The mound, the window and the middle and the roof leak, these seemingly incompatible things, in the distant ancient times, were actually one thing, and they are the remnants of the cave life of our ancestors. The Yi ZhiXia says: "The ancient cave dwells in the wilderness." The saints of later generations changed their palaces and went up and down to wait for the wind and rain. Lu Jia's "Xinyu Daoji" also said: "The people of the world, where the wild dwellings are in the caves, and there are no rooms, they are in the same domain as the beasts." ”
Zhoukoudian Beijinger Ruins
That is to say, the dwelling place of primitive humans is no different from that of animals and animals, or they live in caves or in the wilderness. This cave, of course, refers to a naturally formed cave. This has been proved by a large number of archaeological data, needless to say.
However, natural caves are rare after all. Thus, when the ancients' knowledge and abilities (including tools) developed to a certain extent, cave dwellings were created.
The Poem Daya Mian writes that when the ancestor of the Zhou people, Gu Gonggong's father, moved from Dushui in Qidi to Qishui, he lived in an artificial cave: "When the people were born at the beginning of their lives, they were painted from tu (du) depressed (徂). The ancient father, Tao Fu Pottery Cave, did not have a family. Mao Chuan's explanation for "Tao Fu (pretended to be) Tao Cave" is: "Tao Qi's soil is restored, and Tao Qi's soil is pitted." Kong Yingda Shuo also further explained: "The cover is to remove its soil from the pottery, so it is called taoye." ”
This means that the principle of digging a soil hole and making a pottery is the same: the characteristics of the pottery are earthen, hollow, and the eleventh chapter of Lao Tzu is called "the vessel is thought to be the instrument, when it is not there, the instrument is used"; the characteristics of the cave are also earthen, hollow, and the so-called "chiseled household is thought to be a room, when it is not there, the use of the room".
Clay making vessels and digging earth caves must be dug up in the air, so the pottery is called pottery, and the digging hole can also be called pottery. Tao, "Shuowen Jiezi Fubu" is interpreted as "Re-chengqiu ye", that is, a double hill; the meaning of pottery is its false meaning. The character for this character is "匋", and the Jin Wen elephant man made the shape of an earthen vessel. After the "pottery" line and the "dagger" is abandoned. "Tao Fu Pottery Cave", Zheng Ji read "Tao" as "kiln", Wang Yun 's "Speaking Sentence Reading Cave Department" Shen Qi said.
Pottery excavated from the Yangguanzhai site in Gaoling, Shaanxi
However, since it is said that "complex and cave", the "tao" in front of it seems that it can no longer be read as "kiln". In mr. Shengwu's "New Evidence of Zeluoju Poetry Classic", the "Tao Fu Pottery Cave" article calls "pottery" as "firing the bottom of the cave and the wall of the cave", "for the texture is strong, to prevent moisture", can also be prepared.
So, what is a "compound (), a hole"? "Shuowen Jiezi Cave Department": "Cave, Earth room also." Again: ", the underground chamber also." Duan Yujie explained: "If you wear it on the side, you will cover it on the top; if you wear it, the cave will wear it." ”
This can represent the opinions of many scholars. For example, Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen TongXun Dingsheng Fubu": "... Whoever pierces the hole straight through, wears the side, and covers the ground, so it is also known. The "hole" formed by "passing through it" is a hole dug according to the cliff and steep slope; the hole is dug, and it is naturally covered with soil layers, so it is called "".
The cave dwellings where the residents of the mountainous areas of Shanxi and Shaanxi now live are the relics of this kind of "". As for the "hole", it is a hole that is dug straight down from the ground. However, as everyone knows, digging a hole downward is much more difficult than digging to the side, and it is far less convenient to enter and exit the hole than to enter and exit.
Shaanxi cave dwellings
So why did the ancients dig a cave to live? The reason we first think of may, of course, be that there is no po kan cliff bank to use; secondly, although there is a po kan cliff bank, the soil is not dense, and it is easy to collapse when excavated.
And the most important reason is probably to keep out the cold. The Book of Rites and the Imperial System says: "In the north, there are people who do not eat grains. The Later Han Shu Dongyi Lie Biography contains the State of Ru Lou, "in the northeast of Fuyu for more than a thousand miles, dongbin sea", and its people are "between the mountains and forests, the soil is extremely cold, often cave dwelling, deep is precious, everyone to the nine ladders ... Winter is coated with cream, several points thick, to ward off the wind and cold."
There is a book called "Foreign Maps" (written by Wu Youming, qing Chen Yun rong, collected in the second collection of the "Lushan Jingshe Series", "Notes on the Testament of the Ancient Sea Kingdom"), which says "the people of the Tibetan Road, the cave dwellers of the cold land", and also says "the people of Ding Zero, the dwellings of the cold caves" (quoted from the "Cave" article of the "Yuanjian Class Letter and Dibu"). This is all about the foreign races of the north.
As for the land where the ancestors of the Zhou people lived, in the territory of Xunyi County, east of present-day Bin County, Shaanxi Province, the Poetry of Fengfeng and July says that winter there is "one day of hair, two days of chestnut, no clothes and no brown, why died?" ”
It is entirely possible that the wind is cold and there is no clothing sufficient to withstand the cold, and it is entirely possible to be forced to dig a burrow and live. However, this kind of cave that lives in the ground has too many shortcomings, and with the progress of society, it has long been abandoned by human beings, and it is almost impossible to find traces of it in modern folklore.
Shanxi Ping land kiln
The residence of the ancients also has a name called "camp cave". The Book of Rites and Fortunes says: "In the past, the kings did not have a palace, but in winter they lived in the cave, and in the summer they lived in the nest." Zheng Xuan's note: "The cold is tired, and the summer is gathering firewood to live on it." Zheng Zhu's words are unknown, and Kong Yingda explains that: "Those who live in the cave in winter are tired of their soil and become caves." The height of the ground is the cave on the ground, and the underground is the cave on the ground, which is said to be a cave because of the soil on the ground. ”
"Mencius Teng Wen Gongxia" also said that when yao was in the world, the people had nowhere to live, so "the lower one is the nest, and the upper one is the camp". Zhao Qi, a contemporary of Zheng Xuan, explained: "The upper one, the plateau is also above." Cut the shore and camp it, thinking that it is a cave. ”
Zhao Qi and Kong Yingda said that the two are basically the same: First, the camp cave is an artificially created cave; second, in the high ground where the terrain can be used, digging a hole on the cliff bank and hillside is equivalent to the "Tao Fu ()" mentioned in the "Poetry Daya Mian". The difference is that Kong Yingda also said that there is a kind of cave formed by accumulating soil on the flat ground.
How to "tire the soil", he did not elaborate. However, the easiest and quickest way to build a cave on flat ground is to dig a pit on the ground, and the soil is piled on the edge of the pit, and then cover it with trunks, branches, weeds, etc., and then cover the soil - this is another kind of "camp cave", between the cave, in line with Zheng Xuan and Kong Yingda's "tired soil" and "tired soil".
Song Hui's clan land dwelling
Decades ago, the "land kiln" where poor peasants lived in Heilongjiang and Jilin was the remnants of this ancient camp. The camp should be an abuse of the houses of future generations.
However, whether the ancestors lived in natural caves or artificially created "caves", they would encounter two difficulties: first, the cave or the darkness inside, life was inconvenient; second, when the fire was burned, the smoke was difficult to discharge, and people could not bear it (the vertically excavated hole was ignored).
In naturally formed caves, occasionally there are pores at the top that communicate with the outside of the cave. Imagine living in such a cave, a beam of light pouring down from the top of the cave, the cave is bright; the smoke is swirling upwards, the fire is vigorous and there is no pain of choking; the smoke rises out, the cold is not easy to leak in, and it is beneficial and harmless to keep warm; the natural circulation of air in the cave does not cause pollution - this kind of cave with holes at the top, compared to those "dead holes" with no holes at the top, the living conditions are simply "incomparable"!
After comparison and identification, our ancestors will surely sum up the life experience that the cave with a hole in the top is suitable for habitation; on the contrary, there will be many inconveniences and even pains. In this way, when the "cave" or "camp" built by the ancestors was completed, they may deliberately open a small hole in the top of the deep cave.
Banpo ruins
Don't underestimate this little hole! It is a major discovery of ancient human understanding and transformation of nature, and a monument in the history of human house architecture!
This small hole is 囱, Guangyun Chujiang cut, pronounced chuāng; and "JiYun" coarse bush cut, pronounced cōng. The Shuowen Jiezi ShuBu (說文解字囱部) interprets as follows: "In the wall is known as the Temple, in the house it is known as the Circle." Then he listed his aliens: "Window, or from the hole." It can be seen that the "囱" is also known as the "window"; from the hole, it is said that it was just a hole.
Duan Yu cut the note in this article as: "Mu, through the wall to the wood as a window also." "(囱,) The house is on top also." Let's talk about the difference between a 囱 and a mu. However, it appeared much later than the temple, and that was after the construction of the house.
As for the "house", Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi And Corpse Department" interprets it as "Juye", and Duan Yujue interprets it as "the cover of the room", that is, the top of the residence. And the "house" article of the "Shuowen Jiezi • Corpse Department" lists another Wenwu: from the factory (hǎn); the factory, the "Shuowen Jiezi • Factory Department" is interpreted as "the rock of the mountain stone, people can live".
It can be seen that the window (window) is originally a hole in the top of the camp cave (that is, the cave made by man). And not only the original residence of the ancient Chinese people", but also the "yurt" of the Mongolian people today, the "immortal pillar" of the Olunchun ethnic group (called "plucked Luozi" in Chinese), the top is covered with animal skin and birch bark, and does not all leave a smoke hole in the center!
The Immortal Pillar of the OrunChun People
囱, "Explanation of Words and Characters" lists an ancient text: the characters resemble the shape of a wooden lattice window frame. Probably our ancestors later built a wooden frame in view of the fact that the edge of the top window hole was easy to collapse and fall. At the top of the word "black" is the ancient text of "囱", which is particularly evident in the seal text of "black". The "Shuowen Jiezi Kurobu" interprets "black" as "the color of fire." From Yan, out of the top" ("Hanyu Da Zidian · Heibu" quotes this, mistakenly as 囦.)
囦為渊古宇, and not related), """ is the affiliation of the ancient character 囱. This also proves that the main role of the window in the cave life of the ancients was to exhaust smoke.
Until the Tang Dynasty, people still called chimneys smoke windows. The Taiping Guangji volume 256 "Cui Ya" article records that he mocked the prostitute Li Duanduan", "his nose is like a smoke window and his ears are like bells", which is proof of this.
The Shuowen Jiezi Mingbu considers the "Ming" we know as an ancient text, and interprets "朙" as an orthography, interpreting it as: "Zhaoye, from the moon from 囧." ”
"囧" is pronounced jiǒng, seal text is, "Shuowen Jiezi · 囧部" is interpreted as "window Mu Li Min Ming, pictogram ... Jia Shizhong said that reading is the same as Ming". Duan Yu's commentary: "Li Li double voice, read as far as Lou, is said to be sparse Linglong also; Min Ming means enlightened also." In fact, this "囧" is just a "" deformation, but the window ledge is more "sparse and exquisite" and itself, and Jia Kui directly read it as "Ming".
Restoration of hominid remains
The existence of the word "朙" is equivalent to telling us that in that ancient long night, in the dark cave, a beam of moonlight shot from the top of the cave (window), and the impression on the ancients was by no means equivalent to the sun and the moon. This proves that another important role of windows in the cave life of the ancients is lighting.
The separation of smoke exhaust from the function of lighting (ventilation) is probably very late. Because the appearance of chimneys (ancient times called abrupt, protruding because of the use of soil or bricks) is the ancients after the use of stoves to cook; and stoves are not much helpful for heating, so the ancients closed the fire to heat, and the smoke must still be discharged by the roof window.
That is to say, the so-called chimney (ancient also called Tu, Guangya Shigong): "The stove of the so-called ... Its window is called a curtain. The appearance of ") only replaces part of the smoke exhaust function of the window. This can also be proved by modern folklore.
More than thirty years ago, the author went to the mountainous area of Yijun County in central Shaanxi Province, where the residents lived almost entirely in cave dwellings, in fact, they lived by the caves and chiseled caves; winter heating, that is, using dry wood on the ground in the caves to hold fires, and smoke either leaked from the window holes in the cave doors, or from the holes in the kiln roofs - this is the living fossil of the ancient cave dwelling method.
However, there is a disadvantage: when it rains, the window (window) leaks, so the ancient (window) is also called "house leak"; the ancients called the eaves dripping water as the mistletoe, and the window (window) is open on the roof in the middle of the cave, so it is also called "middle plumbing". The author once asked the local residents of Shaanxi, what should I do if the rain leaks? Answer: "Buckle a basin on the top of the kiln." ”
Yan'an cave dwellings
Because the window (window, that is, the house leak, the middle of the window) played a special and important role in the cave life of the ancients, it left a deep mark on many aspects of Chinese culture (such as ideological beliefs, customs, language and vocabulary, etc.); and the shortcomings of the rain leak almost became a white flaw, not noticed:
Because there is a middle bird on the roof of the center of the room, people also call the center of the room the middle bird ("Interpretation of the Name of the Palace Room": "The central part is called the middle bird." The ancient bedchamber (the author pressed, the misspelling) cave, the back room of the dark dang under the building, the straight room, the place where the ancients were under the mist. ”
"Spring and Autumn Ram Biography : Six Years of Lamentation": "So I made Lux lift a huge bag, and as for the middle bird." He Xiu's note: "The central government is known as zhongxia." Xu Yanshu quoted Yu Weiyue: "Fu, the ground is tired of soil, and the cave is also through the ground." The compound and the cave are opened on it to take light, so the rain is the middle chamber of the name of the middle room. "And as a middle dweller." Liu Xiang (Chu Ci Jiu Sighs) "Curse the thief in the middle of the thief, choose Lü Guan in hazelnut." Wang Yi's note: "In the middle of the room, the center of the room also." ”
The gods of the churches worshipped by the ancient kings and princes are called Zhonghao. The Book of Rites and Sacrifices: "The king established seven shrines for the group of people, known as Si Ming, and Yue Zhongxia ... The princes are the Five Ancestors of the State, the Order of the State, and the Emperor of the Middle Ages..." Zheng Xuan's note: "This is not the great god who prays for great things." The little gods dwell among the people, the sicha is small, and the accuser is... The main hall of the middle room. Kong Yingda Shuo: "The one who knows the middle of the sun, the god of the main hall." ”
The earth god sacrificed by the ancient Qing Dafu's family is also called Zhongxia - Zhongxia is the relic of the ancient cave dwelling, so the earth god is the lord of Zhongxia, indicating that he does not forget the fundamentals. "Li Ji • Suburban Special Animal": "Society, so the way of the divine land also." The earth carries all things, and the heavens are like images; taking materials from the earth and taking the Law from the heavens is to respect the heavens and kiss the earth. Therefore, the people of the church repay the beauty, the owner of the house is in the middle of the house and the lord of the country, and the show is also the book. Zheng Xuan's note: "Zhongxia is also the god of the earth." Kong Yingda Shuo: "The main priest of the Qing Doctor's House is the god of the earth, which lies in Zhongxia." ”
"New Harmony"
The god of the ancient family house is also called Zhongxia. Yuan Ming's "New Qi Harmonic Lion King" records that the land god complained to the great god for Yin Tingqia: "A certain person is a qu family, and every person is born, that is, the Zhun Dongyue document, informing him what kind of person he should be, what year, month, and day he should die, and how many years he is in the Yang Dynasty." ”
After the death of the ancients, they were to bathe the corpse in the middle of the room (the center of the room); the Yin people also had to dig a pit and bathe the corpse at the middle of the body, and the remaining water was discarded in the middle of the body, indicating a long resignation with the middle bird. Li Ji Tan Bow Shang: "Death, Zhou Daoye... Digging in the middle of the bath, destroying the stove to embellish the foot; and burial, destroying the sect and walking, out of the gate, Yin Dao also. Zheng Xuan's note: "Ming is no longer here." Zhou Ren bath does not dig in the middle of the chicken. Kong Yingda Shuo: "In the middle of the air, in the room also." Death and digging the ground in the chamber for obstacles. Therefore, one said that this room was useless to the deceased; the other was to put the bed frame on the bed and bathe the body on the bed, so that the bath juice would enter the bed. Therefore, the cloud digs in the middle of the bath and bathes also. ”
The ancients called the northwest corner of the house a leak. Erya Shigong: "The northwest corner is called the house leak." "This is because the ancient house faces the south, the east of the house is west, and the northwest corner of the room is equivalent to the middle of the cave dwelling, that is, the leak of the house. The ancients sacrificed the god of the house leak, which is actually the god of the middle bird.
There is an idiom "worthy of the house leak", which is mostly interpreted as the meaning of not deceiving the dark room, in fact, the original meaning is not worthy of the house leak, that is, the god of the middle bird. The matter is from the "Poetry Daya Or": "In the room, it is not worthy of the leak in the house." There is no way to say ' no obvious, no cloud'. Zheng Xuanji: "There is no reverence yet, and I am not ashamed of the leaks in the house." There are gods who see what man does. The female is meaningless' is 'the one who is obscure and does not see me', and the god sees the woman! "Isn't this god the god of leaks?"
Then he said, "The ceremony is sacrificed to Obibi, and the place where it is served in the northwest corner and is hidden." The end of this festival also. "Ao is the ancient god of Vesta, who not only sacrifices Ao first, but also "sets up a place of refuge in the northwest corner", which is clearly the god of the sacrifice house. "Li Ji Li Ji Li Ji" "Fu O, the sacrifice of the old woman" Kong Yingda Shuo: "The O' One, the God of Xia Qi, his honor... Therefore, the ceremony and the sacrifice stove were first recommended to the Austrian. "It can be proved that the god of the house leak is also the god of the middle bird."
"Etiquette and Justice"
When the ancients died, they had to withdraw the firewood in the northwest corner of the roof to burn hot water to bathe the corpse. The Book of Rites and the Great Chronicle of Funerals describes the ancient funeral rites, the death of the king, "The Dian people take the northwest of the temple and use it." Kong Yingda quoted the old saying cloud: "Kuo is the eaves also, that is, the extraction of the northwest eaves of the house also ... Why should I take this salary? Show that the master is dead, this church has no reuse, so it is also taken. "It is the same as the intention of "Li Ji Tan Bow Shang" to carry people to death and dig in the middle of the bath. This is probably an attempt to recreate the original form of the ancient naka-chime, that is, the house leak, as a gift for the death of the deceased!
The years have passed, and the world has gone through vicissitudes. In ancient times, the living system such as the fence, the window, the middle of the window, and the house leak, what exactly is, posterity has not known, and even misunderstood. For example, "Erya ShiGong": "The northwest corner is called the house leak." Guo Pu's note: "The poem says: 'It is not worthy of the leak in the house. The meaning of this is unknown. ”
Guo Pu is a naturalist of the Jin Dynasty, he is still "unknown", it can be seen that the meaning of "house leak" has been lost for a long time. Zheng Xuan's annotation "Poetry Daya Or" "is not yet worthy of the leak in the house", saying that there is a god in the leaky house, and people worship the god in the northwest corner of the room, but they do not know that this is the god of the house leak, that is, the god of the middle bird, but he says "the house, the small tent is also; the leak, the hidden also", which is very different from the quotation from his annotation "The book of Rites and Zhongyong" quotes "The poem Cloud 'is not worthy of the house leak'", quoting "Erya" "The northwest corner of the room is called the house leak".
Moreover, the house leak (or middle bird) of the ancient cave is in the depth of the cave, and the deep hidden place of the ancient room can be called the house leak, which is the derived meaning of the original meaning of "house leak". And Zheng Xuan's separation of the word "house" and "leak" as a solution also shows that he does not know the original meaning of "house leak".
Notes on the Book of Poetry
Mr. Gao Heng's "Notes on the Book of Poetry" is "not worthy of the leak in the house", "leak, borrowed as, the name of the ghost in the house". Mr. Gao must have a good opinion. And this kind of persuasion of the good "ghost in the house" is also called "", that is undoubtedly the god of the house leak, that is, the god of the middle of the bird!
Another example is the "Interpretation of the Name and Interpretation of the Palace Room": "In the "Ritual", every time there is a relative of the deceased, the northwest corner of the house is withdrawn, and the mu is boiled in the stove for mourning; if it is rainy, it is leaked, so it is named." "This is mistaking the stream as the source. "Erya ShiGong" "Northwest Corner of the House Leak" Xing Fu omitted To quote Sun Yanyun: "The house leaker, when the room is white, the sunlight leaks in." (According to this, this is taken from the "Li Ji Zengzi Question" text "When the room of the white", Zheng Xuan's note: "When the room of the white, said to be the northwest corner of the household Ming also.") Kong Yingda's "Etiquette and Zhongyong" is "still worthy of the roof leak" omission: "The household leak is illuminated, so it is called the house leak." ”
It's all about not knowing where the house leaks and what the leaker is. Qing Ma Ruichen's "General Interpretation of Mao's Poetry Transmission Notes" explains the sentence "still worthy of the house leak", and Shen Zhengxuan notes "house, small tent also; leakage, hidden also", saying that "house leak" is "hidden, side ugly, ugly, and hidden side", and the fallacy is particularly serious.
But there is no shortage of insightful people in Qing Confucianism. For example, Ping Buqing's "Xiawai Crumbs, Interpretation of the Skylight" said: "Zhongxia: The compound acupoints are opened on it to take light, so the rain is based on the name of the middle chamber as the middle chamber." Nowadays, it is commonly called opening the skylight, burning the tiles in the air, and the commonly known house leaks, which is also its will. According to this, the present man is obstructed by oyster shells or glass. ”
"Yuanjian Class Letter"
The book "Yuanjian Class Letter, Residence Department, and Room" compiled during the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty lists "house leaks and middle plumbers" in one place, which has its own profound meaning. Xia Xin's "Xue Li Guan Shi Shi Shi Window Direction" also said: "The window is the middle of the window." The ancients re-acupuncture, in which the hole is opened to take light, which is called the middle of the cavity. In later generations, it is called the window of the cross-wood. ”
But at that time, it was only called windows and bars, and it was never called "skylights". Only when the function of smoke exhaust in this window is completely replaced by smoke bursts, and the name of the window is replaced by "sudden", and the name "mu" gradually gives way to the "window" from the language, the lighting and exhaust things on the ceiling are called "skylights".
At this time, most people have long forgotten that it is the ancestor of the chimney, and our ancestors once worshiped the gods and worshipped "Zhongxia" and "House Leak"!