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Incense, which was used in ancient China, was widely used by people to smoke, suspend, apply and even drink. In particular, the princes and nobles of the past generations, the literati and inkers, have great respect for incense, believing that it is a wonderful thing that nourishes temperament and enlightens talents, and in daily life, incense is used as a companion, and then it is used as an expression of "etiquette", which has become an important part of the ancient court and aristocratic living room culture.
Candles avoid the shadow of the window, and incense returns to the stove to smoke.
- Southern Dynasty Liang Liu Xiaowei, "Complaint"
The ancients' understanding and use of incense can be traced back to ancient times. In the Song Dynasty Ding Zhi's "Biography of Tianxiang", Yun said: "Incense is used from ancient times. Therefore, by worshiping the gods, one can attain juān purity. It can be seen that in ancient times, people burned incense mainly for the purpose of worshipping the gods, and secondly for the purpose of cleaning up impurities.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people have used herbs such as lavender, gulan, tulip, and thatch for many fields such as incense, incense, impurity removal, insect removal, medical health, etc., and there are many uses such as wearing, smoking, smoking bath, drinking clothes, etc. The practice of inserting vanilla, wearing sachets, bathing incense soups and so on has gradually emerged. With the gradual popularity of incense, smokers dedicated to incense have also emerged. Archaeological findings confirm that at least in the Warring States period, the production of some smokers has reached a considerable degree of mastery.
Warring States Phoenix Bird Ring Copper Smoker Excavated in 1997 at the site of Fengxiang Yongcheng in Shaanxi Province
In 1997, a bronze smoker with a Warring States phoenix bird ring was excavated from the site of Fengxiang Yongcheng in Shaanxi Province, with a height of 35.5 centimeters and a weight of about 4 kilograms. There is a phoenix at the top of the smoker, and a round furnace body under it. The furnace is divided into two layers, the outer layer is a hollow cockroach pattern cover, divided into two hemispheres equal to the upper and lower parts of the middle waist, and there are 4 ring head on the middle waist, attached to the lower edge of the upper hemisphere. Under the furnace body, there are hollow octagonal columns and bucket-shaped bases supported. The base is decorated with hollows, with images such as tiger stripes and figures. This copper smoker has a peculiar shape and is a masterpiece among similar artifacts of its time.
Of course, in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, incense was not something that everyone could enjoy, it was a patent of the nobility. Such a delicate copper smoker was not something that the general nobles could possess, and should belong to the high nobles of the time. Its excavation site is also at the site of Yongcheng, which was a very important capital in the history of the Qin state in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and was built here in the year of Qin Zide (677 BC), which lasted nearly 300 years as a capital city, that is, from the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period to the middle of the Warring States Period. This copper smoker was found in a palace site in Yongcheng, the capital of Qin, indicating that it should be a relic in the palace of the Qin King, which can be said to represent the highest level of craftsmanship of the copper smoker at that time.
In the Han Dynasty, with the opening of the Silk Road, foreign exchanges became more and more frequent, and the types of spices were more abundant, in addition to the above-mentioned domestic incense, spices such as dragon brain and Suhexiang were also imported from outside the region, such as Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Asia Minor (a peninsula in southern Asia) and Syria. In addition to the burning of incense in activities such as sacrifices and ceremonies, incense was more common in the daily life of the nobility. Especially the concubines in the harem, in order to maintain their attractiveness in front of the emperor, all used spices, compared with each other, and chased the richness and durability of the incense. Zhao Feiyan, the second empress of the Hancheng Emperor, once "mixed incense, and sat there for a hundred days without resting"; Jie Yu (the title of concubine) also "Mu with nine incense, anointed hair, thin eyebrows, and distant mountain dai." Shi Xiaozhu, the number of lazy to make up". This was the case at the court, and the officials were also up and down, and incense was commonly used. The Han GuanYi records that "Shang Shu Lang held the orchid with incense and tended to walk away from The DanQi".
Western Han Painted Pottery Fumi oven Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, was excavated
Most of the tombs of the Han Dynasty were buried with pottery fumigation furnaces, shaped like beans, and some were painted. For example, the painted pottery smoker excavated from the Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, is 13.5 cm high, with a mother-daughter mouth, a micro-arch on the top of the lid, and a bird standing on it. The whole body is blackened, then brushed yellow, and then painted and cut through. The lid and disc walls are inscribed with cirrus, triangles, checks, grates and chords. When it was unearthed, this smoker heartpan contained herbs such as thatch, sorghum ginger, and Xinyi, which can be seen in the Han Dynasty incense.
Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the smoke oven has appeared a special shape representing the fashion of the times - Boshan furnace. According to the Xijing Miscellaneous Records, the Han "Chang'an Qiaogong Ding Shu ... Also made a nine-story Boshan incense burner. Skeletons are strange birds and monsters, poor spirits, all natural movement." The reason why it is called Boshan is because it is modeled after the sea immortal mountain "Boshan". Its basic shape is mostly in the center of a disc to erect a straight handle to undertake the furnace body, the furnace body is semi-circular, there is a lid, the lid is cone-shaped, and the skeleton technique is carved out of the shape of mountains, people, birds and animals, grass and trees, and clouds. Liu of the Han Dynasty told the "Smoke Furnace Inscription": "Jia this right vessel, the rock is like a mountain." On the taihua, with a copper plate. There is Lan Qi, Zhu Huo Qing Smoke. "The depiction is that when the Copper Boshan Furnace is used, the spices are placed in the furnace and burned, and the light smoke slowly overflows through the holes in the lid and rises like clouds, feeling like a fairyland. The emergence of the Boshan furnace is a reflection of the han dynasty immortal thought worship.
Excavated physical data show that after the rise of the Boshan furnace in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, its circulation range is very wide, in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hunan, Guangzhou and other places of the Han Dynasty tombs have a boshan furnace with burial, mostly pottery. The Copper Boshan Furnace is found in the tombs of the royal family, princes, and other high-ranking nobles. In 1968, the copper fault Jin Boshan furnace excavated from the tomb of Liu Sheng, the King of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty of Hebei Province, and the bronze riding beast figure Boshan furnace excavated from the tomb of Liu Sheng's wife Dou Xuan can be called exemplary of them.
The Western Han Dynasty Wrong Jinbo Mountain Furnace Was excavated in 1968 from the tomb of Liu Sheng, king of Zhongshan Jing in the Western Han Dynasty in Mancheng, Hebei Province
Copper wrong Jinbo mountain furnace, 26 cm high, shaped like a bean, Gai Xiao Bo mountain, the whole body wrong gold. The handle of the furnace is in the shape of a three-dragon water carving, and the dragon's head is topped with a hearth plate, and the hearth plate is decorated with a cloud pattern of false gold. The upper part of the plate and the furnace cover cast a steep undulating mountain, according to the mountain cut-out, the mountain gods and beasts are infested, tigers and leopards run, the little monkey crouches on the high-rise peak or rides on the beast, the hunter carries a crossbow on his shoulder and patrols the mountain and stone, and two or three small trees dot it, carving a beautiful mountain view and a vivid hunting scene. In the details, the wrong golden cloud pattern is added to outline the rendering, making the scenery more vibrant.
Western Han Dynasty riding beast figure Boshan Furnace In 1968, the tomb of Liu Sheng, the King of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty, was excavated in Mancheng, Hebei Province
The most special thing about the bronze beast figure Boshan furnace is its stove handle shape. This furnace is 32.4 cm high and has silver throughout. The handle of the furnace is the shape of a naked Lux riding on his knees and a reclining beast. The divine beast held its head high, opened its mouth to devour, and stretched its neck forward in a struggling position. Lux supported the neck of the beast with his left hand, and held the furnace body with his right hand, looking up at the side. The lid also casts a scene of a mountain man-beast fight and is hollowed out. These two copper Boshan furnaces are practical utensils, which should be used by Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing, and his wife before their deaths.
Liu Sheng, the Prince of Jing of Zhongshan, was the son of Liu Qizhi of the Han Jing Emperor and the brother-in-law of Emperor Wu Liu Che, and was created King of Zhongshan in the third year of the Jing Dynasty (154 BC), and he was also the first king of the Zhongshan Kingdom. Mancheng County, Hebei, was the seat of the Han Dynasty princely kingdom of Zhongshan, where Liu Sheng and his wife were buried after their deaths. Liu Sheng's life was extravagant and absurd, according to the "Book of Han, The Biography of the Thirteenth King of Jing", "Sheng is happy and wine-drinking, and there are more than one hundred and twenty sons. "From the delicacy and beauty of these two Boshan furnaces unearthed, we can glimpse one of the extravagant and lascivious lives of his life.
Gilded gold and silver bamboo knot copper smoker In 1981, the tomb of Emperor Maoling of the Han Dynasty was excavated from the no.1 unnamed tomb burial pit
In 1981, the gilded gold and silver bamboo knot copper smoker system excavated from the No. 1 tomb burial pit of the Maoling Tomb of the Han Dynasty was special, with a height of 58 centimeters, and the base was carved with a dragon with its head held high, and the dragon's mouth was held with a long handle of five bamboo poles, and the upper end of the handle extended outwards of the trigly curved dragon, steadily holding up the furnace body. The furnace is boshan-shaped, and the lower part is carved with a dragon pattern, with a gilded background and gilded dragon body. The outer side of the lid mouth is inscribed with an inscription for a week: "The inner one is still lying down, a golden bamboo smoker, and weighs ten pounds and twelve two, made within four years, lost in October of the fifth year, and the third in the first year." "There is also an inscription on the outside of the base circle foot, and the content is much the same. However, the numbers of the two are inconsistent with the production agency, or they are mismatched at that time. According to the inscription, this smoker was originally placed in the Weiyang Palace of the Western Han Dynasty, which was originally the emperor's royal object, and it was excavated at the same time as other artifacts of the "Yangxin Family", which is speculated to be a reward from Emperor Wu of Han to his sister Princess Yangxin.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, incense was more common in people's daily lives, so Before Cao Cao took power, he "forbade incense not to be smoked in his home" to show simplicity; on his deathbed, he left his life: "The incense can be divided with the ladies, and there is no sacrifice." During this period, the incense customs have expanded from the princes and nobles to the scholars, and many poems describing incense have appeared, such as Cao Pi's "Rosemary Fu" and Liu E's "Boshan Incense Burner". At the same time, the Boshan furnace that was popular in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, such as undulating mountains, jungle obstacles, and beasts and gods, has undergone great changes, and its decoration has been replaced by lotus flowers and jewels. Obviously, this is closely related to the prevalence of Buddhism during the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Tang green glazed dragon handle Boshan furnace Excavated from the north of Chang'an District, Xi'an
Boshan furnace to Sui and Tang Dynasty has not yet disappeared. The Tang Dynasty green glazed dragon handle Boshan furnace excavated from the North Ridge of Chang'an District, Xi'an, is very exquisite, the furnace lid is molded with layers of petals, the middle flower bud is prominent, and the flowers and leaves around the furnace body are ready to unfold, and the whole looks like a flower with buds to be released. The stove handle is supported by a dragon cockroach and has a disc base underneath. The whole vessel is beautifully shaped and has a green glaze crystal.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, with the prosperity of foreign trade and the development and progress of material civilization, people's research and utilization of incense became more refined and systematic. Incense was burned in the court to show solemnity and courtesy, and written into the system. The New Book of Tang and Yi Wei Zhi records: "Asahi, the temple was equipped with a 黼扆 (yǐ), a mat, an smoker, and an incense case. This scene can also be glimpsed in Tang poems, such as Jia Zhi's "Early Dynasty Daming Palace": "The Crown And The Imperial Incense", Du Fu's "Fenghe Jia Zhishe People Early Dynasty Daming Palace": "Pilgrimage cigarettes with full sleeves" and other poems, all reflect the intensity of incense during the imperial court meeting.
The magnates who loved incense used qixiang as a capital to show off, competed with each other, and the "douxiang" activity arose. During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, he held an elegant gathering of douxiang, at which the Zong Chuke brothers, Wu Sansi, and Empress Wei shi and other imperial relatives and courtiers each brought their own incense to test the merits and disadvantages. The literati, on the other hand, regarded incense as a sign of elegant life and cultural taste, and it seemed that unless there was incense, it was impossible to compose poetry. As a result, "reading at night with red sleeves and incense" has become an indispensable style in the daily life of the literati. According to the Tang Dynasty Feng Zhen's "Miscellaneous Records of Yunxian", Liu Zongyuan received a poem sent by Han Yu, "First fill your hands with rose dew, burn the incense of jade (ruí) and then read it. "Bai Ju Yi Shiyun"Idle chanting four sentences, quiet to a furnace of incense", Li Shangyin Shiyun "Spring heart mo common flowers, one inch of acacia and one inch of ash", etc., reflecting the elegant things of the Tang Dynasty literati incense.
The Tang Dynasty imperial palace and dignitaries also paid great attention to burning incense and smoking clothes with smokers. The emperor's imperial robes were ironed and incensed by the palace maids every day. When smoking clothes, put a hollow cage on the smoker, that is, the smoke cage, and then put the clothes on top to smoke. Wang Jian's "Palace Words" describes this incident by "stopping the lights every night to iron the imperial clothes, and the fire at the bottom of the silver smoke cage". For this reason, the palace maid "reclined in the smoke cage to sit until the Ming" (Bai Juyi's "Harem Words"). The close relationship between the smoker and court life can also be seen. The Tang Dynasty Su Yan said in the "Duyang Miscellaneous Compilations" that the Prime Minister Yuan Zaijia dried Luo sewing embroidery, and placed 20 gold and silver stoves below to incense, and "all burned different incense", which was as luxurious as the imperial palace.
The shape of the Tang Dynasty smoker tended to be diversified, the production was more elaborate, and the appearance was more gorgeous.
Tang Gilded Golden Lying Turtle Lotus Pattern Five-legged Silver Smoker Excavated in 1987 from the Tang Pagoda Base Palace of Fufeng Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province
In 1987, shaanxi Fufeng Famen Temple Tangta Base Palace excavated gilded lying turtle lotus pattern five-legged silver smoker, through the height of 50.3 cm, the furnace lid surface is raised, the top has a lotus bud cover button, the cover surface is decorated with lotus petals, there are 5 lotus flowers, the flowers are intertwined, and each lotus flower has a mouth-onpped grass, looking back at the turtle, and the posture is lovely. The lid is folded down along a wide flat edge and buckled against the rim of the furnace mouth. The furnace body is straight, deep belly, flat bottom, and the abdominal wall is decorated with flowing clouds. The furnace body and the furnace platform are riveted with 5 unicorn feet, and the flower knot-shaped ribbon is suspended between the feet, which is full of light and grace. The bottom of the stove is written with the inscription "Xiantong Ten Seasons, WensiYuan made an eight-inch silver and gold flower incense burner, and the plate and the ring of the flower belt weighed a total of 382." Chen Jingfu, the judge Gao Pinchen Wu Hongwu, so that the subject can be shunned", according to this research, this smoker should be tang Yizong's offering to the Buddha Shakyamuni's true body. The huge shape of the instrument, the exquisite craftsmanship, and the luxurious decoration all show the royal style.
Tang Honeysuckle Pattern Hollow Five-legged Silver Smoker Unearthed from the Tang Dynasty Cellar in Hejia Village, a southern suburb of Xi'an City
Tang Tiger Leg Beast Face Ring Silver Smoker The ruins of Qingshan Temple in Lintong District, Xi'an City were excavated
Similar smokers also include the honeysuckle pattern hollow five-legged silver smoker excavated from the Tang Dynasty cellar in Hejia Village, the southern suburbs of Xi'an City, and the gilt and silver smoker excavated from the site of Qingshan Temple in Lintong District, Xi'an City, the former is hoof-shaped, the latter is tiger's leg- shaped, and the chain or ring is placed between the feet, so that the smoker can be both flattened and hung.
In the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the smoker, there was also an incense burner that could be placed in the futon. This apparatus is called "bedding incense burner", "incense burner", "incense sachet", "incense ball", "golden smash", etc., which is used to remove filthy gas and aromatize bedding. Its shape is usually a hollowed-out round ball made of metal, the upper hemisphere is the lid, the lower hemisphere is the body, and the two are connected by hinges, and the mouth of the child and mother is fastened. In the lower hemisphere there are two concentric flat rings and an incense cup. Between the two flat rings and between the flat ring and the incense bowl are connected by a vertical living axis, and the outer ring is riveted together with the ball wall, the flat ring and the incense bowl can be kept parallel to the ground with the action of gravity, so that no matter how the sphere rotates, the cup surface is always facing upwards, and the incense filled with the incense bowl will not leak out when ignited, and the burned incense ash will not be scattered and burned, which is a miniature smoker with its exquisite design. The Tang Dynasty poet Yuan Shu once wrote a poem praising: "Follow the customs and only turn in the group, and do not waver in the middle." Aijun's heart was unpredictable, and he was shocked and burned. ”
Tang Gilded Gold Hongyan Pattern Hollow Silver Smoked Sac and Gilded Double Bee Pattern Skeleton Silver Sachet Excavated from the Underground Palace of Fufeng Famen Temple in Shaanxi
Among the Tang Dynasty gold and silver vessels excavated from the underground palace of Fufeng Famen Temple are two gilted gold and silver sachets, one large and one small, with a diameter of 12.8 centimeters, a chain length of 24.5 centimeters, and a weight of 547 grams. The small diameter is 5.85 cm, the chain length is 17.7 cm, decorated with a goose pattern and a double bee pattern, respectively, and the pattern is gilded, all hollowed out. In addition, a silver sachet was also unearthed from the Tang Dynasty cellar in Hejia Village, a southern suburb of Xi'an, with a diameter of 4.7 cm and a chain length of 7.4 cm, and a hollowed-out bird grape pattern on the outer wall. This sachet is cleverly designed and crafted, reflecting the ingenuity of the craftsmen of the time.
Tang hollow bird grape pattern silver sachet Tang Dynasty kiln collection in Hejia Village, a southern suburb of Xi'an, was excavated
Tang hollow bird grape pattern silver sachet internal structure
By the Song Dynasty, incense culture had expanded from royal aristocrats, literati and doctors, Buddhists and Taoists to ordinary people, and spread to all aspects of social life. Not only incense is smoked in the living room hall to remove pollution, and incense is burned at banquet celebrations, but also a variety of exquisite sachets and sachets are used to wear and hang. Some literati also made incense by hand, and Su Xun had a poetry cloud: "Mash the musk and sift the sandalwood into the model, and moisten the weeds and dew and the chicken Su." Huang Tingjian also often made his own incense, and once wrote a poem to Su Shi with the title of "Jiangnan Tent Incense" given by others. There are verses in the poems such as "Hundreds of incense snails sink into the water, and treasure smoke is close to Jiangnan", Su Shihe has the verse "Four sentences of burning incense, with the wind all over the southeast", and Huang Tingjian replied with the verses of "Proud in a smoke, sneaking around in the dust of Jiuqu".
The incense utensils of the Song Dynasty were more colorful and innovative on the basis of inheriting the previous dynasty. Among them, the most distinctive is the porcelain smoker, and the northern and southern kilns and the Ru kilns, Ge kilns, and official kilns that make tribute porcelain for the imperial court are fired in large quantities.
Song Dynasty fancy smokers Excavated from the Yaozhou kiln site in the Song Dynasty
The fancy celadon smoker excavated from the Yaozhou kiln site in the Song Dynasty has a missing lid, and a dwarf mortise and a wheeled mid-waist seat mouth at the bottom of the furnace. The outer wall of the furnace is decorated with 3 layers of lotus petals, and the slope of the wheeled mid-waist seat is molded with 6 crouching sea beasts, and the lower slope is decorated with lotus petals. The glaze is bluish green and gray, with a glassy texture. In addition, jade smokers have appeared. Under the influence of the Literati of the Song Dynasty advocating the quiet and elegant character, the Song Dynasty smoker also formed a plain and simple, elegant and delicate aesthetic style.
In the Song Dynasty, smokers in the shape of ducks and beasts were also more popular, mostly made of metal, called "beast furnaces", also known as "incense beasts". In the Song Dynasty's "Incense Spectrum", it is recorded: "The incense beast, with the gold as the shape of a fox, a unicorn, and a duck, burns incense in the air, so that the smoke comes out of the mouth, thinking that it is a good play." In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's "Yuexi Spring" "Shen Musk does not burn the golden duck cold, the cage moon shines on the pear blossoms", Li Qingzhao's "Drunken Flower Yin" "Mist thick clouds worry about eternal day, Rui Brain sells golden beasts", Zhou Zizhi's "Partridge Heaven" "Tune the treasure, dial the golden fox, then sing the partridge word" and other sentences, saying that this kind of duck, beast-shaped smoker.
Ming Chenghua su sancai duck smoked in 1988 Jingdezhen excavated
Duck-shaped smokers actually appeared very early, according to archaeological data, in the Han Dynasty. Until the Ming Dynasty, it can still be seen. In 1988, Jingdezhen unearthed a piece of Su Sancai duck smoked from the Ming Dynasty, the duck made its head open and chirped, standing on a square base with open and hollowed out on all sides, and the shape was very vivid. The duck consists of two parts, the upper and lower parts, separated from the abdomen. The yellow, green and brown glaze is applied throughout, which is a typical kind of plain three-color porcelain.
The emergence of the "Xuande Furnace" in the Ming Dynasty is a new highlight in the history of the development of ancient fumigators. Emperor Xuanzong of Ming personally supervised and dispatched highly skilled craftsmen to make a batch of copper incense burners using tens of thousands of pounds of brass from The tribute of Chenla (present-day Cambodia), which became the legendary "Xuande Furnace" of later generations and was valued by the collectors.
The ancient Chinese incense custom gradually faded with the turmoil of the late Qing Dynasty and the introduction of perfume, but the various smokers that have survived from generation to generation show the aesthetic concepts, cultural tastes and life interests of the ancients, which arouse people's reverie.