Zeng Qifeng, Li Yuqiu, Wu Xiaoling, Chen Zhenfeng, Luo Benhua
Obesity was first published in the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic, and Chinese medicine believes that it is a disease that overweights and overweight due to excessive accumulation of cream fat in the body due to overeating, insufficient exercise and other reasons, or can be accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath and laziness, which is the basis for the occurrence of many other diseases [1]. At present, the WHO determines that obesity is the world's largest chronic disease, its incidence is increasing, and the treatment of obesity has attracted more and more attention from all countries in the world and all walks of life. Modern medicine mainly uses nutrition and exercise therapy, drug therapy, surgery and other methods to treat obesity, but there are still many deficiencies in nutrition and exercise therapy, such as different effects, difficult to adhere to, complex and expensive surgical treatment operations, or with serious adverse reactions such as malnutrition, ketosis, anemia, gastrointestinal reactions and lactic acidosis [2]. It is extremely important to seek optimal treatment options for isolated obesity. Acupuncture point thread is the product of the combination of modern technology and traditional acupuncture technology, through the insertion of absorbable surgical sutures in the acupuncture points, the acupuncture points play a long-term stimulating effect to prevent and treat diseases, with simple operation, small toxic side effects and long-lasting effects, etc., widely applicable to various diseases. In the past 5 years, great progress has been made in the treatment of simple obesity with acupuncture point threads, and this study is reviewed in this paper.
1 Modern mechanism study of acupuncture point threads for the treatment of simple obesity
1.1 Adipose cell and adipose tissue studies
With the deepening of obesity research [3], people have gradually realized that adipose tissue can not only maintain the dynamic balance of fatty acids throughout the body, but also have an important impact on the occurrence of obesity as a highly differentiated type of cell, in addition to the role of storing and releasing energy, but also secrete a variety of fat cytokines, hormones or other regulators. Deng Min et al. [4] through the high-fat diet feeding mice mold, divided into model group and buried thread group 6 each, buried thread group after the double foot three-mile acupuncture thread treatment, found that compared with the model group without special treatment of the rats, acupuncture group rat fat cells in the fat cells reduced, fat cells more compact, visceral fat decomposition more fully, body fat was redistributed, body mass was effectively reduced.
1.2 Endocrine regulatory mechanisms
The body's energy balance regulation mainly relies on the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus arch nucleus contains a variety of appetite-regulating neurons; important hormones involved in the regulation of energy metabolism in the peripheral circulation include: leptin, insulin, glucagon and epinephrine, etc.; abnormalities in any link of neuro-endocrine regulation can lead to obesity. Yan Runhu et al. [5] Conducted animal observation experiments after the rat molding grouping, and the results of the intervention method of acupuncture point thread embedding were: buried threads can upregulate the expression level of OB-Rb mRNA in the hypothalamus of obese rats, reduce the expression level of SOCS-3 mRNA of hypothalamus and the content of peripheral serum SOCS-3, and it is analyzed that acupuncture point thread embedding promotes the signaling after leptin and fasting insulin receptors, improves leptin resistance and insulin resistance, and exerts the biological effects of leptin and fasting insulin. Huang Wei et al. [6] divided 120 patients with simple obesity into 3 groups and were given diet and exercise therapy, acupuncture point thread or electro-acupuncture therapy, and the long-term efficacy of thread insertion therapy adapted to the continuity of the body's internal environment, which was better than the regulation of the electro-acupuncture group, and the experimental inference was that the thread burial may promote insulin sensitivity and utilization through the receptor or post-receptor pathway to improve insulin resistance. Wang Jiajie et al. [7] grouped 90 obese patients into a comparative study on the effects of electro-acupuncture and thread on serum leptin and insulin, and concluded through experiments that both acupuncture point thread and electro-needle can benignly regulate the level of fasting serum leptin and fasting insulin, and correct leptin resistance and insulin resistance. Huang Wei et al. [8] conducted a study on the effect of thread embedding combined with dietary exercise intervention on the secretion of islet cell hormones in patients with simple obesity, and found that thread embedding can reduce the level of fasting C-peptide in obese patients, and finally believed that the thread-buried group may have advantages over simple dietary exercise control in benign regulation of islet cell function and blood sugar suppression, but due to the failure to complete the dynamic observation of its continuous effect, the study still needs to be carried out in depth.
1.3 Inflammatory factor studies
Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory response [9], obese patients serum inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein, interleukin and tumor necrosis factor - α will be elevated, adipose tissue inflammatory factor will also be elevated, especially monocyte chemotactin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, etc., will promote inflammatory cells infiltration in fat, trigger insulin resistance. It has been theorized [10] that the mechanism of weight loss in obese patients is mainly through the suppression of inflammatory factors. Deng Min et al. [11] Through the high-fat diet mouse mold, the acupuncture point thread insertion intervention experiment was observed to observe the effect of fat loss and the influence on inflammation-related factors, and the results were: the high-fat diet can induce the occurrence of the inflammatory state of fat cells, and the acupuncture point thread can inhibit the expression of interleukin-mRNA, tumor necrosis factor -α-mRNA, and mononuclear cell chemotactin-1-mRNA, which has a benign regulatory effect, can reduce the occurrence and development of inflammatory reactions, thereby reducing weight loss. It is speculated that the possible mechanism of action of acupuncture point threads for weight loss is to improve the expression of inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Tumor necrosis factor-α secreted primarily by macrophages and is the first pro-inflammatory cytokine to be found to be associated with insulin resistance [12]. Dong Zhengni et al. [13] grouped 59 obese patients and found that the serum tumor necrosis factor-α level in the acupuncture point buried thread observation group decreased compared with before treatment, and the total effective rate of TCM efficacy was significantly higher than that of the control group, and it was concluded that the level of inflammation regulated by acupuncture point buried threads was positively correlated with the effect of sputum wet obesity, and that the mechanism of acupuncture point thread treatment of phlegm wet obesity was related to its regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α level in patients.
2 Factors influencing the treatment of simple obesity with acupuncture point threads
2.1 Burial methods
Acupuncture point thread embedding methods mainly include surgical thread embedding methods such as cutting and threading methods, as well as buried thread methods, cannula needle thread burial methods, and medical suture needle burial methods [14]. With the continuous development of medical technology, the minimally invasive thread burial method is generally used in clinical practice due to its convenient operation, small wound size and low pain. Luo Zhanjun et al. [15] the application of minimally invasive burial thread method to treat obesity disease, the main acupuncture points for the Tianshu, Four Full and abdominal knots, and then dialectically add acupuncture, the use of disposable thread tweezers to take a medical absorbable PGLA polymer line buried in the acupuncture point to play a mild and long-term stimulation, case observation clinical total effective rate of 100%, and finally think that minimally invasive burial method to treat obesity can effectively regulate lipid metabolism, correct patient appetite, regulate endocrine disorders and treatment convenience without affecting work and life, the overall clinical benefit is better.
2.2 Buried wire bodies
The thread body used for acupuncture point threads is mainly medical absorbable surgical sutures, and the thread body has undergone many replacements from sheep intestine thread to collagen thread, polymer thread body such as polyethylene glycide (PGA), polypropylene (PLA), polyethylene glycolipidate (PGLA) and chitin and chitin suture thread body with the renewal and development of science and technology. Compared with the side effects such as rejection reactions, polymer polymers, especially PGLA linear bodies, have obvious advantages in the preparation of raw materials, processing methods, physical and chemical properties, preservation methods and degradation methods, and are widely used in clinical practice [16]. Liang Xin et al. [17] conducted relevant observational studies and found that PGLA thread thread therapy can improve the overall clinical treatment benefit more than sheep intestinal thread thread therapy, and the implantation cycle is recommended for 2 weeks when clinically using this thread body treatment.
2.3 Depth of embedding
The buried thread of acupuncture points is mainly to bury the thread under the skin to stimulate the acupuncture point for a long time, and the different levels of embedding also have different degrees of effectiveness of the buried thread. Yang Shuo et al. [18] On the basis of ultrasonic Doppler determination of the thickness of skin fat at the buried thread site of patients, 45 patients were divided into 3 groups for research, each group of thread burial techniques and acupuncture are similar, the fat layer group will bury the line into the fat layer, the muscle layer group will be buried into the muscle layer, the alternating layer group 1st and 3rd time buried in the fat layer and the 2nd and 4th time into the muscle layer, it was found that the 3 groups of thread embedding methods have a good effect on the treatment of simple obesity, but the fat layer is better, according to the six dialectical layer theory, The lesion site of simple obesity should be the trifocal physiolar layer, and the trifocal physiolar layer should be selected when the thread is proposed. Wu Xianming et al. [19] By conducting rat experiments, the threads were buried to the fat layer and the muscle layer, and the changes in the indicator data before and after were compared, indicating that the buried threads of acupuncture points can affect the expression level of leptin, and the selection of acupuncture points in the fat layer for thread embedding operation may be more effective in the clinical treatment of simple obesity.
2.4 The thickness and part of the buried wire body
Li Siting et al. [20] did a study on the correlation between the weight loss effect of acupuncture point threads and different thread bodies and different buried tissue levels, and found that the use of 2-0 sheep intestinal line, the thread body embedded in the muscle layer is better than the use of 4-0 sheep intestine line, the line body buried in the fat layer has a large energy consumption and the weight loss effect is better, and it is concluded that the weight loss effect of different thread body embedding at different tissue levels is not the same, and the correlation and effect cycle between different line body embedding and weight loss effect still needs to be further studied.
3 Acupuncture acupuncture prescription study for the treatment of simple obesity with acupuncture points
3.1 Burying threads with holes
Chen Xia et al. [21] Relying on complex network technology, collecting the literature on simple obesity in the treatment of simple obesity in the past 30 years at home and abroad, and establishing a prescription database, the use of data analysis found that the meridian with the highest core degree of acupuncture for thread treatment is the Foot Yang Ming Stomach Meridian, followed by Ren Pulse, Foot Sun Bladder Meridian, Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian and Hand Yang Ming Large Intestine Meridian, the core acupuncture point is mainly based on specific acupuncture points, mostly collecting acupuncture points, the second is the five infusion points and the back Yu acupuncture points, and its acupuncture distribution is mainly the abdomen and lower limbs. This provides a point selection basis and treatment ideas for the clinical treatment of simple obesity.
3.2 Prescription of buried thread acupuncture points
Acupuncture point thread embedding is an extension of acupuncture techniques, and the use of different acupuncture prescriptions for thread embedding treatment has different effects. Mo Qian et al. [22] Divided 66 patients with hepatic depression stagnation type obesity into three groups of liver depressive depressive group, healthy spleen and gastric group and healthy spleen and liver thinning group, all of which were given acupuncture point embedding treatment on the basis of ultrasonic Doppler positioning sebum thickness and clear burial depth, and the observation indicators of the 3 groups decreased from the baseline period after treatment, the difference between BMI and body weight indicators in the healthy spleen and liver group was the largest, and the difference between the waist circumference index was the most obvious in the healthy spleen and stomach group. It is also believed that the clinical use of local acupuncture points can be used to make the treatment of obesity in different parts more effective, and it is proposed that acupuncture points should pay attention to the dialectical treatment of diseases and acupuncture to identify meridians. Qin Yuanxing et al. [23] On the basis of conditioning the spleen and stomach, the acupuncture points selected to supplement the kidney qi were more effective than those of the simple kidney qi selection treatment group, and concluded that the spleen and stomach disorders run through the whole process of obesity, and different types of simple obesity treatment need to be dialectically taken on the basis of conditioning the spleen and stomach.
3.3 Buried thread weight loss theory
Acupuncture point thread treatment for simple obesity is clinically effective, based on the complexity of TCM theory, the diversity of obesity evidence and the difference in individual understanding of TCM theory, obesity treatment theory has been continuously developed and improved clinically. For example, Kong Chang et al. [24] Based on the close relationship between the spleen and stomach theory of traditional Chinese medicine [25] and the intestinal flora, the treatment is based on the spleen and stomach and the dampness of phlegm; Luo Benhua et al. [26-27] fully absorbed Professor Kong Guangyi's trifocal membrane theory [28] "Sanjiao internal and external membrane damage, sputum wet retention formation obesity", in the clinic, it is recognized that obesity is a complex process involving a wide range of material energy metabolism and water metabolism, and it is generally based on sanjiao "rooted in the yuan qi of the kidneys." Preside over the whole body gasification and water metabolism, unify the functions of the five internal organs and six intestines, is the channel of human water, wetness, phlegm, drinking evil", innovate from the three focal points to unify the mechanism of obesity, form a three-focus theory to treat obesity, combined with the long-term acupuncture point burial line stimulation method, and create the "sparse sanjiao method acupuncture point buried line" to treat obesity; Professor Chen Qiu [29] is based on the "Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic" "All wet and swollen, all belong to the spleen" and other understanding of obesity, that the five organs and six intestines can make people obese, not only the spleen, but eventually will form a spleen deficiency. The basic disease of obesity is in the spleen, but also around the lungs, kidneys, liver centered, its pathological basis is cream, water wetness and sputum stasis. On the basis of this etiology and pathogenesis, Professor Chen Qiu followed the principles of strengthening the spleen and improving qi and dissolving phlegm and wetness. Zhu Ranran et al. [30] Divided the 74 patients into two groups: the observation group was given the combination of acupuncture points and buried threads (taking the acupuncture points Fenglong, Tianshu and Zusanli acupoints) therapy; the control group received therapy of daizongfang and metformin. The results showed that most of the physical examination indicators, blood lipid indicators and clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the observation group after treatment were better than those in the control group, and the TCM syndrome scores in the observation group were also lower than those in the control group.
4 Clinical use of acupuncture point threads for the treatment of simple obesity
4.1 Experience in thread therapy for simple obesity
Acupuncture point threads are suitable for clinical evidence, and acupuncture is of great significance for the treatment of simple obesity after acupuncture and acupuncture. Hao Et al. [31] Grouped study of 398 patients with acupuncture point threads for the purpose of outpatient weight loss, and found that thread insertion therapy had a significant effect on both patients with obvious obesity and atypical obesity, especially for patients aged 60 to 70 kg and over 30 years. Wang Hua [32] After using acupuncture points to bury threads to treat 187 obese patients, wang hua has a deep understanding, which mainly includes endocrine disorder type, sputum wet coagulation type, hepatic depression stagnation type and spleen and stomach weakness type obesity, according to dialectical acupuncture treatment, the total effective rate is 97%. Song Jiancheng[33] treated a patient with a height of 156 cm and a body weight of 65 kg of gastrointestinal damp and hot obesity, and was treated with diarrhea, gastrointestinal damp heat, and was treated with acupuncture threads such as gastric Yu, large intestine Yu and Tianshu, and the body quality dropped to the normal range after the full course of treatment, and there was no rebound after 1 year of follow-up. Yan Runhu et al. [34] the acupuncture point thread treatment of 84 patients with simple obesity proved that acupuncture point embedding can improve lipid metabolism, benignly regulate blood lipid levels, improve the body's nutritional metabolism, regulate abnormal spleen and stomach function, improve the weightless balance of the body, reshape the body, and prevent and reduce complications.
4.2 Study on the use of threads for the expansion of primary diseases related to simple obesity
Obesity is not only a bloated posture, but also a disease that can lead to many diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and psychology, affecting various systems of the body. Obesity is a major feature of POLYOS as a common endocrine disorder in women of childbearing age, and studies have shown that more than half of patients with PCOS have overweight or obesity [35]. Liu Xiaoqing [36] Using the liver, spleen and kidney Yu recruitment acupuncture method combined with the eight-point burying method of the perumbilical cord, and the comparative study with the treatment of the traditional Chinese medicine Cangfu sputum soup plus and minus, the results of the total effectiveness of the buried thread in the treatment of obese polycystic ovary syndrome were higher than that of the Chinese medicine group, and it was believed that the acupuncture point buried line could strengthen the spleen and supplement the kidneys, regulate the rush and achieve menstruation, and have obvious weight loss effect. Ye Liqun et al. [37] According to the spleen sputum traditional Chinese medicine, that is, Cangfu guide sputum soup with evidence addition and subtraction combined with acupuncture point burial therapy and compared with traditional Chinese medicine methods, it was found that although the treatment of single-flavor traditional Chinese medicine therapy has a certain effect, the combined thread therapy has a better effect and has a synergistic effect, which can more effectively reduce the body mass index of patients with obese polycystic ovary syndrome and increase the rate of fat catabolism. Zhang Huimin et al. [38] found that the integrated therapy of buried threads, including acupuncture point threads, education and nutritional interventions, had obvious effects on the treatment of postpartum obesity, and believed that acupuncture point threads had a benign regulatory effect on the endocrine function of postpartum obese people. Obesity is one of the important causes of diabetes, the degree of obesity and the duration of obesity can affect the appearance of hyperglycemia, the heavier the degree of obesity, the longer the duration, the chance of diabetes will also increase. Huang Tao[39] The use of acupuncture point thread insertion therapy and the addition and subtraction of flavored dihuangtang Chinese medicine to treat obese diabetic patients not only played a role in weight loss, but also had a certain effect on blood sugar control, and at the same time had a relief and improvement effect on many other concurrent symptoms.
5 Conclusion
In summary, in recent years, the research on the treatment of simple obesity by acupuncture point threads has been deepened in terms of mechanism of action, influencing factors and treatment methods: (1) it proves the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture point threads, acts on the human body to achieve weight loss purposes, and expands the new ideas of simple obesity treatment; (2) affirms that due to the different entry points of traditional Chinese medicine theory, there are certain differences in the treatment rules and treatment methods of acupuncture points buried threads; (3) the degree of difference in the unique role of threads by different factors of action is clarified, and it is necessary to combine the patient's gender, age, physique, TCM certificate type, Lifestyle and complicated diseases and other factors such as the choice of thread prescription; (4) affirmed that a variety of treatment methods such as combining traditional Chinese medicine therapy, dietary exercise therapy and electro-acupuncture can achieve optimal efficacy. However, acupuncture point thread embedding operation also shows certain deficiencies: first of all, there is no strict standardization guideline for thread treatment, and the operation method and thread selection need to be standardized; secondly, the short-term effect of treatment is obvious, but the long-term continuous efficacy observation and research data are less, and evidence of the effectiveness of long-term treatment of acupuncture point thread is still needed; finally, most of the current study sample size is limited to region, sex, age and quantity, etc., and there are fewer large-sample data studies.
Therefore, it is hoped that in the future clinical research on buried thread weight loss, more attention can be paid to multi-factor and large-sample data research, in order to further analyze the mechanism of acupuncture point buried thread weight loss, form a dialectical diagnosis and treatment standard guideline for acupuncture point buried thread treatment of simple obesity, explore the optimal treatment scheme of combination therapy for buried thread weight loss, and excavate its long-term long-term weight loss effect to a greater extent on the basis of significant short-term efficacy, so as to lay the foundation for the optimal treatment of simple obesity.
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