I've always wanted to write an article about the optical structure of various lenses
However, due to the obscure and complicated optical knowledge, it is difficult to get started
Today I start from the practical level of the names, features, applications, etc. of various optical structures
Let's try to popularize the optical structure of the lens
The ancestor of the lens - a monolithic lens
The earliest lenses consisted of only a convex lens, which was the best structure and the worst structure
It is best because the optical structure of the world's most sophisticated camera, the human eye, is a group of pieces, through our own super ps-brain to correct various physical defects;
The worst is because if the camera lens only has one lens, the difference between the ball, the color difference, the coma difference and so on will completely destroy the picture.
The earliest set of lenses was invented by the Englishman Wollaston in 1812, the maximum aperture F16, called the crescent landscape lens, it is non-replaceable aperture, mostly used in the early simple square box camera (this type of camera was previously mainly used by painters for drawing).
The lens structure of a set of lenses is very simple as a moon-shaped lens
A group of lenses is currently not available, the most common is reading glasses, but it seems that it can not be called a lens
In order to solve the problem of chromatic aberration of the lens, in 1821 by the Frenchman, the famous lens manufacturer Chevrlier (Chevrlier) invented a group of 2 lens structures, the largest aperture F14 achromatic lens, it is also a non-replaceable aperture lens.
It should be emphasized that the Kilux camera invented by Daguerre (the inventor of modern photography) in 1839 and manufactured by his relatives uses this lens.
A set of two-piece structures is to glue the concave lens and the convex lens together, eliminating some of the chromatic aberration
Early achromatic lenses, the copper coin below is an aperture insert, manual replacement of the aperture (network source, unverified)
Evergreen Petzval structure
The official appearance of the large aperture lens in 1840, the Austrian mathematician Professor Pitzvar used mathematical methods to design 3 groups of 4 films, the largest aperture F3.7 portrait lens, which is the popular Pittsfa lens, commonly known as the big old man.
The early Pitts fell was a structure of 4 pieces and 3 groups
After 1878, it became a structure of 4 pieces and 2 groups
The Pittsfield lens is very popular in today's wet-edition photography world, and the number of them is very large
From the early non-exchangeable aperture lens to the aperture insert, the so-called "water chamber", and then to the later aperture page, it has undergone a long period of development
Because the Pitts cut lens is a brass body, the high-grade one is even gilded, so it is more expensive, during World War II, a large number of pitts cut shots were broken, because the brass of the lens barrel was needed to make bullets
Amazingly, lenses from more than a hundred years ago are now available for purchase with new ones, as well as a variety of mounts to choose from, with the side reflecting the charm of Pittsfield
The dizzying "spinning focus" seems to be the only reason to buy a pitts, and it is a matter of opinion
Old Cook
In 1893, the British TAYLORHOBSSON company Dennis. Taylor designed the famous 3-set 3-chip cooke lens with a maximum aperture of F4.5. After improvement, the maximum aperture reached F2.8.
Cooke lens construction in 3 groups of 3 films
The old Cook lens is a little very much, large aperture, large phase field, small volume, the current price of a treasure is also very high
Cook lenses are still in production, but we rarely touch the field of cinematic lenses
Centennial Days
In 1902, it was founded by The German Karl von Der Leyen. P. RUDOLPH (Paul, Rudolph) of ZEISS Optics designed the world-famous Tiansai lens, 4 elements in 3 groups. Its structure is an evolution of cook lenses, but the designers designed it independently. Due to the use of lens gluing technology, all kinds of aberrations of the lens have been better corrected.
The structure of 4 films and 3 groups of Tiansai lens can intuitively see the relationship with Cook's lens, the difference is that a concave lens is bonded to correct aberration
The structure of the celestial plug is almost the most extensive structure used in camera lenses in the Middle Ages, and it is also the most famous structure, with many famous mirrors, characterized by sharp imaging and large contrast, which is very suitable for black and white photography
The famous portable machine of the rubber ring Lu Lai 35 on the heavenly plug
The Xenar lenses on Lulai cameras are all sky plug structures
Leica's 50mmF3.5 Elmar lens
To this day, many so-called cookie lenses still use a sky plug structure.
Perfect double Gaussian structure
In 1896, The German Karl von Der Leyen P. RUDOLPH (Paul Rudolph) of ZEISS Optics designed the famous double Gaussian lens, 6 in 4 groups, named Planar (meaning "flat phase field") lens. This symmetrical structure corrects all kinds of aberrations very well, and the caliber is large, so it is widely used.
The design of 6 pieces and 4 groups of double Gaussian structure is similar to that of later improved types
The double Gaussian structure has achieved too many lenses, almost perfect optical structure, except for the Carl Zeiss Plant as we know it, the 50mm large aperture standard lenses of various major factories are almost all double Gaussian structures or double Gaussian variants.
It is based on the principle of a set of two positive and negative structures (see the first section of this article) canceling out aberrations against each other, but there have been many variant designs for more than 120 years, but no matter how it changes, the double Gaussian structure has made this era of image richness.
Carl Zeiss 50 1.4 Plana T*
Canon 50mmF1.2
There are also 50mmF1.4 and so on, which are all variants of the double Gaussian structure
Sonnar (Sonna) structure
Zeiss Sonnar was originally led by Ludwig S. Dr. Bertele designed it in 1929 and designed by Zeiss M. Ikon (ZEISS Ikon) was patented. It is distinguished by its relatively light weight, simple design and large aperture.
The 6-piece 3-group structure of the Sonna lens is characterized by a double Gaussian structure in the front group and a tensai structure in the rear group
Sonna structure is generally used for standard to medium telephoto lens design is more, with the characteristics of extremely small spherical aberration, extremely small four-corner light loss, extremely large aperture, bright color and so on.
Telephoto lens of ZEISS Sonna structure
In addition, there are all kinds of Lotus Gang, Top Gang, all kinds of Gang (mainly because of German, so it is a variety of Gang) too much, not to introduce one by one, the classic is the above several.
Thanks for the patience to see now.
You also know what kind of classic lens structure can be discussed together in the comment area, showing your rich photography knowledge is the time ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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