China's mental health relies on generations of psychiatry to carry forward the past and carry forward the past, and on the monument to China's vigorous development of mental health, their names are engraved, among them: Shen Yu Estate, the first academician of Chinese psychiatry, Gong Yaoxian, a famous psychologist, Xu Youxin, a psychopathologist, Yang Desen, who is full of peach and plum, and Yang Desen, who is educated and educated, Liu Xiehe, a master of judicial psychiatry, and Shu Liang, a master of psychopharmacology...
Peking University Sixth Hospital
Dong asked Tian
Professor Xu Youxin, one of the important academic leaders in the field of psychiatry, was the first chairman of the Psychological Therapy and Psychological Counseling Professional Committee of the Chinese Mental Health Association, and won the 4th Outstanding Psychiatrist Award of the "Pfizer Cup" of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association in 2011.
Born in Hunan in 1928, Professor Xu graduated from the Department of Medicine of Xiangya Medical College in 1953 under the tutelage of Professor Huang Youqi; in 1956, he became an attending physician and lecturer; in the same year, he was transferred to Beijing Medical College (renamed Beijing Medical University in 1985, renamed Peking University Medical College in 2000), and was appointed professor of psychiatry in 1985. His research interests include psychopathology, neurosis and psychotherapy, and he has made outstanding contributions in these fields. He has been engaged in scientific research, clinical and teaching work for many years, and many outstanding psychiatrists have benefited from Professor Xu's works, such as Neurosis, Psychopathology: Analysis of Psychiatric Symptoms, and Xu Youxin's Collected Writings.
I have the honor to invite Professor Xu Youxin to tell us about the influence of the former Soviet Union on psychiatric research in the mainland in the 1950s.
When talking about the influence of the former Soviet Union on mainland psychiatry, Professor Xu believes that Pavlov theory is the most important influence of the former Soviet Union on the development of psychiatry in the mainland. In 1904, Pavlov, who won the Nobel Prize, explained the entire nervous system disease and mental illness, such as neurasthenia and schizophrenia, from the perspective of advanced neurodynamic physiology and pathophysiology, and his research on the stimulation of nerves and the quality and quantity of neurosecretion was groundbreaking. It was Pavlov's doctrine that established psychiatry on the basis of physiology and laid the foundation of natural science for clinical psychiatry on the mainland.
At the same time, Pavlov's theory also guided the treatment of neuroses. According to Professor Xu's recollection, at that time, the outpatient treatment of neurasthenia mainly used a combination of desert and caffeine, which was called Pavlov mixture at that time, and the principle was that the desert agent strengthened the inhibitory effect of the nerves, and the caffeine strengthened the excitatory effect of the nerves. Pavlov believed that the two basic processes of the nervous system, one is the excitatory process and the other is the inhibition process. These two processes are disordered, and the basic processes of these two nervous systems are regulated by deserting and caffeine, and the condition will improve. This theory guided the treatment of neuroses on the mainland at that time.
"Pavlov's theory of higher types of neural activity also has a profound impact on our treatment of neuroses." Professor Xu said. The neuroses we are considering now mainly consider the personality characteristics of the patient, the more the patient's personality deviates from the normal, the easier it is to get neuroses, and Pavlov proposed the types of higher neural activity, which are divided into four types: strong, weak, strong and balanced flexible, and strong and balanced inert, which is equivalent to Hippocrates' four classifications of temperament: bile, polymastasis, depression and mucus. Pavlov's four types of theory (four types of higher neural activity based on experience) use the strength, balance and imbalance of the basic processes of the nervous system to explain these four types, and the clinical guidance is like diagnosing personality disorders now, such as diagnosing whether a person is avoidant personality disorder or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder or dependent personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, etc. With the type of neurosis identified, the treatment is more targeted.
When asked whether the classification of mental illness, especially organic diseases, in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th editions of Psychiatry was very detailed, whether it was affected by the former Soviet Union, Professor Xu frankly said: The disease classification of "Psychiatry" is indeed influenced by the former Soviet Union, because the causes of organic diseases are clear and clear, so the classification of diseases is very detailed, such as mental disorders caused by epilepsy, carbon monoxide poisoning, and mental disorders caused by hypercorticism. In contrast, there were relatively few studies of schizophrenia, mania, and depression in the former Soviet Union, and because the causes of these diseases were unclear, they did not dare to describe them too much, but Pavlov explained these mental diseases from the perspective of the physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system.
What kind of enlightenment did the development of the medical system in the former Soviet Union bring to the mainland? Professor Xu's answer is: The former Soviet Union first proposed the "protective medical system", emphasizing that doctors and nurses must always maintain a friendly attitude towards patients to avoid all malignant stimuli, hospital management must first consider the protective medical system, and all language that is unfavorable to patients is not allowed. This has also affected the management model of our hospital, treating patients with a cordial and friendly attitude and advocating humanistic care for them. This model has also been passed down from generation to generation and continues to this day.
At the end of the interview, Professor Xu concluded:
First, the influence of the former Soviet Union on mainland psychiatric theories was very large, but the impact on diagnosis and treatment was relatively small. In the 1950s, the most important thing was Pavlov's theory, the nervous system theory. At that time, everyone used this set of theories of the former Soviet Union to consider the problem. But by now, the impact of this theory has been relatively small, because there are many theories now, which can be considered from various theories such as genetics, neurotransmitters, and social culture.
Second, the development of psychiatry on the mainland was influenced by the former Soviet Union and the political relations between the two countries at that time, and the most influential period was from the early 1950s to 1957 on the mainland, and the impact after 1957 was already very small. Because in the early days of the founding of New China, a large number of former Soviet experts in various fields came to China, and they could only accept the opinions of former Soviet experts and could not discuss them, so they did not benefit well. From this point, it also exposed two problems of the former Soviet school at that time: first, there was a strong exclusivity, that is, all the theories in the West were imperialist, bourgeois, idealistic, and mechanical materialist, and only the former Soviet Union was under the guidance of dialectical materialism and was the only correct theory; the other problem was that the formulaization was very serious, and the writing of articles, especially articles with theoretical characteristics, must begin with a set of theories of Marx, Lenin, and Stalin, and then say Pavlov's theories, and finally their own views. And the views expressed must be consistent with their views and inspired by their guidance.
In summary, the influence of the former Soviet Union on the development of psychiatry on the mainland is limited, but at the same time it is very important and indispensable. It is precisely because we have eliminated the shortcomings of the former Soviet school, made full use of our strong points and made up for our own shortcomings, and combined with our own reality, that psychiatry on the mainland can develop and progress by leaps and bounds.
Source: Excerpted from Chapter 2, Section 2 of "70 Years of Common Struggle for Mental Health", organized and compiled by the Disease Prevention and Control Bureau of the National Health Commission
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Department of Public Affairs, Peking University Sixth Hospital
National Mental Health Program Office