Present-day Huaiyang, Henan, was called Wanqiu, Chen, Chenzhou in ancient times, also known as Huaining. From the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the capital of the State of Chen, and in the late Warring States period, it was once the capital of the State of Chu, so it was called "The Ancient City of Chen Chu". The following is a narrative convenience, which distinguishes Huaiyang City from the Ancient City of Chen Chu in the Han, Tang, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and calls it Chen Zhou City.
Chen Chu's ancient city has a long history and is a famous historical and cultural city. The old city of Chen Chu should also be built before 598 BC. In 478 BC, King Hui of Chu destroyed Chen and placed Chen County; in 278 BC, the southern city of Jinan, the capital of Chu, was captured by the State of Qin, and king Xiang of Chu was defeated, and the northern bao of Chen Cheng, Chen Cheng, became the capital of the State of Chu. As the capital of the State of Chen for 569 years and the capital of the State of Chu for 38 years, it has had a profound impact on the political, military, economic and cultural development of the Land of Chen.
Chen Chu's ancient city is located in a corner outside Guo
1. The Ancient City of Chen Chu as recorded in the historical records
Zhu Xi of the Book of Poetry • Chen Feng notes: "Chen, all on the side of Wanqiu, and after the Yellow Emperor and Emperor Yao, are three Ke, for the Hu Gong, Lady Daji is honorable, and the song and dance are good, and their people are civilized, and the present-day Chen Prefecture is also its land." "Poetry Spectrum": "Chen Du is on the side of Wanqiu". The "Chronicle of Huaiyang County" says: "The city of Zhou is the ancient Chen Kingdom. Wang Yinglin's "Examination of Poetic Geography": "Present-day Chen Prefecture is in the northwest corner of the ancient Chen City, and Chen Du is on the side of Wanqiu." "Water JingZhu • Canal Water Note": "The sand water is also southeast of Chen Chengbei, so Chen Guoye." "There is the Cai River in the north of present-day Huaiyang County, and the river flows around the east of the city to the southeast, into the sand water (today's Cai River). The Cai River is one of the tributaries of Shashui, and Li Daoyuan's "Notes on water classics" refers to the tributaries of shashui as shashui, so the area around Huaiyang Chengguan on the cai river is the location of Chen Chu's ancient city, and the site of the present-day Huaiyang City is consistent with the records of the literature.
The Zhou Dynasty was established, because Yu Shun's descendant Shu Father (or Father Fu) assisted the King of Wu in his meritorious service, and sealed his father's son Hu Gongfei (胡公妃) in Order to honor Emperor Shun. "Zuo Chuan Xiang Gong Twenty-five Years": "Former Yu Fu's father was Zhou Taozheng, in order to serve my first king, and after his gods, Yong used the Yuan daughter Daji with Hu Gong, and sealed Zhu Chen, in preparation for the Three Kes." "Lu Shi • National Name Ji Ding": "Now Chen Zhi Wanqiu City, Yu Jiyun, Hu Gongzhu, Chu Chu destroyed Chen, and the empress dowager of Xiang was the capital." The "Chronicle of the Nine Domains of Yuanfeng" reads: "Chen Hu Gongzhu. ”
Satellite map of the surrounding area of Chen Chu's ancient city
Since the primitive society Taihao Fuxi era, to the Xia Shang, the ancient city of Wanqiu has been the capital of Chen. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Duke Hu of Chen established the new city of Chencheng (陈城) shortly after he became the ruler of the State of Chen, and moved the capital from Wanqiu (present-day Pingliangtai Ancient City) to Chencheng (present-day Huaiyang County). Since Hu Gong first built Chen Cheng, it has been continuously expanded or added since then. Chencheng has both castles and ditches, and was built very early. Hu Gong was sealed in Chen, and it was reasonable to build a city, which should be the first time Chen Cheng was built during the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. In the late Spring and Autumn period or earlier, Chen Cheng underwent a second construction. "Lü Shi Chunqiu Zai": "The King of Jingzhuang wants to cut down Chen ,...... A: The city is high and the ditch is deep. "Zuo Chuan • Xianggong Twenty-three Years" Yun: "Xia, Qu Jian besieged the city from Chen Hou, Chen Rencheng, the version fell and killed people, serving each other's lives, each killing his own strengths, and then killing Qinghu and Qingyin." That is, in the twenty-second year of King Ling of Zhou (550 BC), there was a conflict between Chen Hou and Qing Shi, and in order to resist Chen Hou's conquest, Qing Hu and Qing Yin of Chen Guo recruited their subordinates to build Chen Cheng, causing a rebellion among the slaves who built the city. "Notes on the Water Classics": "There is another city in Guoli in the south of the city, called Huaiyang City, where the children are located." In 547 BC, Zi Chan led an army to capture Chen, and it was possible to repair the city wall destroyed by the war, so there is a saying that "Zi Chan was placed". In 543 BC, ZiChan criticized Chen Hou for "playing with the city of Guo", so the theory of ZiChan's construction was questioned. Literature shows that the ancient city of Chen Chu was built many times during the Spring and Autumn Princes' Annexation War.
Chen Chu's ancient city is located in the hinterland of the Central Plains, with fertile fields and rich chestnuts, and has always been a place where soldiers and families must fight. Its majestic walls, four strong walls, surrounded by lakes and waters, form an indestructible natural barrier.
Aerial view of the surrounding area of Chen Chu's ancient city (photography in 1967)
Second, the shape and scale of Chen Chu's ancient city
The earliest documentary record of the form and scale of Chen Chu's ancient city can be found in the "Thirty Years of Zuo Chuan • Xianggong": "Zheng Zi was born like Chen Zhuomeng. Return, return. The Doctor said: 'Chen Is also a country, and it must not be with it.' Juhe Li, Ji Chengguo, and these two, without touching their people. That is, in the twenty-sixth year of the Duke of Chen Ai (543 BC), Zheng Guoxiang gave birth to the Chen State and formed an alliance and returned to Zheng to resume his life. He told the doctors: "Chen Guo is a country that is about to perish, and it cannot be attached to it. They simply amassed grain and built the city, relying only on these two, and did not appease the people. This article shows that the capital of chen guo has Guo Cheng, which is personally seen by the children. The Notes on the Water Classics says of Chen Guo's ancient city: "Shashui passed through Changping (present-day Western And northern China, Henan), and then southeast through the north of Chen Cheng, so Chen Guoye." "Shashui (i.e., Cai Shui and Cai River) flows northwest of Huaiyang City and flows along the north of Chen Cheng (the northern outer city wall of Chen Chu's ancient city, that is, the north embankment of present-day Huaiyang County, that is, the present-day North Inner Ring Road), which is the capital of the State of Chen from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. "JinShu • Geographical Chronicle" Yun: "There is Huaiyang City in the southwest corner of Chencheng, and the capital of Han Huaiyang State is also." "During the Western Han Dynasty, the capital of Huaiyang was located in the southwest of the former Chen Chu's ancient city. It can be seen from this that the shape and scale of Chen Chu's ancient city have changed since the Han Dynasty, and the scale of huaiyang city has been greatly reduced.
For the form and scale of Chen Chu's ancient city, the Qing Dynasty Shunzhi edition of the "Chen Zhou Zhi" pointed out: "The county state has repeatedly changed the city, and most of them are not the original site. In short, Chu Zhuanglai, the substitute has been envied, (Chu) Lingwang Dacheng, (Chu) Xiangdong migration, Chen Shi (Sheng) Qipu to base it, all of which rely on the manifestation of The One who has also manifested itself. "Since the Han Dynasty, the location, form, and scale of the state capital of Huaiyang County, or because of war, or because of floods, were abandoned, restored and built, and repeatedly. Historically, in 598 BC, King Zhuang of Chu used Chen's internal turmoil to cut down Chen, sending people to spy on the high walls of Chen City and the depth of the ditch; in 537 BC, King Chu Ling stationed in Chen Di, built Zhanghuatai, and showed off that Chen was a thousand times the great city; in 278 BC, Qin general Bai Qi attacked the Chu capital Yingcheng, and The Chu Xiang King Migrated to Chen (historically known as Ying Chen); in 209 BC, Chen Sheng revolted in PuXian County, with Chen as the capital, established the "Zhang Chu" regime, and sent troops to attack Qin on four occasions. All because Chencheng is a major town and has a grand scale. It shows that the ancient city of Chen Chu is by no means the city of "seven miles and three steps" in the early Ming Dynasty, nor is it the city of "nine miles and thirteen steps" in the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty, but as recorded in the "Records of Yuanhe County": "The north pillow of Chenzhou Prefecture is Cai Shui, and the zhou is thirty miles." "The Zigzag-shaped city pool set by the inner and outer cities indicates that the original form of Chen Chu's ancient city was still completely preserved until the Qin Dynasty.
Shangshui Zhanghuatai ruins
Compared with Yingdu (郢都, in present-day Jiangling, Hubei), Chen Yin was smaller than Yingdu, but it was larger than other Eastern Zhou Chu cities, and could be compared with Luoyang Wangcheng, Qufulu Ancient City, Linzi Qi Ancient City, Yixian Yanxiadu, Xinzheng Zhenghan Ancient City, handan Zhao Ancient City, and so on. Chen Yin "Zhou Yi Thirty Miles", an area of more than ten square kilometers. After the two-time construction of the Chu capital Chen Ying, the inner city is surrounded by ditches and outer Guo, forming a defensive levee, which can resist enemy invasion and flood disasters, and is known in history for "the high ditches and deep ditches in the city". In terms of defense function, it is not inferior to Yingdu.
In addition to renovating Chen Ying itself, the State of Chu also built the Yuanyuan Zhanghuatai near the present-day Chengguan of Shangshui County, about 35 kilometers southwest of it, as a companion capital. Zhang Huatai, also known as QianxiTai, is also known as Ru Balcony. According to the "Records of Shangshui County" in the twelfth year of Qianlong (1747), "Zhang Huatai, Erli Xu in the north of the city, the seventeenth year of the Xianggong in the Spring and Autumn Period, the King of Chuling. The "Chronicle of Shangshui County" says: "In the northwest of Shangshui County, two miles northwest." The King of Chu Ling, Zhu Zhanghuatai, was in Huarong City, and the King of Xiang was forced by the Qin general Bai Qi to defend Chen in the north, and even built this platform. In addition, the capital was also built in the present-day county seat of Shenqiu, 24 kilometers south of Chen Yin. Together with Chen Yin, they formed a relatively strong defensive system on the periphery of Chen Yin.
The Chencheng Palace District is located in the northeast of Huaiyang City, where a large rammed earth platform about 5 meters high is still preserved. The "Zuo Chuan" Xianggong Twenty-five Years (547 BC) contains, "Zheng Zizhan and ZiSheng Shuai Che 700 times cut Chen, and then entered it." Zi Zhan ordered the master not to enter the palace, and the son was close to the imperial gates. "This palace, the immediate palace area. The palace area is surrounded by walls, or what might be called Miyagi Castle. The dynasty is within Miyagi Castle, and the city is north of Miyagi Castle.
Aerial view of Chen Chu's ancient city (shooting direction: southeast to northwest)
Regarding the relationship between chen chu's ancient city and Chenzhou city since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the 1991 edition of the "Huaiyang County Chronicle" made a general explanation: "Chen Chu's ancient city is square, divided into two cities, the outer city circumference of 15 kilometers, the inner city circumference of 4.5 kilometers, the city continued to use for more than 3,000 years." "It is explained that the ruins of Huaiyang City, which have been preserved to this day, are its inner city, and the moat (basically the inner ring road of present-day Huaiyang) is its outer (Guo) city.
In view of the relationship between Chen Zhou City and Chen Chu's ancient city, the ShunZhiYuanliu said: "In present-day Huaiyang City, the circumference of nine miles and thirteen zhangs (according to: Zhang should be a step), there is an earthen outer Guo around the city, that is, a moat. The city is square, lined with Cai Shui, and is thirty miles around. Qin set up a county in the former land of Chen Guo. This statement emphasizes the moat that is, "Waiguo", guocheng is bordered by Caishui to the north, and Chen Chu's ancient city is a zigzag-shaped city with an inside and outside. In particular, it is pointed out that the ancient city of Chen Guo was also the seat of Chen County in the Qin Dynasty. This shows that its original form and scale have not been changed, and all the changes were made by the Qin Empress. As Lu Yanhong's "General History of Chinese Surnames • Chen Surname" said: "Due to the fall of Chen Di, by the time of the Tang and Song Dynasties, Wanqiu City (that is, Chen Cheng) had become smaller and smaller, far from the grand scale of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. ”
Yun of the Chronicle of The Land: "Huaiyang City is in Chen Cheng, the ancient Chen Kingdom." "It is said that Chen Zhou City was built within the scope of the former Qin Dynasty Chen Chu Ancient City, and its scale was obviously smaller than that of Chen Chu Ancient City. Qing Shunzhi's "Chronicle of Chen Zhou" says: "According to legend, the present city is the right migration of the east, and the east is the ancient West, as evidenced by the fact that there are still traces of Yangwa outside the southeast corner. That is to say, the city of Chenzhou, which was built in the early Ming Dynasty, moved a city position to the west, and the wall on the east side was at the west urn gate of the original old city, and the southeast section of the city wall still retained the traces of the original old city. It shows that the ancient city of Chen Chu has changed in the process of historical development.
Qing Shunzhi fifteen years of the "Chen Zhou Zhi" Chen Zhou City Map
According to the Ming Dynasty Guide Ancient City (present-day Shangqiu City) with a circumference of about nine miles; during the Ming reconstruction, a city was moved north to avoid floods; from the perspective of the shape of the city gate between the north and the south, the east and west are staggered, which is very similar to Chenzhou City. Referring to Qufu City, Shangcai City, and Shouchun City, all of which were greatly changed in the Ming Dynasty, it is speculated that when Chen Cheng was changed to a brick wall in the early Ming Dynasty, it was reduced to a city position (giving up the eastern half of the original city site), so that posterity misrepresented the reduction to move. Whether this hypothesis is true or not will be further confirmed by subsequent archaeological excavations.
The analysis shows that the ancient Chen City of "Thirty Miles of Zhou Hui" should be the city of Chu Chen Yin, which has always existed from the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, and contains two or three small cities of different periods, and the ancient Chen Kingdom, Chu Chen County, Han Huaiyang State and Chen County City may be in the same place, that is, in the southwest of Guo Nei; after the great turmoil of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, by the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chen Zhou City was transferred to the north and west of Guo Nei, while the Wanqiu County Administration was located in the north of Guo Nei, and the prefectures and county seats were juxtaposed from east to west, and the Song Dynasty did not change. During the Hongwu period in the early Ming Dynasty, Wanqiu County in the province was incorporated into Chenzhou, and at the same time the city of Chenzhou was built in the "Seven Strange Zhous".
According to the Qing Dynasty Chronicle, huaining county at that time was the ancient city of Wanqiu County of the Tang and Song dynasties, and if the Tang and Song Wanqiu counties were located in the easternmost part of the north of the ancient Chen City, then the Tang song Chen Prefecture City should be near huaining County (present-day Huaiyang County), and the Han Huaiyang City, Chuchen County, and Chen Guo Ancient City should be not far southwest or southwest of the present-day Huaiyang County. However, another possibility is not ruled out, that is, when Wanqiu Province entered Chen prefecture in the early Ming Dynasty, Chenzhou still followed the Tang and Song dynasties chenzhou city and Wanqiu county on the basis of a large contraction. Originally located in the southern part of Wanqiu County in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Great Qing Dynasty Records say that in the southeast of Huaining County, it can also be used as an auxiliary evidence for the county to move westward. If this is the case, the ming and qing Dynasties Of Chenzhou, Huaining County, and the present-day Huaiyang County were located in the north-west of the ancient Chen City, the Tang and Song Dynasties Wanqiu County were in its near east, and the Han Huaiyang State Chuchen County and the Ancient City of Chen Guo should be in the south of the present-day county seat.
On September 12, 1947, after the People's Liberation Army conquered Huaiyang City, the artillery of the Independent Brigade of the Yuwan Soviet District took a group photo in front of the South City Gate
Regarding the moat around Chen Zhou City, Qing Shunzhi's "Chen Zhou Zhi" once mentioned: "The outer ring moat, there are clouds that are ancient outer cities, and they also hypothesize that there is no examination." "At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there were already moats around the city, and some said that it was a city outside Chen Chu's old city, but there was no elaboration. However, the zhi can leave this pen in the county chronicle, coupled with the saying that the zhi recorded "one moved the city", which broadened the thinking and provided clues for future generations to study the changes in Huaiyang City, which is rare.
The overall form and scale of Chen Chu's ancient city should be: Huaiyang (Chenzhou) City with a circumference of 4.5 kilometers is the inner city of Chen Chu's ancient city, or part of the inner city. The original moat with a circumference of 15 kilometers is the outer city wall of Chen Chu's ancient city. The large area around the present city is the Guo of Chen Chu's ancient city. Originally, it was a residential area for Chinese people, a garrison military district, a handicraft workshop area, and even a tomb area. At the beginning of the founding of the city and for a considerable period of time after that, this was not a lake, and the formation of the ring lake was after the Tang Dynasty, due to the siltation of floods over the years, the ground outside Guo was raised, resulting in the inability to drain the water inside Guo.
In summary, the ruins of the present-day Huaiyang (Chenzhou) City are only a typical model of urban planning in prefectures and counties during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The grand ancient city of Chen Chu was formed by a combination of inner and outer cities, and until the Qin Dynasty, it still maintained the form of the city building, and there were many gates leading to all directions and the city outside Guocheng, as well as bridges corresponding to the city gates. For three thousand years, Huaiyang City has basically remained on its original site, without major displacement and morphological changes, which is rare in the capital of the princely states in the Spring and Autumn Period, so it is very precious.
After the liberation of Huaiyang in September 1947, the commando team that first boarded the South City Gate took a group photo at the City Gate Tower. Soon, in order to meet the strategic needs, the Huaiyang city wall was demolished
3. Archaeology and excavation of Chen Chu's Ancient City and Waiguo City
In 1980, the Henan Provincial Museum Cultural Relics Task Force carried out a trial excavation of Huaiyang County, and its trench was opened at the east end of the southern city wall of Huaiyang County, because the groundwater level was too high to dig to the end, and in the lower layer of the trench, it was found that the plate tiles were square lips, the rope pattern was clear, the mortise of the cylinder tiles was oblique, and there were fragments of pots, tanks and other utensils, which belonged to the remains of the late Spring and Autumn period or earlier time. Archaeological data confirm that the city has been restored several times. The first restoration was the addition of the inside and outside, the additional width was 1.5 to 2 meters, the height was 1.5 meters higher than the original city wall, and the rammed layer was 0.1 to 0.15 meters thick. The excavated pottery pieces are still mostly plate tiles and barrel tiles, and the tenons and grooves of the cylinder tiles are obvious and easy to connect. There are also manes, beans, pottery net pendants, copper ant nose coins, iron tools and so on. Chu coins may have been lost to rammed earth by the city builders, and judging from the excavation of Chu coins, this restoration was done by the Chu state after Chu destroyed Chen. The second restoration of the city wall is an external attachment, this additional width is 4.4 meters, the height is more than 1 meter higher than the first additional, the rammed layer is 0.12 to 0.17 meters thick, there are horizontal wood bolts in the rammed layer, the horizontal wood is 2 to 3 meters long, the diameter is 0.16 to 0.31 meters, the arrangement is orderly, the layers are clear, the upper and lower can be divided into four layers, the distance between the layers is 0.5 to 1 meter, and the horizontal wood distance between each layer is 0.4 to 0.6 meters. After investigation, the second addition of Huaiyang City is common, all have horizontal wood holes, according to which it is estimated that the second addition of horizontal wood alone requires 40,000 to 60,000 roots. The pottery pieces excavated from the second additional rammed earth are still mostly barrel tiles and plate tiles, and there are pedestal dots for printing. The tenons of the barrel tiles are angular, the clay pots are folded along the square lip concave, the beans are shallow plates and folded abdomen, and the kettle is a new artifact. The ant-nosed coin has a bulging back and a longer body. Judging from the excavated cultural relics, the time was repaired when the Chu capital Chen was in the late Warring States period. The third restoration of the city wall was in the early Western Han Dynasty, which was an internal addition; the fourth restoration was in the Song Dynasty, which was also an internal addition; the fifth was an external addition, with bricks, which were remnants of the brick city repaired during the Hongwu period in the early Ming Dynasty. Judging from the engineering situation of each restoration, the second one is the largest.
Excavated in 1981 in the Western Han Tomb Sanjin Pottery Courtyard in Yuzhuang, east of the county seat, the scale layout is rigorous and staggered. Excavated in 1953 in the Ninth Female Tomb of the South of the City, the Model of the Eastern Han Dynasty Painted Pottery Building, with bucket arch cornices, is unique in ingenuity. It can be proved that the level of urban architecture in Huaiyang at that time was already at a fairly high level.
In November 1990, in order to cooperate with the construction of huaiyang post and telecommunications building, geological drilling was carried out, drilling ten meters down, above which was a dark brown miscellaneous soil layer, mixed with tiles, pottery pieces and other debris, tiles and pottery pieces below ten meters were gradually reduced, and the soil changed from miscellaneous soil to yellow quicksand. This proves that the ground of the Huaiyang City site should be less than ten meters from today's ground when it was built. In order to prevent the city from being flooded, the ground inside the city was artificially raised. There are two kinds of increased resources: First, the accumulation of buildings and other waste is increased. Due to the accumulation of various waste debris, the humus in the soil increases and it is dark brown. The second is to dig up soil from the lakes around the city in a dry year. According to the measurement data, the water depth of the lake around the city is 2 to 3 meters, which is about 1.2 meters deeper than other water levels. It can be inferred from this that when the ancient city was first built, it was below ten meters above today's ground.
In 1956, when the Cai River Bridge was built from the county seat on the north bank of the lake to the Cai River in Beiguan, 3 meters northwest of the bridge deck from the ground, a brick and stone coupon arch bridge flowing east-west was excavated, which should be the ancient Cai River Bridge. Because it is an arch bridge, the bridge arch should be about 1 meter above the ground, according to this calculation, the ground of the ancient arch bridge should be about 4 meters below today's ground.
Qing Shunzhi fifteen years of "Chen Zhou Zhi" Chen Zhou Zhi map
It has also been further verified from the data that has been explored from the cultural relics of the infrastructure project outside the Ring Lake. In the 1980s, the Chengguan Town Paper Mill was built outside the embankment of the South Ring Lake, and its exploration data showed that the first layer was the yellow sand soil silted up by the Yellow River, with a brown rubber soil layer; the second layer was the Han, Tang, Song and Jin cultural layers, and the ancient tombs and ancient kiln sites of the Han, Tang and Song dynasties were found; the third layer was a raw soil layer, 4 meters from the current ground.
The exploration data of the family building of the Huaiyang County Family Planning Guidance Center built in the west of Taihaoling shows that the first layer is a layer of yellow sand soil and brown rubber soil silted up by the Yellow River, containing a Bagua-shaped sacrifice made of green and gray bricks in the Yuan Dynasty; the second floor is the Han, Tang, Song and Jin cultural layers; and the third floor is a raw soil layer, 4.2 meters from the current ground.
After years of archaeological exploration, it can be seen that the stratigraphic relationship in the city is complex, the thickness of the cultural accumulation is more than ten meters, the thickest place is 15 meters, the period contains abundant materials, and the yellow river silt soil layer is not seen in the city, which is the result of the long-term activities of ancient people in the city to take soil and cushion it. Coupled with the construction of walls over the centuries, the terrain outside the ancient city was low-lying, becoming trenches and numerous pits.
In view of the fact that Dongguan has found a large brick wall foundation. Outside the city, the large and small Jizhuang in the northeast is equivalent to a highland in the area of Huaiyang City; and in view of the prevalence of the capital of the Spring and Autumn Princes, the Han Dynasty gradually shrank. Because the terrain around Huaiyang City on Monday was high in the northwest and low in the southeast, when it was in the Ming and Qing dynasties, according to the city construction regulations at that time, the original Chenzhou City was cut to the east and preserved to the west, so the folk misrepresented it was "Chen Zhou City once moved to the west".
The county seat of Huaiyang was built on top of Gaofu. The Chencheng Palace District is located in the area of Laoyamen in the northeast of Huaiyang County, and there is still a large rammed earth platform about 5 meters high here. The area around the north cross street of present-day Huaiyang City is the commanding height of the whole city. In the last years of the Republic of China, masonry strips of stone were found in the ground on the southeast side of this street entrance, and it was speculated that this place should be the palace area of Chen Guo.
Qing Shunzhi fifteen years of "Chen Zhou Zhi" Chen Zhou Xuetu
From the construction of the city by Chen Hugong to the end of the Qin Dynasty, the buildings in the city are very large-scale. In the sixth year of King Kaolie (257 BC), Mao Sui went to the chu capital (Chen Cheng) to "go up the sword ladder" and allied with the king of Chu on the palace, which shows that the palace at that time was quite majestic.
4. The gate of Chen Chu's old city
About the city gate of Chen Cheng, the historical records are recorded. According to the "Eleventh Year of Zuo Chuan And Xuan Gong", Chu cut down Chen because of Chen Dafu Xia Zhengshu Shu Jun, "then entered Chen, killed Xia Zhengshu, and destroyed The Limen". Du pre-note: "Hey, the car cracks also." Chestnut Gate, Chen Cheng Men Gate". This city gate should refer to the east gate of Chen Chengcheng City.
East Gate, "Poetry • Guofeng • Chen Feng" has "East Gate of the Fang", "East Gate of the Pool", "East Gate of Yang" and other articles. It mentions: "The Fang of the East Gate, the Life of the Wanqiu"; "The Pond of the East Gate, You Can Make Hemp"; "The Yang of the East Gate, its Leaves Mu Mu". It means that the east gate is widely planted with oak and poplar trees. The Pond of the East Gate, "Water Jing Zhu • Canal Water Note" contains: Chen "There is a pond in the east gate of the city, the pond water is seventy steps from east to west, eighty steps from north to south, and the water is clean and not exhausted, and there is no fish and grass." There is a place in the water, and the so-called east gate of the pond in the poem" is also". Yuanhe County Atlas Volume 8 Yiyun: "Dongmen Pond, in the south of the East Gate Inner Road of the Prefecture City." "Poetry Chen Feng" "The pool of the East Gate can be made of hemp", that is, this pool is also. "This east gate should refer to the east gate of the outer city of Chencheng. There is a pond in the south of the East Gate Inner Road in Huaiyang County, which is long from north to south and wide from east to west, and this monument still exists a few years ago. Only recently, people's awareness of the protection of cultural relics and monuments is weak, filling in ponds and building houses, and now this monument has disappeared.
Tomb Gate, "Poetry • Chen Feng • Tomb Gate": "The tomb door has thorns, and the axe is to be used." ...... The tomb door has plums and owls. "This tomb gate may refer to the city gate adjacent to the Chen Guo cemetery, which should be the southeast gate of the outer city of Chen Cheng.
Hengmen, "Poetry • Chen Feng • Hengmen" Yun: "Under the Hengmen, you can perch late." You can be happy and hungry. "Hengmen is also the gate of Chen Cheng, and the nearby springs are rippling, which should be the gate of the outer city."
The South Gate, "Han Feizi Says Linxia", Chu Yizhangren said: "Outside the South Gate of Chen, Wufang Lu. "This south gate should refer to the south gate of Chen Cheng's outer city."
Ximen, Zuo Chuan • Notes on the Collection of Sub-Kingdoms: "Chu Fa Chen, Chen Ximen Shen, because of his surrender to the people to repair it, Confucius passed without style." "This city gate should be the west gate of the outer city of Chencheng."
5. The city walls of Chenzhou City were built during the Ming and Qing dynasties
Huaiyang (Chenzhou) City, its morphological scale of the major changes in about three times: first in the Han Dynasty, followed by the first and most important one in the early Ming Dynasty, and again in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to zhu Yuanzhang's idea of building a high wall, the wind of transforming the earthen city wall into a brick city wall rose up throughout the country. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, in order to investigate the establishment of the capital at Bei (present-day Kaifeng), traveled north from Yingtianfu (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), passing through Chen Di and ordering Jia Qi and other towns to guard the city of Chenzhou. In 1371, Chen Zhoucheng commanded Chen Heng to convert the earthen wall into a brick wall, and the circumference of the city wall was more than seven miles. Shunzhi's "Chronicle of Chen Zhou" contains this: "Ming Hongwuchu ordered the command of Jia Qi and other guards. Xinhai, commanding Chen Xiangzhong Zhou Yong, Yan Yuanqi Qi. The "Chronicle of Chen ZhouFu" records: "The bricks stretch for seven miles, three feet high, five feet wide, and the top width is not as wide as three of the toes." There were four old gates: DongMinghua, Xipingxin, Nanxiaoyi, and Beiyong'an. The gate tower has three trees, two floors, and there is a platform at the top of the moon city. Each additional Yongcheng has a gate in the table, each with a wellpost, and each of the four corners is a corner gate. The brick wall in the corner is the enemy platform, the platform counts thirty with nine, the number is 2,700, the depth of the pond is one and five feet, the width is more than two feet, and the outer ring moat is known as the city siege of nine miles and thirteen steps. "In the late Ming Dynasty, there were frequent wars, and the city wall collapsed many times due to the burning of flood soldiers, and was repaired several times.
Ming Jingtai (1450-1457) built a small building and commanded Chen Jixin to repair it. The increase in patrol police shops where thirty have seven.
Ming Jiajing Ding You (1537) Zhizhou Hao Zhang, commanded Wang Sanxi Junchi, and deeply regarded Hongwu Chujia as the third of the tenth.
Ming Long Qing Ding Di (1567) Summer June Rain Qia 40 days, the city was restored, Zhizhou Cui Nanyang, command jia Guozhen divided the food to finish. In 1593, floods were frequent, and the city of Chengbei and Nanmen collapsed, and Hu Dacheng of Zhizhou repaired it.
On March 12, the fifteenth year of Qing Chongzhen (1642), Li Zicheng fell into Chen, destroyed the city walls, and demolished all four gates.
In the third year of Qing Shunzhi (1647), Zhao Wei of Zhizhou resumed construction.
In June of the fourteenth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1675), heavy rains continued to fall and the city collapsed. Zhizhou Li Jingyun donated money.
In the twenty-seventh year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1688), Pan Shirui of Zhizhou donated money to repair the soil under Pingzhi City and build a female wall. In the twenty-eighth year, King Qingyan of Zhizhou collapsed, repaired its defects, and repaired the gate tower, built a suspension bridge, dredged the sea, increased the pheasant, and completed the four-pass road in vain.
The Twelfth Year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, "Records of Huaining County": Kangxi Fifty-first Year (1712), Zhizhou Gu Jue repaired. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Zhizhou Lin Yixiong was rebuilt. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749), the great water broke the embankment to irrigate the city, and the city was restored, and it was repeatedly estimated that it would be repaid for relief.
In the sixth year of Qing Daoguang (1826), "Huaining County Chronicle: Qianlong Twenty-seventh Year (1762) Zhixian Wang Ji asked for a reconstruction. In the 22nd year of the Republic of China, the "Chronicle of Huaiyang County" contains: In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), Jiao Sijun of Zhixian County donated to repair the four gates and repair the city walls.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the inner city walls had a circumference of 4.5 kilometers, a height of 8 meters, and a total of 2211 castles. Every 90 meters on the city wall, 5 meters square enemy platforms (built of green bricks) were built, a total of 49. Each corner of the city built an 8.3-meter square brick and wood structure, a green tile covered attic, flying angles in the air, the structure is peculiar, elegant and unique. To the southeast there is the Kuixing Building. There are three gates on each side of the city wall: the first gate is about 6.7 meters high, 5 meters wide, and the door is 0.25 to 0.3 meters thick, covered with iron, inlaid with iron hat nails, and above it is a fan-shaped arch made of green brick. The second gate is 6.7 meters away from the first gate, and the curved urn coupon (also called the urn city) in the wall connecting the two doors has cannon holes for defense on the wall, and there are matching rooms on both sides. The third gate is about ten meters away from the second gate; two short curved walls are connected by the walls on both sides of the third gate on both sides of the second gate, forming a large urn, which is equipped with guard rooms on both sides of the urn and is equipped with moat facilities, and above the third gate is built three two-story brick and wood gatehouses. The city is 5 meters deep and 6.7 meters wide, and there is a suspension bridge at the city gate. Today, the pattern of Huaiyang County has not changed, and the outer city of 15 kilometers around it is still the same.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the county town was still the scale of the late Qing Dynasty, and due to successive years of war, the city wall facilities such as urns, corner towers, city pools, and enemy platforms were constantly added and strengthened. The castle has been deepened to 6.3 meters and 8.7 meters wide. Because the county seat has been an important military town in eastern Henan for generations, it is known as four gates, five passes (East Pass, West Pass, South Pass, North Pass, North Xiao Pass), and eight suspension bridges (all four gates have double suspension bridges).
6. Urban planning of Chenzhou City in previous dynasties
The Sui Dynasty placed Lincai County, the county rule LincaiCheng, the construction of the city wall, the Zhou you city trench, the "D" shaped street, at this time the urban construction has a high level. During the Song Dynasty, the construction technology in the city has made great progress, in addition to ordinary houses, tall temple buildings such as Taiwei Zhao Gong Ancestral Hall, Yan Gong Ancestral Hall, Lingtong Temple, Zhenwu Temple, Kaiyuan Temple, etc., have risen from the ground and stand majestically.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were new developments in construction technology, and the official government and folk dove workers worked on materials, built a large number of civil engineering, and built monasteries extensively. Shunzhi's "Chronicle of Chen Zhou" contains: Qilu Temple, in the middle of the city, Ming Hongwu Xinhai (1731) commanded Chen Hengdingjian. Zi Tong Temple, in Weidong Alley, was rebuilt after Wanli Bingwu (1606) Zhizhou Kangliqian. Yangong Temple, in the west of the Drum Tower, Song Yanshu three know ChenZhou, the people feel that the shrine is here. The Fire Temple, one behind the Guandi Temple in the middle of the state, one in the Zitong Temple, and one outside the south gate of the city. The City God Temple, southwest of Zhouzhi, was rebuilt by Liu Gongxian in the fourth year of Hongwu, rebuilt by Li Sui in the first year of Xuande (1426), and rebuilt by Dai Xin of Zhizhou in the seventh year of Chenghua (1471). The Temple of Horses, inside the South Gate, was rebuilt by Chen Guangqi. The Temple of the Xuan Emperor, one on the North Urn City and one on the East Urn City. Sanyuan Temple, on the North Urn City. Gangdong Temple, on the gate of the South Urn. Temple of the Heavenly Son of Hades, in the City of West Urn. Dongyue Temple, in the state city of Dongguan. Sanyi Temple, in Beiguan. Sanyuan Temple, after which There is Sicheng Zhenzi Pavilion, Ming Xin'an GongBai built, outside the South Gate east. Wujun Temple, in Shuncheng Pass, that is, Bixia Palace. Xuandi Temple, in the west of the city Cai Hehu, that is, Di Qing freshened the base of the platform also. Fahua Temple, in the southeast of the city, Ming Hongwu Chu Baihu Dangxin commanded Chen Wan to rebuild. Drum Tower, in the middle of the city of Chengguan, Ming Hongwu commanded Chen Hengdingjian. The bell tower, in the southeast of Confucianism, was first built by Mingzhou Hongsheng, and Wan Li Jihai (1599) Zhizhou Yangkan rebuilt the south of its street. Bronze Buddha Temple, in the northeast corner of the city, Ming Chenghua directed Jiang Hanshidi to build a statue to raise repairs. Outside the city, there are successively rebuilt or newly built TaihaoLing Temple, Painting Gua Tai, String Song Platform and so on.
In the Qing Dynasty, county architecture was mainly based on temple repair, and many rich private households built buildings. During the Republic of China period, the development of county buildings was slow, and the houses were mainly civil structures, brick and wood structures were few, and there was a huge disparity between the rich and the poor. The poor often live in the grass huts and broken temples, while the rich live in large mansions, a lot of buildings, and ordinary people live in the courtyard layout.
Huaiyang Golden Dragon Bridge is located in the southeast corner of the county in the lake, according to legend, was built in the late Tang Dynasty, for a single-hole stone bridge, 2.4 zhang long, 1.2 zhang wide, the bridge pond outside the stone fence arranged in the city, there are bluestone carved balustrades, bridge hole near the water, decorative red stone carved dragon, head north and tail south, appear simple and elegant, small and exquisite. Because it is opposed to the Silver Dragon Bridge, it is called the Golden Dragon Bridge. In 1962, it was listed as a county-level cultural relics protection unit. Now it is flooded by the lake, and there were original buildings such as Yuebo Temple, Wenchang Palace, and Zushi Temple near the bridge.
Distribution map of cultural relics and monuments in Huaiyang County
Huaiyang County has been plagued by wars and floods for hundreds of years, and has been repeatedly destroyed and built, and its system has not changed. Its main road has always been used, before the Ming Dynasty, the detailed streets have not been recorded in historical records, until the Qing Shunzhi "Chen Zhou Zhi" first saw detailed description: Chencheng streets and alleys are divided into twenty squares, to be disposed of more paved, the street entrance is equipped with gates. Eighteen Fangs: Minghua, Pingxin, Yong'an, Xiaoyi, Anmin, Rulin, Wuzhen, Dazhong, Wenlin, Rouyuan, Dehua, Xiaode, Xiaocheng, Anyuan, Yongji, Weiwu, Xiuwu, Wubei. In the sixth year of Daoguang's "Chronicle of Huaining County", it is written: Inside the east gate is Minghua Street, in the west is Fuzhiqian, Anmin Street, hou wuzhen street, there are Ma Dao Shun cheng, Bell Tower Street, Sangyuan Street. North of the street: Fahua Temple Street (also known as Lao Cha Yuan Street), XiaoguanDi Temple Street, North Cross Street (i.e. Yong'an Street). Inside the west gate is Pingxin Street, and the south of the street includes: Ma Dao Shun Cheng Street, South Alley, Du Yan Department West Bias Street Tong Da Ci Nunnery, Guandi Temple Front Street, South Cross Street (i.e. Xiaoyi Street), And Wenwa Street, South Old Street of the School Department. North street: Chenghuangmiao West Street, Tongchayuan Xiyuanmen Street, Chayuan Dongyuanmen Street, Guandi Temple West Street through Zhujia Street, Xuedao Street. Inside the south gate is Xiaoyi Street, street east: Madao Shuncheng Street (formerly known as Xiaode Street), East Alley Through Old Qi Jiawa Street, East Alley and Qian Alley are connected to Old Qi Jiawa Street, Confucian South Street is Dehua Street through the old county Zhimen, close to Wenchang Street, and then Xueqian Street is Rulin Street, JishiQianXin Street.
QingQianlong's "Huaining County Chronicle" ChenZhou City Map
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 44 streets in Huaiyang City: 12 streets in Dongmenbao, namely Dongshuncheng Street, Fangzi Street, Jijia Street, Longting Street, Zhonglou Street, Xianmen Street, County Back Street, Zhonglou South Street, County Zhaobi Back Street, Caoguandi Temple Street, Gulou North Street; 10 streets in Nanmenbao, which are Nanshuncheng Street, South Street, Shuxing Street, Xinjie, Budian Street, Confucian Street, Laoqiwa Street, Danggusi Street, Guandi Temple Back Street; Ximen bao 11 streets, namely Xishuncheng Street, Shifo Street, Xuedao Street, Yangquan Street, Maxiang Street, Zhujia Street, Yandian Street, Da Ci An Street, Qian Wu Ying Street, Hou Wu Ying Street, Vulcan Pavilion North Street; North Gate Bao 11 streets, bei shun cheng street, north street, Tuta street, Fuhou street, Xiaocang street, Daomen street, north pawnshop street, mosque street, dayingfang street, xiaoyingfang street, Wufu street.
In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), there were 46 streets in the county: 15 in the north gate, namely Zhongshan North Street, Constitution Street, West Mutual Aid Street, Hezhong Street, West Jingwu Street, East Jingwu Street, Minzu Street, Aizhong Street, Anlao Street, Wufu Street, Xiuji Street, Huaishao Street, Xingshi Street, Gonghe North and South Street, and Gonghe East and West Street; 14 in the North Gate are Minsheng Street, Xunzheng Street, Jiqing Street, East Mutual Aid Street, Xingzhong Street, Taiping Street, Minquan Street, Keji Street, Education Street, Chongjian Street, Weixin Street, Innovation Street, Qinglian Street, and Dongqinglian Street There are 9 in the south gate, namely Zhongshan South Street, Qiantijie Street, Houtizi Street, South Mutual Aid Street, South Education Street, Danghua Street, Former Shangwu Street, Houshangwu Street, and Market Street; there are 8 in the West Gate, namely Datong Street, Bo'ai Street, Airen Street, Sanmin Street, Gong'an Street, Freedom Street, Pingping Street, and West Mutual Aid Street. The name of the street in the Republic of China period is still in use today.
Five years of the Republic of China "Huaiyang County Chronicle" Chen Zhou City Map
VII. Speculation on the Urban Structure of Chen Chu's Ancient City
Through the evolution and comparison of the ancient and modern forms and scales of historical and cultural ancient cities such as Qi, Lu, Chu and Cai, circumstantial evidence shows that the present-day Huaiyang County is only a part of Chen Chu's ancient city, or the inner city of Chen Chu's ancient city, or even a part of the inner city, rather than the overall appearance, so what is its original architectural appearance?
"Huaiyang County Chronicle", 1991 edition of Chen Chu's ancient city map
In 1991, the "Chronicle of Huaiyang County" said: "When the CaiHe Bridge was repaired in Beiguan in 1956, it was found that there was an arch bridge hole below 3 meters below the ground in the northwest corner of the bridge foundation, which was examined as the site of the ancient Caihe Bridge. This bridge is likely to be the bridge from the outer city of Chen Chu's ancient city to the north bridge of Caihe, which is also the "Xiande Bridge" contained in the 22nd edition of the "Huaiyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China. This is the north gate of the outer city of Chen Chu, located on the south bank of the ancient Cai River Bridge. According to the chronicle: "The Xiande Bridge is three miles away from (inner) city, with an ancient grain gate and a cai river outside. "The Ancient Grain Gate was later named, when it was one of the northern gates of the ancient city of Jinchu. According to the topographical analysis, in addition to the ancient grain gate, there may also be another gate in the northeast of the outer city wall. Today known as the Eight-Step Bridge, when it is another bridge east of the Xiande Bridge on the Cai River, presumably there is also a city gate in the outer city corresponding to this bridge, for two reasons: first, the outer city is long from east to west, and the northwest of the ancient grain gate is partial to the city, only one gate is inconvenient to pass; second, there is a highland equivalent to the area of the inner city (that is, the current large and small Jizhuang) in the northeast city of Guojin Lake, because there are many residents living here, there should be a city gate corresponding to the eight-step bridge in the north of the highland to facilitate people to enter and exit.
Eight-step bridge in the northeast of Chen Chu's ancient city
According to the 22nd edition of the "Huaiyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China, outside the outer city of the south wall and the west wall, there is a Zaolin River surrounded, which should be a natural moat in the south and west of the city. From the south gate of the inner city to the south of the Guanlu Road, to the guanmen is divided into two roads, the east and the west. Outside the mouth of the outer city wall (levee) of the east share, there is the Zaolin River, and a bridge is built on it, which is called "South Dikou Bridge" in the old zhi. There may be a city gate corresponding to the bridge at this embankment.
According to the chronicle, three bridges were built at the southwest embankment of the outer city, but the location of which was not detailed. It is assumed that one of them should be at the mouth of the Nankansai Road to the Outer Castle Wall (Levee); the other may refer to the diagonal span bridge in the southwest corner of the outer city, which is called the "Twisted Head Bridge" by the locals. The inner side of the bridge is the outer city, presumably corresponding to the bridge should be the southwest gate and the southwest corner gate. The Huaiyang County Chronicle also records that there is a bridge 3 in the west of the city and a bridge at the northwest embankment of the city, both on the Zaolin River. The West Dikou Bridge should be located at the entrance of the Inner Castle West Gate to the Outer Castle (Great Causeway); the Northwest Dikou Bridge is probably at Imada Bay, which is also an internal and external passage. Presumably, there is also an outer gate on the inside of this bridge. Coupled with the east bridge from the east gate of the inner city to the outer city, it is also possible to have a corresponding city gate. In this way, the north two, the south three, the west two and the east one were formed, with a total of 8 gates. There are natural moats as barriers on the south, north and west sides of the outer city, and only the eastern side of the city has an unclear moat status. The original moat should have been excavated by hand, and it is possible that the moat was destroyed on the north and south lines of the present-day East Bridge, or at the north and south lines of the bridge at the mouth of the present-day East Levee, and therefore cannot be seen. The Zaolin River, which flows to the west and south, may have changed due to the siltation of the hong cement sand in the past, and the terrain has changed, and it is no longer visible.
Chen Chu's old city outside the southwest corner of the city turned the head bridge
Therefore, it is inferred that the conclusion of the scale of the "Chen Chu Ancient City" measured by archaeological test excavations in 1980 is not comprehensive and precise, fails to explain the differences proposed by the literature and legends, and does not compare horizontally with the capital city of the same period and the same title, and at the same time lacks multi-faceted excavation evidence, so it is one-sided. The actual scale of Chen Chu's ancient city is much larger than that of Chen Zhou city site since the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the excavated and measured city site is only a part of Chen Chu's ancient city, not its overall picture.
Remnants of an outer city southeast of Chen Chu's ancient city (East of Shipaifang North Road, Chen Hu Gong Cemetery)
The assumption made by means of comparison and reasoning on the ancient city of Chen Chu is only a speculation on historical facts, and it is still necessary to further explore in depth and comprehensively, adopt scientific means, such as remote sensing technology, etc., and then combine the existing scattered literature and materials, refer to the research results of the surrounding cultural ancient cities, conduct a comprehensive analysis, and strive to have a realistic and clear conclusion about the ancient city of Chen Chu, so as to restore the original face of history.
Resources:
1. "History of Chen Guo", Zhang Jinxian and Zhang Jihua, published by Haitian in June 2014
2. "Chen Cheng, Chu Capital, and Its History and Geography", Xu Shaohua, Social Sciences, No. 5, 2008
3. "Zhoukou History and Culture Overview • History Volume", Mu Renxian, June 2010, Xueyuan Publishing House
4. "Zhoukou Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research", Zhang Zhihua, December 2003, China Literature and History Publishing House
5. "Huaiyang History and Culture Research" Li Naiqing, July 2008, Zhongzhou ancient books published
6. "Zhoukou Cultural Relics Grand View", Li Quanli, December 2013, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House
7. "Ancient City of Chenzhou", 1988 Henan Provincial People's Government Internal Information