The ancient capital of Chang'an was the political and cultural center of the Tang Dynasty, as well as the center of the creation and dissemination of Tang Dynasty literature. There are a large number of famous songs describing Chang'an in Tang poems, and Chang'an also witnessed the life trajectory and literary activities of Tang Dynasty poets. It can be said that the Chang'an City of the Tang Dynasty 1,300 years ago was full of the fragrance of poetry. The connection between the ancient capital Chang'an and the literature of the Tang Dynasty is an academic proposition with very broad boundaries and extremely rich connotations, involving many different aspects. The time of our lecture today is limited, and we cannot fully expand this topic, so we only choose the relatively small perspective of social space and literary dissemination, and from the perspective of "social space", we will explore the Tang Dynasty literature in Chang'an City, mainly the situation of Tang poetry.
The so-called "social space" refers to the living and cultural space constructed by people through group activities. The social space of Chang'an was often written into poetry by Poets of the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi has a poem "Climbing the Guanyin Terrace and Looking at the City": "A hundred thousand homes are like a Game of Go, and the 12th Street is like a vegetable plant." Haruka faintly enters the fire, a star five gates west. "GuanyinTai is the main peak of the South Wutai, not far south of Chang'an City. The poem was written in the early morning to climb the Guanyin Platform overlooking Chang'an, and the four poems wrote three spaces, respectively, to Guo Cheng, the Imperial City and the Palace City. "A hundred thousand homes are like a game of Go", writing that Guo Cheng is neat and uniform like a chessboard, horizontal and vertical. "The Twelfth Street is like planting vegetables", writing that the main twelve streets of the Imperial City are horizontal and vertical like the furrows of the vegetable field; "Remote recognition is slightly into the fire, a star is located in the west of the five gates", writing about the scene of the hundred officials going to the Daming Palace in the early morning. The so-called "five gates" refer to the five gates centered on the Danfeng Gate on the south side of daming palace.
Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty is a magnificent capital city with an area of 84 square kilometers, which can be divided into different social space forms such as political etiquette, religious belief, commercial trade, garden appreciation, living life and so on, according to the different cultural connotations and external representations, which provide a special perspective for the study of Tang Dynasty literature. Although the Tang Dynasty already had engraving and printing, it was mainly used to print Buddhist scriptures and imperial calendars, and the dissemination of literary works at that time mainly relied on hand copying and singing, so the relationship between poetry dissemination and regional space was particularly close. Therefore, whether it can be located in the chang'an cultural center is crucial to the poetry titles and poems of Tang Dynasty poets. In the different social spaces and cultural circles of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty, poetry spread out different paths and faces. As a result, a three-fold cultural circle with different functions was formed: the court cultural circle, the scholar cultural circle and the citizen cultural circle. Tang poetry is the most active cultural element that flows between the various circles. The triple cultural circle is both independent and interrelated, the good of the emperor is an important boost to the spread, the fashion of the scholars is the main body of the spread, the preferences of the common people play a role in promoting the spread of Tang poetry, and the literati collection and music singing are the most representative ways of communication. Examining the relationship between Chang'an's social space and literary dissemination can not only open up a new perspective for the study of Tang Dynasty literature, but also expand a new aspect for the study of the culture of Chang'an's ancient capital.
Tang Poetry Dissemination Center
Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty was not only the capital of the Tang Dynasty, but also an international metropolis in East Asia, where envoys and students from Japan crossed the ocean to tang, and emissaries and merchants from Central Asia and the Western Regions gathered in Chang'an through the wind and sand on the Silk Road. For the literati of the Tang Dynasty, being able to go to Chang'an and move the Famous Beijing Division was the dream of almost all literati. Successful in Chang'an, the poet's value and prestige will be multiplied; on the contrary, outside of Chang'an, the influence of his poetic title will be greatly limited. For the poets of the Tang Dynasty, whether in literature or politics, Chang'an was a special social and cultural space, such as Qingyun's "Chang'an Yan Huai Send Shen Bin Shilang" so-called "born as Chang'an grass, better than the border flowers". For the poets of the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an was a special social and cultural space, both literary and political, and the American scholar Yuwen Suoan also noticed this when discussing the Beijing poetry of Chang'an in the early Tang Dynasty: "The poets of the first half of the seventh century marveled in front of Chang'an, it was a great city, a contemporary spectacle, and a vivid proof of the power of the Tang Empire. Serving in Chang'an means success and showing hope, while being an official elsewhere indicates failure. ”
Chang'an City has both a huge poetry creation group and a relatively clever readership, and the number of able poets in the Tang Dynasty official and alternate official group is huge. According to Du You's "General Code", during the Kaiyuan period, there were more than 2,600 officials in the central government office and more than 35,000 Xu officials. The number of people who enter Beijing to take the examination every year is as many as thousands or even thousands of people who enter the jinshi section alone. Of course, these figures have changed somewhat in the nearly three hundred years of the Tang Dynasty, and the bureaucracy will be more inflated in the later period. In addition, there are thousands or even tens of thousands of "selected people" groups who enter the Beijing Quan, and most of the door shade entrants have the family style of "poetry and book heirlooms", and all of them can write poetry. Therefore, poetry has an excellent dissemination effect in Chang'an, and when the "Biography of Tang Caizi" records the deeds of the late Tang dynasty poet Zhao Gao, it is said that "one day the famous Beijing master moves, three days spread all over the world", which can be regarded as the most vivid summary of the spread of Tang poetry in Chang'an.
Many poets became famous because their poems were transmitted to Chang'an and were recognized by chang'an cultural circles, such as the so-called "Four Scholars of Wuzhong", although they were talented sons from Jiangnan in Wuzhong, and the Old Book of Tang records that the four of them were "all Wu and Yue, and their literary words were handsome, and they were famous in Shangjing", which refers to Chang'an. Although the "Four Soldiers of Wuzhong" came from Jiangnan, they became famous in Chang'an. In the historical documents, from the early Tang Dynasty to the middle and late Tang Dynasties, examples of "famous moving jingshi" can be said to be everywhere: Wang Yifang of the zhenguan of the early Tang Dynasty, and later the official worshiped Yushitai to serve the imperial history, and Liu Su's "Tang New Language" volume VIII said that he said: "Erudite and talented, the staff was planned into Chang'an, for several months, the famous jingshi. Another example is the famous poet monk Lingche Shangren in the Middle and Tang Dynasties, the Biography of Tang Caizi said: "Zhen Yuanzhong, the Western Journey to the Beijing Division, the name Zhen Yuanxia." "It refers to the capital city."
The famous poets Wang Wei and Li Bai in the poetry circle of the Sheng Tang Dynasty are two prominent examples. Wang Weinian came to Chang'an without a weak crown, was appreciated by The King of Zongmuqi and Princess Yuzhen, and soon integrated into the cultural circle of Chang'an, and became famous at a young age, according to the Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Wang Wei:
Wei flourished in the Kaiyuan and Tianbao, Kunzhong eunuchs traveled to the two capitals, all the kings, horses, Hao right, and the gate of the noble power, all of them greeted them, and the kings of Ning and Xue treated them like teachers and friends.
Wang Wei entered Chang'an very early and lived here for a long time, active in various cultural circles in Chang'an, from the political space of the court to the space of the market, the main aspects of Chang'an culture are presented in his poems. His poems were full of "Chang'an fun" that was popular at that time, thus becoming "a generation of Wenzong". Li Bai was the same age as Wang Wei, but lived in Shu province, and after leaving Shu, he roamed in Jingchu, Wuyue and other places for a long time, and entered Chang'an to seek fruitless results, and was not conscripted into Beijing until the first year of Tianbao. His dynasty was more than twenty years later than Wang Wei. Moreover, in Beijing, he enshrined Hanlin for three years, but in fact, it was less than two years, and he was immediately "given gold to return to the mountain", leaving Chang'an and continuing to travel east, Li Bai was only a short-term visitor in Chang'an, short-lived. Therefore, his influence in the Chang'an poetry circle at that time was far less than that of Wang Wei.
In the Tang Dynasty, transportation was developed, and pavilions and stations were all over the territory, according to the "Six Classics of Tang": "Where there is one station in thirty miles, there are nine of the world's one thousand six hundred and thirty." Two hundred and sixty water stations, one thousand two hundred and ninety-seven land stations, and eighty-six water and land stations. "This transportation network is actually a network of poetry. Chang'an, as the center of the poetry map, is also the center and hub of the Tang poetry dissemination network.
Bai Juyi used The communication platform of Chang'an to become the scientific research star of the year. In his letter to a good friend, "The Nine Books of The Nine Books of The Yuan Dynasty", he once boasted proudly: "In ten years, the three Dengkedi, the name fell to the ears of the people, the traces rose to the clear, the friends were virtuous, and the crown was served." Because of this, Bai's literary name was written in Chang'an, and it was transmitted from Chang'an to the countryside: "From Chang'an to Jiangxi for three or four thousand miles, there are often servant poets in township schools, Buddhist temples, reverse brigades, and boats; there are often servant poets; there are poets, monks, widows, and virgins. "Yuan Bai's singing and harmony works between Tongzhou and Jiangzhou" Jiangnan people, preaching sarcasm, gossiping and passing on, passing on the paper in the lanes, and making paper expensive for it" ("Old Book of Tang, Yuan Shu Biography"), the two sang and sang poems from Jiangnan to Chang'an, chang'an is not only the end point, the destination of transmission, but also the new starting point for re-transmission.
The essence of dissemination is the sharing of information across time and space, Tang poems are transmitted from the local area to the capital along the post road, and then take the capital as the starting point and spread to farther places, and the frontier countries outside the Central Plains and even the East Asian countries can find traces of the spread of Tang poetry with Chang'an as the center. Bai Juyi wrote an epitaph for Yuan Shu: "From the Six Palaces, the Two Capitals, and the Eight Directions to the Southern Man and the Eastern Yi Kingdom, they are all written and passed on, and each chapter is out of a sentence, and there is no shin to go, and it is sick to the pearl jade." It can be seen that the influence of Yuan Shu's poetry has been thousands of miles away. Japan sent Tang envoys to Tang thirteen times, and Chang'an was a must-visit place, and while they took away the scientific and technological culture, they also spread Tang poems overseas. It can be said that in the Tang Dynasty, a poetry dissemination system centered on Chang'an was established. Through the transportation of pavilions and population flows, from points and lines, from lines and networks, through various channels, Tang poetry spread to the barren lands outside the Central Plains, and even flowed to exotic overseas.
Court space and Tang poetry spread
From the early Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty and the emperors of the Tang Dynasty were more elegant and good at poetry, which became an important boost for the spread of literature. The goodness of the emperors of the Tang Dynasty played a crucial role in the spread and prosperity of Tang poetry. Tang poems were transmitted to the deep palace through various channels, and spread to the capital because of the emperor's preferences. As a political ceremonial space, the court is both the end of the chain of poetry transmission and the starting point of the re-transmission. In response to this phenomenon, the Ming Dynasty Hu Zhenheng said: "The tang poetry collection is compiled by more people under the commandments of the lord. For example, Wang Youcheng and Lu Yunyan said that the people who were in the dynasty did not care. Wu Xingzhi Gong (吴興日公), a shizi'er, also ordered his poetry collection to be placed in The Pavilion. Even more unusual, King Luo Bin and Shangguan Wan'er, having seen the Dhamma, still commanded the ministers to write a preface and not to lose their names. Heavy poets are like this, and poetry is not prosperous! It is pointed out that the emperor not only participated in the composing of poetry and singing, but also participated in the compilation, evaluation, dissemination and other links, and almost participated in the whole process of poetry activities in The capital. The so-called "more alienable" seems to be incomprehensible on the surface, but in fact, it reflects Hu's envy for the prosperity of Tang poetry from the position of the Ming people, so there is a Tang Dynasty lament that "poetry is not prosperous".
At the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, the great chaos was initially determined, which showed the good weather of Wenzhi. Emperor Taizong of Tang claimed that "although he ruled the world with martial arts, he should eventually use Wende to sui hai nei" (Old Book of Tang and Music Chronicle), and before he ascended the throne, he sang peace with the eighteen scholars of the Qin Dynasty. During the Zhenguan period, he became the host of the court poetry salon with the honor of the emperor. The editors of the Quan Tang Poetry considered him to be a person who opened a generation of literary styles, and commented that "the first Qin Mansion was built, that is, the opening of the Literature Museum, and the eighteen people of Confucianism were called bachelors." Having taken the throne, the hall is placed on the left side of the hall, and the Master of the Inner Sect is introduced, and the Fanjuku is more rested. Between listening to the dynasty, it is discussed with the classics, and the miscellaneous texts are sung. ...... There is the grandeur of the Tang Dynasty's three hundred years of elegance, and the emperor has the enlightenment of the Yan", and the cultural salon of the Taizong Dynasty with the singing of kings and subjects as the main form has greatly contributed to the spread of Tang poetry in Chang'an. Emperor Taizong, who was the lord of a feudal dynasty, also set a precedent for the successor monarchs, and later the emperors had many poems.
Compared with the Taizong Dynasty, the two dynasties after Emperor Gaozong attached more importance to literature and art. The size of the number of people in the palace cultural salon and the atmosphere of popularity also far exceeded that of the Zhenguan period. At that time, Shen Song and others often won the championship in such poetry salons, and grew into first-class poets at that time in the atmosphere of the court. To the Zhongzong Dynasty, between the monarchs and courtiers, the feasts and poems were almost to the point of madness. During the Jinglong period of Emperor Zhongzong, according to research, from the second to fourth years of Jinglong, large-scale poetry activities reached more than seventy times. In the eyes of the king, courtiers are not only subordinates, but also poets, and these feasts provide the best platform for the dissemination of poetry and the maturity of near-body poetry.
Emperor Xuanzong was an all-rounder of literature and art, and during the Kaiyuan period, he was a political and scholarly person, especially a scribe, so his reign was the golden age of Chang'an poetry. Under the initiative of Emperor Xuanzong, large-scale poetry activities in which monarchs and subjects participated appeared frequently, and the spread of Tang poetry in Chang'an could also be "a momentary prosperity".
After the Middle Tang Dynasty, Emperor Daizong felt that the chaos of An Shi was settled and began to consciously reuse Wen Chen. Later, Emperor Dezong was also a good writer, and Shi Zai "recruited the four academic outspoken and extremely advised people every year, and those who gathered under the que, took the exam in person, and never asked for the road of trust." It is the time when literature is high, and when the passers-by are salty, they are willing to push the virtuous into the good. The upper trial production section is in the Xuande Hall, or the inferior one, that is, the pen is erased to the end. He who calls for his will will recite a sigh, and on the day of the day, he will recite the Chancellor's bachelor, saying, 'These are all the protégés of the Fallen.' 'Gong Qing is not dissatisfied with the fine appraisal" ("Tang Yulin Appreciation"), proud, overflowing with words, like a poet ally. The Biography of Tang Caizi contains:
During the reign of Emperor Dezong, there was a shortage of people in the system, and the Zhongshu was divided into the same two, and the imperial pen was not pointed, and then asked for it, and approved: "with Han Hong". Sometimes there are people with the same name as Jianghuai Thorn History, the prime minister asked for a disagreement, and the upper reply said: "Spring City is everywhere flying flowers Han Hongye", Russia and driving langzhong zhizhi system.
This article is really a good story for winning the official because of poetry. Han Hong's poem was "hand-picked" by Emperor Dezong's golden mouth, supplemented by the spread of his skill, which multiplied his value.
Yuan Bai's poetry was once appreciated by the emperor, and when Yuan Shu died, Bai Juyi wrote an epitaph preface for him: "Everyone who is a writer is a writer, and everything is perfect, especially poetry." During his time in Hanlin, Muzong wrote hundreds of poems before and after, ordering the left and right to satirize the chants, and the palace called 'Yuan Caizi'. When Bai Juyi died, at that time, Tang Xuanzong Li Chen had just ascended the throne and composed the poem "Hanging Bai Juyi": "Sixty years of jade and pearls, who taught the dark road to compose poetry immortals." Floating clouds are not easy to live in, and the creation of nothing is the word Lotte. The boy can sing long hate songs, and Hu Er can sing the pipa. The article has been full of people's ears, and at one point I was worried about Qingqing. The poem fully expresses the appreciation and love for Bai Juyi's poetry. In particular, the "Boy dissolves the long hate song, and Hu'er can sing the pipa piece" shows that the scope of Juyi's poetry is wide and the influence is great.
Scholars traveled with Tang poetry
Poetry is the most simple and concise literary style, and in a sense, poetry is an expectation of reading. In the Tang Dynasty, as the highlight of Classical Chinese poetry, when poets created, they had the urgent desire to find a confidant and the expectation of potential readers, so the Literati of the Tang Dynasty had a strong sense of communication and motivation for dissemination. Song Zhiqing's "Sacrifice of Yang Yingchuan Wen" declared: "Since ancient times, all have died, immortal wen." Du Fu was also quite confident in the spread of his poetry, saying in the "Twenty-two Rhymes to Wei Zuo Chengzhang" that Wei Ji "praised the new verses every time he was on the hundreds of officials.". When Bai Juyi was in Jiangzhou, he edited his own poetry collection, and some poems declared that "the world's wealth should be divided, and the articles behind him are famous", and they are full of expectations for the poetry to spread far and wide.
With a population of one million, Chang'an during the Tang Dynasty was the largest city in the Tang Empire. For Tang poetry, the social space of Chang'an gathers readers with high cultural quality, which is the dual stage for Tang Dynasty poets to hunt for meritorious names and poetry and wine collections, and it is also the most ideal space for the dissemination of poetry. Chang'an is dotted with buddhist temples, Taoist temples, gardens, pavilions, and even streets and squares, which is a public social space for literati activities. With the cultural landscape as the center, it constitutes a space and dissemination platform for poetry and wine singing and singing. As a special way of communication, the literati collection belongs to the accurate transmission of point-to-point, and the communication effect is very significant.
For example, as a famous spot in the southeast of Chang'an City at that time, Da Ci'en Temple was a cultural space for scholars and scholars, and at that time, in addition to inscribing poems on the pagoda, the temple also provided "poetry boards" for people to inscription poems and collect them. In the culture of the imperial examination, the "yan pagoda inscription" is the glory of the new science jinshi, Bai Juyi once had two poems "The inscription under the Ci'en Pagoda, the youngest of the seventeen people", writing that in the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan (800 AD), seventeen jinshi were admitted, he was the youngest of them, and he felt extremely proud. In fact, Bai Juyi was born in 772, and he was already twenty-nine years old that year. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a saying that "thirty old Ming Classics, fifty young scholars". Twenty-nine years old is still very young in the Tang Dynasty scholar Jinshi and the first age. For example, in the eleventh year of Tianbao (752), on a crisp autumn day, five poets, Gao Shi, Cen Shan, Chu Guangxi, Xue Zhao, and Du Fu, climbed the Big Wild Goose Pagoda at the same time, saw the picturesque scenery, and the scenery of Guanzhong was in full view, so they wrote poems separately. There are four poems that have survived to this day, except for Xue Zhao's poems that have been lost, and the poems of the other four people have been passed down to this day. We compare these four poems, and Du Fu's poem "Tong zhu gong deng ci'en temple pagoda" is the best written. Among them, "Qinshan mountain is suddenly broken, and Jingwei cannot be sought." Looking down but breathing, you can distinguish the imperial state" These few sentences through the observations and impressions of climbing the tower euphemistically reflect the political crisis under the cover of song and dance at that time, and express the poet's worries and feelings about the political situation, and the poems of the other three lack this depth of thought. Therefore, although five people climbed to the top of the tower at the same time to enjoy the scenery and compose poems, although they stood on the same "geographical height", they were not standing on the same "psychological height", and Du Fu stood higher and saw farther at the spiritual height.
This time, the five poets wrote poems together with The Ci'en Temple, which is a representative case of the daily collection of literati in Chang'an City. Such collections occur not only in public gardens, but also in the royal palaces and court halls. In the spring of the first year of Emperor Suzong's reign (758), Du Fu also participated. Jia Zhi, Wang Wei, and Cen participated in Du Fu's appointment as officials in the same dynasty as officials in the Daming Palace, and the four of them sang to each other, while leaving behind the work of "Early Dynasty Daming Palace", which can be regarded as a collection of literati in the political space of the court. These four scholars and masters of the current dynasty were both the same rank and the poet friends, and at that time, Jia Zhiguan worshiped Zhongshu Sheren, was an important official position in Zhongshu Province, and had the important responsibility of "speaking on behalf of the world", and had the highest official position among the four. Therefore, he first wrote a poem "Early Dynasty Daming Palace Presented two provincial staff friends", which is the original song in the singing and poetry, and then Wang Wei, Cen Shan, and Du Fu all had harmony works, and the works of the four poets have been passed down to this day. For more than a thousand years, ancient poetry critics have been keen to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these four poems, such as the Ming Dynasty Hu Zhenheng's "Tang Yin Yan Signature" said that "right Cheng is good at the field, Jiazhou called Ya", Shi Shuhua's "Dan Xian Shu Shi" believes that "Cen Shan as the first", although the tastes of poetry critics and readers may be different, each has its own preferences, but more opinions believe that Wang Shi and Cen Shi are relatively slightly superior, which can be described as tied for first, Jia Shi third, and Du Shi at the bottom.
As for the famous literary genres and literary groups in the history of Tang Dynasty literature, their formation process is also inseparable from the social space of Chang'an. The Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty, the Four Friends of the Article, the Four Scholars of Wuzhong, the Ten Talents of the Great Calendar, the Yuanbai Poetry School, the Han Mengshi School, the Xiantong Ten Zhe, etc., are mostly named for singing and singing in Chang'an Yaji.
Tang Dynasty scribes became popular, and the high-status political and literary predecessors were also willing to promote the younger generations of literati, leaving many good stories, which can also be seen as a special form of literary collection and poetry dissemination. In the late Tang Dynasty Mengqi's "Benshi Poem Gao Yi" recorded: Li Bai first arrived in Chang'an and stayed in an inn. He Zhizhang, a senior in the poetry world, went to see him after he found out and asked Li Bai to show his poems. Li Bai took out his own "Shu Dao Difficulty", and after He Zhizhang read it, he even praised it and gave Li Bai a graceful title of "Who Immortal". The so-called "who immortals" means that Li Baiqi's poetry is extraordinary, but the gods and immortals in the sky have descended to the mortal world. Therefore, He Zhizhang untied the golden turtle he was wearing for wine and returned drunk with Li Bai. Due to He Zhizhang's influence, the time was not long, Li Bai became a famous Beijing master, and his works attracted "Chang'an Paper Gui".
In order to be famous on the list, the sons made many friends with famous nobles after entering Beijing, and submitted poems to them for appreciation. According to the Five Dynasties Wang Dingbao's "Tang Dialect", when the great poet Bai Juyi entered Beijing to take the exam, he paid homage to Gu Guan, the literary predecessor of Shu Lang. Gu Was humorous and liked to joke, because when he opened the poetry scroll, the first thing he saw was Bai Juyi's name, so he joked with the young man: "Chang'an is expensive, and it is not easy to live in a big place." "Chang'an, as a super-first-tier city in the Tang Dynasty, has a high cost of living, and it is not easy to "live" and live. However, when I opened the poem, I read two sentences in the "Farewell to the Ancient Grass": "The wildfire burns endlessly, and the spring wind blows and grows again." Gu Guanjie exclaimed: "There is a saying like this, it is very difficult to live in the world!" The old man's foreword is the ear of the play. So he tried his best to carry it, so that Bai Juyi would soon become famous in Chang'an. In fact, this material itself is very problematic, according to expert research, when Bai Juyi first entered Beijing, Gu Guan had already degraded the official Raozhou and was active in Raozhou and Suzhou, and his person was not in Chang'an at that time. However, this story has been copied through books such as "Idle Advocacy", "Tang Shuyan", "Quan Tang Poetry", "Tang Yulin" and so on, and the details have become more and more abundant. When the "good deeds" spread this story, they placed the location in Chang'an, which also shows that in the eyes of the people at that time, Chang'an was the most appropriate place for such literary anecdotes to occur, because Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty had a high-end readership of poetry and also had the most influential literary "opinion leaders". According to the current view of journalism and communication, communicators have a so-called "multiplier effect" on the value of information. Information does not really depend on its own value, and the social hierarchy of the communicator greatly affects the strength of its dissemination. Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty gathered high-level communicators, which had a huge multiplier effect on the spread of Tang poetry.
The musical spread of Tang poetry in Chang'an
There are many chapters of Tang poetry that are so-called sound poems, which can be sung with music. The space for the transmission of singing poetry ranges from the court teaching workshop to the scholar class to the city artists, covering both official and folk, and the level of dissemination is extremely extensive. In chang'an, a metropolis with a million people in the Tang Dynasty, singing poetry in the form of entertainment was an important path for the spread of Tang poetry, and oral transmission was an important way for the common people to spread poetry.
In specific densely populated areas, oral communication is a more efficient way, through performance activities such as song and dance, so that poetry can be inserted into the wings of music, from the bookstore to the market, can be spread for a long time in the densely populated social space. Music spreads faster and more widely than in writing. In the codex era, written communication may be peer-to-peer communication, while oral communication can achieve more than one transmission in public, so the effect is particularly obvious. According to Xin Yuanfang's "Biography of Tang Caizi", Kang Qia's "poems of GongleFu and the pear garden of the palace women are all written in the sound rhythm." Xuanzong is also well-known, tasting the beauty of the ", Wang Zhizhuo", "every work, the musician takes the sound law", Li Yi "the wind has rhetoric, and the Zongren He Xiangxiang, every piece, the music worker bribes it, is Yu Yale, enshrined in the Son of Heaven", that is, an example of the spread of Chang'an Tang poetry music.
The reason why Wang Wei was able to dominate the Chang'an poetry circle, in addition to living in Chang'an for a long time, the poetic style reflected the interest of beijing poetry, and his poems were sung in the form of movements in the prince's mansion, which should be an important reason. The Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Wang Wei reads: "During the reign of Emperor Daizong, Jin was the prime minister. Daizong Haowen, often referred to as Jin yue: "Qing zhi Boshi, the poet of Tianbao, guandai, tasted the music of the thrones." How many anthologies are there today? Qing can come in. It can be seen that Emperor Daizong's deepest impression of Wang Wei's title of poetry was first heard. Wang Wei's famous work "Sending Yuan Er Envoy Anxi" was originally a farewell poem, which was composed as "Weicheng Qu" by musicians, also known as "Yangguan Qu" and "Yangguan Three Stacks", which became a song that must be sung at the ancestral feast of the departing seat, and all Chang'an farewell songs this song and sang it forever. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, bai juyi often listened to this song, said to "meet and mo push drunk, listen to the fourth sound of Yangguan", Li Shangyin also once "sang Yangguan in the sound of broken intestines", and then Li Yuan, Ming, Qing, has been singing to this day, can be said to be a veritable "ancient song".
Mr. Ren Bantang's "Tang Sheng Poems" Yun: "Gai Sheng poems in Tang Dynasty are not only expressed in the spontaneous street strange songs, bianshu singing and sighing, feast wine orders, coffin front elegy only, but also not limited to the production and appreciation of music and dance that begin in the court ceremony or the life of scholars; It can be seen that the space for the transmission of sound poetry, from the court to the scholar class, to the city artists, covers both official and folk, and the level of dissemination is extremely extensive. Since gaozu Wude set up a church in the palace, Xuanzong Kaiyuan set up a left and right church in the third year, Tianbao restored the pear garden, these official music and dance institutions of the court also sang poetry, played an important role in the musical dissemination of Tang poetry.
"Flag Pavilion Painting Wall" is about the singing of poetry in Pear Garden, the flag pavilion refers to the restaurant, and the painting wall refers to the singing female singing and making marks. According to the second volume of the Tang Dynasty Xue Yong's weak "Ji Yi Ji", when the winter days were cold and snowy in the new year, the poets Wang Changling, Gao Shi, and Wang Zhizhuo went to the restaurant to have a drink, and suddenly the pear garden singers and music sang poems. The three people avoided the seat to watch, secretly agreed to draw the wall to count, and the singer who sang more poetry was the winner. The singers first sang Wang Changling's "Furong Lou Send Xin Gradually", Gao Shi's "Crying Single Father Liang Jiu Shaofu", and then sang Wang Changling's "Five Songs of Changxin Autumn Lyrics" (the third), and did not sing Wang Zhizhuo's poems. Wang Zhizhuo said that these singers were "sloppy music officials" and sang the words "lower Riba people". Pointing to the best of the singers, he said that he would sing his own poems, and then sang his "Liangzhou Words", and all three laughed. When the singer learned of the reason, she invited the three poets to sit down and wait for the wine and food, and the three of them returned drunk. Of course, this poetic anecdote itself, after scholars' examination, has been falsified, because although the three poets have all come to Chang'an successively, they have not met at the same time. However, the pseudo-material contains true information, which reflects the fact that the works of the three poets were sung for a while, and Tang poetry was also popular in Chang'an through music.
In terms of the way of dissemination, the circulation of Tang poetry in Chang'an mainly relied on the poetry exchanges between scribes and the singing of musicians and singers, and this kind of poetry exchange and singing involved all levels of Chang'an society. Of course, in addition to music dissemination, inscription wall dissemination is also a popular way for Tang poetry to be published. In Chang'an City, above the court, in the temple, and in the courtyard, are all important spaces for the poetry inscription wall, and the situation is more complicated, so we will not expand on it today.
Literary activity itself contains elements such as creation, dissemination, evaluation and acceptance, and dissemination, as an active factor, penetrates into the whole process of literary activities, so in a sense, the poetic history of Chang'an, the capital of Tang, can actually be regarded as a history of poetry dissemination.
(Wei Jingbo)
Source: Guangming Daily