The Magnificent 20th Century: Rising from the Cracks

At the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionaries around the world rose up against corrupt dictatorships, harsh regimes, and widespread inequality.

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1917) was sparked by porfirio Díaz's falsification during the presidential election. The revolution overthrew a 31-year dictatorship by Mexican President Porfirio Díaz. Mexican peasants had no choice but to fight, and the country was plunged into years of conquest and political turmoil.

The decaying Persian Empire (in present-day Iran) underwent a revolution between 1905 and 1907. The Persian ruler at the time, Muzafardin Shah, was extravagant and weak, powerless. This revolution gave birth to a new constitution that forced Muzafardin Shah to abdicate and the Persian parliament was formed. However, the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 deprived the Persian Empire of its autonomy, and Persian territory was divided between Britain and Russia, which is known as the "Great Game" between Britain and Russia. Britain had always considered Russian activities in Central Asia to be a threat to British India, and the signing of the agreement ended an Anglo-Russian hostility in Central Asia.

During the same period, anarchists also operated around the world, launching a series of terrorist attacks against individuals, such as the assassination of King Umberto I of Italy in 1900 and the assassination of U.S. President William McKinley in 1901. Anarchists advocated the abolition of state rule and the replacement of the state with borderless social groups. Their actions have branded popular resistance with violence and radicalism.