In fact, in the Mongol tribes, not all leaders can be called "khans".
Because in the hearts of the Mongols, only the descendants of Genghis Khan are qualified to be called Khans.
But kaldan's claim to khanhood was almost no one dared to oppose, because his strength and merit for the tribe had exceeded the limits of blood.
Dzungar Khanate
In fact, in the early years, the Dzungar tribe was only one of the Veyrat Mongols.
The Dzungar tribes, together with the Turks and Durberts, honored the most powerful Heshuo tribes as their chiefs.
But later, due to the degradation of the Tianshan grassland, the northernmost Durbert department could not support it at first, so it had to start moving north to find new pastures.
But the result of the northward migration was to bump into the ambitious Tsarist Russia, which was bent on expanding eastward.
In the War with Tsarist Russia, the dulhouse Durbert was brutally killed by Waterloo.
But the absence of pastures was an end to the nomads, and since the north could not be reached, the Durbert Ministry had to set its sights on the Turbats, which were originally from the same roots.
To live or to die? There is no need for an answer.
The Dzungars, who had always been in the same vein as the Durberts, began to respond positively when they learned of the situation, and the two tribes attacked the Turks from the north and south.
In the end, the Turks had to move west to Tsarist Russia, and the territory and steppe were all encroached upon by the two tribes.
Soon after, the head of the Durbert Ministry died. Due to the issue of inheritance rights, the tribe was divided into two factions, old and young.
Some of the Durberts began to defect to the Dzungars, and a large amount of land and wealth was also pocketed by the Dzungars, and the Dzungars began to rise.
The Heshuo clan, which was originally the leader, saw that the Dzungars were powerful and did not choose to attack internally. Instead, he took the initiative to retreat and moved south to establish a khanate.
Although the Dzungar tribe became more and more powerful, its true rise was inseparable from the ascension of the "Batur Huntaiji" Thoros Doheqin.
Batur means "warrior" in Mongolian, and Huntaiji is a title, similar to the crown prince of the Central Plains.
The leader had repeatedly retaliated against the invasions of Tsarist Russia and Kazakhstan, and as early as the Tsarist yamen archives, Batur Guntaiji was regarded as a demon of the same kind.
The Battle of Dzungar and Tsarist Russia
Due to Batur's series of tough measures, Tsarist Russia had to take the initiative to be introverted, and negotiated with Dzungar to sign a sphere of influence between the two sides.
Peaceful coexistence and mutual support.
In terms of materials, the Dzungars could exchange pigs and sheep and other livestock for firearms and iron from Tsarist Russia.
But at this time, the Dzungars were still only powerful Mongol tribes, and if they wanted to change from quantitative to qualitative, they had to start with Theros Kaldan, the son of Batur.
Gardan was not the heir to the Eight Sutras earlier, and he also had a brother-in-law, sangha.
Although Batur also thought about having the shrewd and capable Kaldan ascend to the throne, Kaldan refused the right to inherit in the name of his brother still alive, and instead went to Tibet to study Buddhism with the Fifth Dalai Lama.
Gardan image
Just as Kaldan was enjoying his free life in Tibet, an accident occurred.
His brother Sangha was poisoned by his brother Chechen Taiji over power issues, and Kaldan had to return to the tribe to take charge of the overall situation.
In the tenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Gardan defeated his half-brother Taiji Chechen, who had killed his brother.
Later, according to Mongolian customs, he married the widow of his brother Sangh, Borzigit Anu.
The Dzungar Ministry, which was gradually stabilizing, also began a decade-long development.
During this decade, the Dzungars conquered on all sides, not only unifying the former Weyrat Mongol lands, but also firmly controlling the entire northern and southern Frontier regions.
Kaldan also promoted Dzungar from tribe to Dzungar Khanate.
Khanate
The Dzungar Khanate was a vast territory, covering an area of 4 million square kilometers and a population of 3 million people. It was later known as the world's last nomadic empire.
Unfortunately, the Dzungar Khanate did not establish a perfect social system, and its essence still relied on the offensive to maintain a stable state.
The people's hearts and minds could only be won over by looting and rewards, and the industry and agriculture of the Dzungars were severely damaged by long-term killings, and even the most basic firearms needed to be provided by the gentiles.
The strength of the army could not hide the political and economic shortcomings, and eventually the three conquests of the Kangxi Emperor and the illness and death of Kaldan greatly reduced the strength of the khanate.
Gather because of profit, scatter because of profit. The Dzungar Khanate also lost its last strength due to the loss of interests.
Finally, during the Qianlong period, the last Khan of Dzungar, Dawaqi, surrendered to the Manchu Qing, and the Dzungar Khanate was destroyed.