countries such as the United States, the head of state and the head of government are presidents. In Germany, Japan and other countries, the heads of government are the prime minister or prime minister, and they are the number one person in the country. In other countries, such as Russia, France and other heads of government, although they are prime ministers, they are only the number two people in the country. In general, as the head of government, the prime minister will have some power in different countries at different times, but it will change accordingly depending on the situation. The same was true during the Republic of China era.
From 1912 to 1914, the head of government of the Republic of China was the Prime Minister. From 1914 to 1916, the head of government of the Republic of China was Secretary of State. From 1916 to 1928, the head of government of the Republic of China was also the Prime Minister, of course, interspersed with the interim acting prime minister, but there was no obstacle. From 1928 to 1949, the head of government of the Republic of China was the President of the Executive Yuan.
1. Tang Shaoyi (1862-1938) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from March 23, 1912 to June 27, 1912. In 1907, he was appointed Inspector of Fengtian. In 1910, he was appointed Shangshu of the Ministry of Posts and Communications. In March 1912, he was appointed Prime Minister of the Republic of China, and soon joined the Chinese League. In June of the same year, he resigned due to political disagreement with Yuan Shikai.
2. Lu Zhengxiang (1871-1949) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, who served from June 29, 1912 to September 22, 1912. In 1906, he was appointed Minister to the Netherlands. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1912 and Prime Minister in June of the same year. He resigned from Congress in September 1912.
3. Zhao Bingjun (1859-1914) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from 20 August 1912 to 24 September 1912. He joined the army in 1878 and later followed Zuo Zongtang to recover Xinjiang. Since 1900, he has been a confidant of Yuan Shikai. In 1912, he forced Puyi to abdicate, and in August of the same year, he succeeded the impeached Lu Zhengxiang as acting prime minister.
4. Zhao Bingjun (1859-1914) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from September 24, 1912 to July 16, 1913. In July 1913, he resigned because he was suspected of being ill in the "assassination of Song Jiaoren". He died in Tianjin in 1914.
5. Duan Qirui (1865-1936) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from May 1, 1913 to July 16, 1913. "Tiger of the Beiyang", the leader of the Anhui warlords. In 1910, he was appointed Viceroy of Jiangbei. In 1911, he was appointed Governor of Huguang. In 1912, he became the chief of the army, and in May of the same year, he succeeded Zhao Bingjun, who was deeply involved in the "assassination of Song Jiaoren", as acting prime minister.
6. Zhu Qiju (1872-1964) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from July 19, 1913 to July 31, 1913. In 1910, he was appointed as a counselor in the Ministry of Posts and Communications. In 1912, he became Director General of Transportation. In July 1913, he succeeded Duan Qirui as acting prime minister. He later served as Director General of the Ministry of the Interior. In 1919, he was appointed as the General Representative of the North-South Parliament and the North. In the same year, he retired from politics to concentrate on architectural research and conservation, and engaged in business. During the War of Resistance, he refused to take up a pseudo-post. He died in Beijing in 1964.
7. Xiong Xiling (1870-1937) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, who served from 31 July 1913 to 12 February 1914. In 1898, he participated in the Hundred Days Restoration. In 1905, he accompanied the end of the party to visit Europe and the United States. After 1908, he successively served as the director of mint and the envoy of Fengtian salt transportation. In April 1912, he was appointed Minister of Finance. In July 1913, he became Prime Minister and Treasurer General. In February 1914, he resigned on suspicion of a treasure theft case in the Rehe Palace. After 1917, he engaged in philanthropy. After the "918" incident, he threw himself into the anti-Japanese war. He died in Hong Kong in 1937.
8. Sun Baoqi (1867-1931) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from February 12, 1914 to May 1, 1914. In 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China and fled west with the Guangxu Emperor to Xi'an. In 1902, he was appointed Minister of State for France. In 1907, he was appointed Minister of Germany. In 1911, he was appointed Inspector of Shandong. In September 1913, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. In February 1914, he succeeded Xiong Xiling as acting prime minister. He left office in May.
9. Xu Shichang (1855-1939) Secretary of State of the Republic of China, served from May 1, 1914 to October 27, 1915. In 1905, he became the Minister of Military Aircraft and acting as the head of the Military Department. In 1906, he became governor of the three eastern provinces. In 1909, he was reappointed Minister of Military Aircraft and was awarded the Title of Fellow of Renkaku University. He became Secretary of State in May 1914. In October 1915, he resigned because of his opposition to Yuan Shikai's imperial system and the signing of the Twenty-one Articles.
10. Lu Zhengxiang (1871-1949) Acting Secretary of State of the Republic of China, served from 27 October 1915 to 21 December 1915. In May 1915, he signed the Twenty-One Articles on behalf of Yuan Shikai, and in October 1915, he acted as Secretary of State as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
11. Lu Zhengxiang (1871-1949) was Secretary of State of the Republic of China, serving from 21 December 1915 to 21 March 1916. In 1916, due to the failure of Yuan Shikai's imperial system, he reorganized the cabinet and resigned because he and Yuan Shikai's position in one station were at odds. In 1919, he participated in the Paris Peace Conference. In 1920 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. After 1927, he began his monastic career in Belgium. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, it spoke out for China in the West. He died in Belgium in 1949.
12. Xu Shichang (1855-1939) Secretary of State of the Republic of China, served from March 21, 1916 to April 22, 1916. He succeeded Lu Zhengxiang in March 1916 and resigned in April.
13. Duan Qirui (1865-1936) was Secretary of State of the Republic of China, serving from April 22, 1916 to June 29, 1916. In April 1916, he succeeded Xu Shichang as Secretary of State.
14. Duan Qirui (1865-1936) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from June 29, 1916 to May 23, 1917. In June 1916, secretary of state was relegated to the post of prime minister. In February 1917, Duan Qirui advocated declaring war on Germany, disagreeing with President Li Yuanhong, and the dispute between the government and the court resumed. Soon he will be gone.
15. Wu Tingfang (1842-1922) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from May 23, 1917 to June 12, 1917. In 1880, he became a member of the Hong Kong Parliament. In 1895, he accompanied Li Hongzhang to Maguan for peace talks. In 1912, he became Attorney General. In 1916, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1917, he succeeded Duan Qirui as acting prime minister. In June 1917, Zhang Xun entered Beijing and asked for the dissolution of the National Assembly, but was dismissed from office for refusing to sign an order to dissolve the Congress. In the same year, he followed Sun Yat-sen to participate in the Dharma Protection Movement and served as the Chief of Foreign Affairs and the Chief Of Finance of the French Protector Military Government. In 1922, he became the governor of Guangdong Province, and in June of the same year, he died of illness in Guangzhou.
16. Jiang Chaozong (1861-1943) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from June 12, 1917 to June 24, 1917. In 1912, he was appointed commander of the Beijing Infantry. On June 12, 1912, he succeeded Wu Tingfang, who had been dismissed from his post, as acting prime minister. The dissolution of the National Assembly, met with collective opposition from parliamentarians, stepped down on the 24th. Zhang Xun followed during the restoration, and then secretly contacted Duan Qirui. In 1937, he became the mayor of Pseudo-Beiping City. He died in Peiping in 1943.
17. Li Jingxi (1860-1925) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from June 24, 1917 to July 1, 1917. In 1901, he was appointed Inspector of Yunnan. In 1909, he was appointed Governor of Yungui. During the reign of Governor Yungui, he founded the Lecture Hall and funded Cai Yi. He was sent out of the country during the Xinhai Revolution. In June 1917, at the invitation of President Li Yuanhong, he became acting prime minister and chief of finance, but was later removed from his post due to Zhang Xun's restoration. He died in Shanghai in 1925.
18. Duan Qirui (1865-1936) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from July 14, 1917 to November 22, 1917. In June 1917, Zhang Xun was restored, and then served as the commander-in-chief of the rebel army, and joined forces with Feng Guozhang to fight Zhang Xun. Zhang Xun was expelled and the republic was restored. Subsequently, he became Prime Minister. Later, After Feng Guozhang's political disagreement, a second court dispute occurred, and he resigned in November.
19. Wang Daxie (1859-1929) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from 22 November 1917 to 30 November 1917. In 1905, he was appointed Minister to England. In 1913, he became Director General of Education. In 1916, he became the Director General of Transportation. In November 1917, he succeeded Duan Qirui, who resigned, as acting prime minister. In 1918, he became Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission.
20. Wang Shizhen (1861-1930) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from November 30, 1917 to February 20, 1918. One of the "Three Masters of Beiyang". In 1894, he participated in the Sino-Japanese War. In 1907, he was appointed Viceroy of Jiangbei. In 1911 he became Secretary of State for War. In 1916, he was appointed Chief of the Army and Chief of Staff. In November 1917, he became Prime Minister. He resigned in 1918 due to illness. Thereafter, several resignations were appointed. He died in Beijing in 1930.
21. Qian Nengxun (1869-1924) acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from February 20, 1918 to March 23, 1918. In 1911, he was appointed Inspector of Shaanxi. In 1913, he became Undersecretary of the Interior. In December 1917, he was appointed Minister of the Interior. In February 1918, he succeeded Wang Shizhen, who resigned due to illness, as acting prime minister. He left office in March of the same year.
22. Duan Qirui (1859-1929) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 23 March 1918 to 10 October 1918. In March 1918, he was appointed Prime Minister of the State, and in October, he knew that the reunification of the armed forces was not tolerated by the people of the country, and he asked to resign.
23. Qian Nengxun (1869-1924) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from 10 October 1918 to 20 December 1918. In October 1918, he succeeded Duan Qirui, who resigned, as acting prime minister and minister of internal affairs.
24. Qian Nengxun (1869-1924) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from December 20, 1918 to June 13, 1919. After the victory in World War I, he advocated the recovery of Shandong's sovereignty and refused to sign the Paris Peace Treaty. In June 1919, due to the influence of the "May Fourth" Movement, he resigned. He died in Beijing in 1924.
25. Gong Xinzhan (1871-1943) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from 13 June 1919 to 24 September 1919. During the Qing Dynasty, he successively served as the prefect of Guangzhou, the envoy of Guangdong, and the envoy of Yunnan Tifa. During the Republic of China period, he successively served as the governor of Anhui Province and the vice minister of finance. In June 1919, he acted as Prime Minister of State as Minister of Finance. In September, he could not bear the oppression of the Anfu department and resigned. In 1926, he became the chairman of the Industrial Bank of China. He died in Tianjin in 1943.
26. Jin Yunpeng (1877-1951) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from September 24, 1919 to November 5, 1919. In 1913, he was appointed governor of Shandong. In 1919, he became commander-in-chief of the army. In September, he succeeded Gong Xinzhan, who resigned, as acting prime minister.
27. Jin Yunpeng (1877-1951) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from November 5, 1919 to July 2, 1920. In November 1919, he formed a cabinet and concurrently served as the chief of the army. In July 1920, due to the oppression of the Anfu clan, he resigned.
28. Sa Zhenbing (1859-1952) Acting Prime Minister of the Republic of China, served from 14 May 1919 to 4 August 1919. In 1894, he participated in the Sino-Japanese War. In 1903, he was appointed as the general commander of the Beiyang Navy. 1905 Prime Minister of the North and South Navy. In November 1911, he was appointed Minister of the Navy. In 1916 he became Chief of the Navy. In May 1919, he was invited by President Xu Shichang to temporarily act as Prime Minister. He resigned in August of the same year. After his resignation, he remained as Chief of the Navy. In October 1922, he was appointed governor of Fujian Province. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, propaganda was made to resist Japan and save the country. He died in Fuzhou in 1952.
29. Jin Yunpeng (1877-1951) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from August 9, 1920 to May 14, 1921. In August 1920, he was reappointed Prime Minister and Chief of the Army. In May 1921, in order to alleviate the pressure on the Fu'an department, he resigned and reorganized.
30. Jin Yunpeng (1877-1951) Premier of the Republic of China, May 14, 1921 – December 18, 1921. He became Prime Minister in May 1921. In December of the same year, due to financial difficulties and deteriorating personnel relations, he resigned. He died in Tianjin in 1951.
31. Yan Huiqing (1877-1959) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from 18 December 1921 to 24 December 1921. In 1912 he became Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1920 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In December 1921, he succeeded Jin Yunpeng, who resigned, as acting prime minister.
32. Liang Shiyi (1869-1933) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 24 December 1921 to 5 May 1922. In 1911, he was appointed Minister of Posts and Communications. In 1912, he became the prime minister and deputy finance minister of the Bank of Communications. In 1918, he founded the Beijing Stock Exchange. He became Prime Minister in December 1921. In January 1922, he took a leave of absence from Beijing. In May 1922, he was dismissed from his post for his defeat in the Zhifeng War. "I. After the February 8 incident, he ran for the cause of the anti-Japanese resistance. He died in Shanghai in 1933.
33. Yan Huiqing (1877-1959) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from January 25, 1922 to April 8, 1922. In January 1922, he acted as Prime Minister of State as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Please resign because of the war.
34. Zhou Ziqi (1869-1923) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from April 8, 1922 to June 11, 1922. In 1912, he was appointed governor of Shandong. In 1914, he became Treasurer General. In April 1922, he was appointed Acting Prime Minister and Minister of Education. In June, a new cabinet was formed, please resign. He died in Shanghai in 1923.
35. Yan Huiqing (1877-1959) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 12 June 1922 to 15 August 1922. In June 1922, he was appointed Prime Minister. In August of the same year, he resigned due to a leave of absence from Beijing and a cabinet reshuffle.
36. Wang Pethui (1881-1958) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from July 31, 1922 to August 5, 1922. In 1912, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Attorney General. In 1920, he became the president of dali yuan. In 1922, he became Director General of Education. In July, he became acting prime minister, and in August, he resigned after a cabinet reshuffle.
37. Tang Shaoyi (1862-1938) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, who did not arrive from August 5, 1922 to September 19, 1922. Fearing the power of his immediate lineage, he did not arrive. The position was concurrently held by Wang. Resignation after cabinet reshuffle. He was assassinated by Chiang Kai-shek in Shanghai in 1938.
36. Wang Bohui (1881-1958) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 5 August 1922 to 29 November 1922. Since Tang Shaoyi did not arrive, he continued to serve as prime minister. In November 1922, he resigned due to financial difficulties and factional struggles. In 1927 he became Minister of Justice. In 1929, he began to participate in the formulation of the National Law of the People's Republic of China. In 1937 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. He attended the San Francisco Conference in 1945. He died in Taiwan in 1958.
37. Wang Daxie (1859-1929) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 29 November 1922 to 11 December 1922. In November 1922, he was appointed Prime Minister and Treasurer of the Republic of China. In December, he resigned not to be welcomed by his immediate family, the Jinbao faction. He died in Beijing in 1929.
38. Wang Zhengting (1882-1961) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from December 11, 1922 to January 4, 1923. "The Father of the Chinese Olympic Games". After the founding of the Republic of China, he successively served as acting speaker, acting minister of industry and commerce, and minister of foreign affairs. In November 1922, he became Acting Prime Minister. After the cabinet was reorganized, it was removed. Later, he served as foreign minister and ambassador to the United States. He died in Hong Kong in 1961.
39. Zhang Shaozeng (1879-1928) was The Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from January 4, 1923 to June 6, 1923. In 1911, he was appointed commander of the twentieth town of the Army. After the Wuchang Uprising, soldiers expressed solidarity and demanded a constitutional monarchy. In 1916, he participated in the crusade against Zhang Xun. In August 1922, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Army. In January 1923, he was appointed Prime Minister and Chief of the Army. In June of the same year, he resigned for colluding with a warlord of his immediate lineage to force Li Yuanhong to step down. He was assassinated in Tianjin in 1928.
40. Gao Lingxia (1868-1940) was the Prime Minister of the Regency Cabinet of the Republic of China, serving from 14 June 1923 to 10 October 1923. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, he served as an envoy to Hubei Province. In June 1923 he became Prime Minister of the Regency Cabinet. After Cao Kun bribed the election of the president, he was dissolved.
41. Gao Lingxia (1869-1940) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 10 October 1923 to 10 January 1924. A new cabinet was formed and stepped down. In 1937, he became the mayor of the pseudo-Tianjin municipality and the governor of the pseudo-Hebei Province, and died of illness in Beijing in 1940.
42. Sun Baoqi (1867-1931) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 10 January 1924 to 2 July 1924. He became Prime Minister in January 1924. In July, he clashed with Finance Minister Wang Kemin and resigned because Cao Zuo sided with Wang Kemin. In 1925, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Soviet Union. He died in Shanghai in 1931.
43. Gu Weijun (1888-1985) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, July 2, 1924 – September 14, 1924. In November 1915, he was appointed Minister to the United States. The 1919 Paris Peace Conference rejected the Treaty of Versailles. In 1922, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In July 1924, he became acting prime minister, and in September the cabinet was reorganized and he resigned.
44. Yan Huiqing (1887-1950) Was Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from September 14, 1924 to October 30, 1924. In September 1924, he became Prime Minister of State as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In October 1924, he was dismissed from office because of the imprisonment of President Cao Kun.
45. Huang Hao (1880-1936) was prime minister of the regent cabinet of the Republic of China, serving from 39 October 1924 to 24 November 1924. In 1912, he was appointed chief of staff of the Governor's Office of Jiangsu. In 1923, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs and then Director general of education. In 1924, he participated in the coup d'état in Beijing. In October 1924, he was appointed Prime Minister of the Regency Cabinet. In November, the Provisional Government was formed and he resigned. In 1927, he became the mayor of Shanghai Special City. Later, he went north to persuade Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan to attach himself to Jiang. He died in Shanghai in 1936.
46. Duan Qirui (1865-1936) was an interim ruler of the Republic of China, serving from 24 November 1924 to 31 December 1925. After the coup d'état in Beijing in October 1924, he was invited out of the mountains by Feng Yuxiang. In November, he assumed provisional government. He was dismissed in December 1925 after the cabinet was reorganized. Manufactured in 1926 "III. One eight" massacre. "IX. After the "18" incident, he refused to take up a pseudo-post. He died in Shanghai in 1936.
47. Xu Shiying (1873-1964) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 26 December 1925 to 4 March 1926. In 1913, he became Attorney General. In 1916, he was appointed Director general of transportation. In 1921, he became the governor of Anhui Province. In December 1925, he was appointed Prime Minister and Minister of Finance. In March 1926, he resigned dissatisfied with Duan Qirui's actions. In 1936, he was appointed Ambassador to Japan. He died in Taipei in 1964.
48. Jia Deyao (1880-1940) Acting Prime Minister of the Republic of China, served from 15 February 1926 to 4 March 1926. In 1912, he was appointed commander of the Henan Protector Corps. In 1916, he was appointed as the guardian of the town of southern Shaanxi. In 1919, he became the principal of the Baoding Military Academy. In 1925, he became deputy secretary of the army. In February 1926, Due to the resignation of Xu Shiying, he temporarily acted as Prime Minister.
49. Jia Deyao (1880-1940) Prime Minister of the Republic of China, March 4, 1926 – April 20, 1926. In April 1926, he went down with Duan Qirui. Later, he repeatedly refused to take a false post. He died in Shanghai in 1940.
50. Hu Weide (1863-1933) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from 20 April 1926 to 13 May 1926. In 1910 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1912, he became Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In 1920, he was appointed Minister to Japan. In March 1926 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In April, he became Acting Prime Minister. Resigned due to Yan Huiqing's reinstatement.
51. Yan Huiqing (1887-1950) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 13 May 1926 to 22 June 1926. In June 1926, due to opposition, he resigned after a cabinet meeting.
52. Du Xijue (1874-1933) Acting Prime Minister of the Republic of China, served from 22 June 1926 to 5 October 1926. In 1911, he served as the pipe belt of "Jiang Zhen", went to Wuchang in the same year to suppress the "Wuchang Uprising", and in the same year participated in the "Jiujiang Uprising", participated in the revolution, and helped the three towns of Wuhan to recover. He became Commander-in-Chief of the Navy in 1922 and Chief of the Navy in 1925. In June 1926, after Yan Huiqing stepped down, he acted as acting premier of the navy as chief of the navy, and resigned as prime minister in October of the same year because of his obedience to the elbow. In 1931, he became the principal of the Mawei Navy, and went to Shanghai after the "Fujian Incident" in November 1933, where he died of illness in December.
53. Gu Weijun (1888-1985) Acting Premier of the Republic of China, served from October 5, 1926 to January 11, 1927. In July 1926, he was appointed Chief Of Finance, and in October he succeeded Du Xijue as Acting Prime Minister. In November, a declaration was issued to terminate the Belgian Treaty.
54. Gu Weijun (1888-1985) Premier of the Republic of China, January 11, 1927 - June 16, 1927. In January 1927, he became Acting Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. In June, he organized a military government with Zhang Zuolin and went down to the field. In 1928, he was wanted by the Nationalist government in Nanjing and went to Europe to live. In 1932, he was appointed as the Chinese representative of the League of Nations. Since 1932, Gu Weijun has repeatedly traveled to Europe and the United States to support and help China resist Japanese aggression. In 1945, he attended the San Francisco Conference and signed the Charter of the United Nations. After the outbreak of the civil war, the United States repeatedly applied for aid to China. In 1948, he was included in the list of war criminals of the Kuomintang. In 1953, the "U.S.-Chiang Kai-shek Mutual Defense Treaty" was signed. In 1964, he was elected Vice-President of the International Court of Justice in The Hague. He died in New York in 1985.
55. Hu Weide (1863-1933) Acting Prime Minister of the Republic of China, served from 16 June 1927 to 19 June 1927. In January 1927, he was appointed Minister of the Interior. On June 16, 1927, he succeeded Gu Weijun as acting prime minister. After the cabinet was reorganized, it was removed. In November 1927, he became the president of the Heisho-in Temple. He died in Beiping in 1933.
56. Pan Fu (1883-1936) Was Prime Minister of the Republic of China, serving from 20 June 1927 to 3 June 1928. In January 1913, he was appointed director of the Shandong Industrial Department. In 1916, he became vice president of the National Water Conservancy Bureau. In 1919, he became Undersecretary of Finance. In 1926, he was appointed Treasurer-General. In 1927, he was appointed Chief of Transportation. In June 1927, he was appointed by Zhang Zuolin as premier and minister of transportation. In June 1928, the Northern Expeditionary Army entered the Tianjin-Beijing area and left the capital. He died in Beijing in 1936.
Finally, I also gave my friends a simple picture for reference.
