Between the Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties, grammar officials were the bearers and representatives of bureaucratic administration, and during the reign of Emperor Wu, Confucianism was exalted, and a large number of Confucian students entered the imperial court and confronted the civil servants. With the development of the times, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new bureaucratic force appeared, that is, the door valve of the Shi clan.
The clanization of the bureaucratic class took place in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Gu Yi's family refers to the family of Lu rank in the world, that is, the family that has occupied the Lu position for generations, the Lu position is a kind of political power, if the social power is also included in the observation, the social power can come from both political status and economic status and cultural status, and the type of "family" is diverse. The characteristic of the scholar clan is the combination of "shi" and "clan", they have a strong culture, and the generations of officials have established a lofty door and forgetfulness. The scholar clan is a comprehensive phenomenon involving politics, economy, and culture.
A how right
The Warring States of Qin and Han underwent drastic changes, the Zhou Dynasty's Shiqing Shilu tradition appeared faulty, the entire family appeared a "blank period", and the society once showed a distinct civilian nature. Emperor Gaozu, the founder of the Western Han Dynasty, was born at the bottom, and the long heroes were often born from "outlaws". The Western Han Dynasty did not pay much attention to the door, and there was no shortage of lowly people in the magnates, but in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was completely different, the so-called "Spring and Autumn Righteousness, Marrying the First Great Power", the concept of family names and mendi gradually became thicker.
In the Western Han Dynasty, due to the insufficient development of the large land ownership system, the phenomenon of Hao Right was not very obvious, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the great development of the large land ownership system, Hao Right occupied a large area of land property, reunited hundreds of thousands of people to become their subordinate guests, idle time farming, nursing homes, wartime private soldiers. They are based on the clan township, have ancient rural roots, unite the family power, and achieve the township hero right.
In order to maintain administrative order and the household system, the dynasty often attacked Hao Right to protect small farmers, Emperor Wu appointed Ku officials to attack Hao Right, and Wang Mang's change of law was due to the infringement of Hao Right forces, resisted by Hao Right and failed to die, Emperor Guangwu carried out large-scale "Du Tian" and checked Kou Tian, also with Hao Right as the goal.
Hao Right's power comes from large estates and dependent farmers, and cannot obtain formal power, so Hao Right often speculates in turmoil and joins the ranks of the world chasing deer, which is very obvious at the turn of the two Han Dynasties, there are many records of "deploying guests", "raising the clan to return to the fate", "raising the clan for the country", and the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu and his brother led a clan Hao right clique when they started an army. If the speculation is successful, Hao Right will become a founding hero, and then become a prominent family in the Eastern Han Dynasty, so at the turn of the Han and Wei Dynasties, there are often "famous heroes, rich and strong families, flying clouds, and going to each other".
However, when the society was stable, Hao Right had no chance of speculation, so he could only participate in politics through normal official selection channels, and the local political power in the Eastern Han Dynasty was controlled to a certain extent by the local large surname Guan clan, often "the township qu rich and rich without official positions, but with the power of the master to judge Qu Zhi" "without the life of the half-pass Qinglun, but stealing the clothes of the Three Dragon Chapters; not for the chief of the household, but for the battle of a thousand rooms" and "not for the head of the household."
But their power can only be limited to the localities, and when the centralization is strong enough, they have to submit to the government, and strictly speaking, they are not family members.
2. Officialdom
The township represents the local forces, then the official field represents the central power, and the official clan is born in the official field, and they can form a "family" independently without relying on the conditions of the township.
The military merit class of the Western Han Dynasty had withered away during the time of Emperor Wu, while the Conglong Gong at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty was different, and many of them were all winners, and even with the dynasty. This is a new round of accumulation of "family" factors through the continuous prominence of foreign relatives and meritorious families since the interruption of the "family" tradition in the Warring States. In addition, with the development of bureaucratization, the emerging officials are also accumulating official factors. Some highly professional official positions are often inherited from generation to generation, and gradually form a door hope and win the respect of society, so after the rupture of the "family" tradition of the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty began a new round of slow accumulation of "family" around the "official".
The complex and developed authoritarian bureaucratic organization is the unrivaled "jumbo" in this society, and thus provides a more advanced platform for the development of the family, and only by competing on the more advanced platform of the official field can the family have more influence.
Three Shilin
With the development of Confucianism, a new place appeared relative to the officialdom and the township, namely Shilin, which was a circle of cultural activities composed of literati.
The political fervor of the pre-Qin people determined that they were destined to influence this political history for a long time. Although the First Emperor burned books to pit Confucianism, which once made the scholar class depressed, after entering the Han Dynasty, the scholarship was reviewed again, and Emperor Wu was even more "ordering officials to persuade scholars", setting up the Five Classics Doctorate and establishing the Taixue system, which was another milestone in the history of this education since the private study of Confucius. Emperor Guangwu rebuilt Taixue in Luoyang, and the bachelors immediately "Yunhui Jingshi", and private folk learning also flourished, and the great Confucianism of the time often had thousands of disciples and tens of thousands of scholars. The cultural center of gravity of the Western Han Dynasty was in the Kanto Region, the capital was in the Kansai, and the eastern Han Dynasty was the capital of Luoyang, and the political center and the cultural center overlapped, which shows the grandeur of culture. Most of the entrepreneurs of the Western Han Dynasty were outlaws, while the Eastern Han Dynasty's ministers from the Dragon often "had a Confucian atmosphere", and Liu Xiu himself was a student.
Confucianism flourished in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the students of the Beijing Normal School accounted for one-second of the country's population, more than 30,000 people, and the proportion of cultural population was undoubtedly second to none in the ancient family. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, a group of highly anticipated celebrities became the center of socializing, often gathering hundreds of thousands, or even tens of thousands of people.
Many celebrities who are known for their appraisal of characters have emerged in various places, and there has been a good story of "Yuedan Appraisal". Those who receive the praise of Shilin will become celebrities, and the conquest of the gongfu will follow, which is said to be "the preamble to listen to the undocumented theory, the banlu to collect the rumors of the country" and "the position is fixed on the private door, and the name is set on the cross alley".
The phenomena of "celebrities" and "character titles" made Shilin influence the distribution of social prestige, and impacted the traditional civil service standards of the government, and even made the dynastic elected officials obey the orders of Shilin. The pre-Qin scholars belonged to a hundred families, with different paths and no conspiracy; the Eastern Han Confucians were a homogeneous group, with a clear "group consciousness", and became another social force besides the hao right and bureaucracy.
IV. Scholars and Scholars
On the one hand, they believe that "everyone can be Yao Shun", oppose the inheritance of the era of official positions, and criticize the phenomenon that one person is a noble and prosperous family, but on the other hand, shilin itself also has the factor of family, which is sometimes called "xuemen".
Western Han classics are mainly based on "teacher transmission", Eastern Han classics are mainly based on "family traditions", some families in the Eastern Han Dynasty have passed on the scriptures, but at the same time they abide by Confucian etiquette, so although they have been high-ranking officials for generations, they are often praised, Kong Rong praised hongnong Yang's "fourth Qingde, Hai Nei Zhan", Zhang Chao praised "I Han Yang clan, as the pillar of the world", although there are four generations and three dukes, they are also considered to be officials by Hai Nei Shilin.
In the new round of family accumulation, families with both bureaucratic and scholarly identities have shown great potential for development.
When a scholar receives education and "practices through the Ming Dynasty", he can become an official, use official power to obtain wealth, rely on wealth to ensure the education of his children, continue to become a scholar, form a closed cycle of "education - power - wealth - education", and eventually develop into a power group, because it is around the "clan", so it can be called the family, and finally return to the homeland, establish a safe haven at the local level, and thus form a cycle of "scholar-official-hao-right", that is, the scholar clan.