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Whoever studies the problems of life's utmost importance, fundamentally thinks of them, and seeks a fundamental solution: this kind of learning is called philosophy.
In secondary education and above, there is a necessary training program whose value is in culture and not in practicality, called classics.
Philosophical classics mean that human consciousness begins to explore the meaning of all things in an independent posture, and will always be an immortal god on the bookshelf. As "the spiritual world that mankind has reached so far", the philosophical works currently included in the "Masterpieces in Chinese Translation" are mostly famous works of landmark significance in the history of Western philosophy, and can generally show the development process of Western philosophy from ancient Greece to modern times as a whole. In addition, it also includes some classic works representing non-Western civilizations, such as the classic texts of Indian philosophy, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the ancient Persian Avista, and the works of modern Japanese thinkers Fukuzawa Yukichi and Nakae Shōmin.
1. Avista [Iran] Jalil Dustehach, eds
The oldest document in Iran, a must-read for professional study of ancient Iranian culture.
2. Master Eckhart's Collected Writings [de] Eckhart
A series of Theological Ideas of Eckhart formed the theoretical basis of Protestant Christianity.
3. Einstein's Collected Writings [American] Einstein
It contains Einsta's more representative expositions on the philosophical problems of the natural sciences and the natural sciences in general, mainly in the articles, lectures and correspondence written by Einsta herself.
4. The Book of Upanishads
It is a general term for a class of philosophical texts in ancient India and is one of the Vedic texts in a broad sense. The general source of Indian idealistic and materialist philosophical thought, a speculative work that expounds the oldest Vedic texts of Hinduism in prose or rhyme.
5. Bamanides [Ancient Greece] Plato
One of Plato's dialogues, it is also regarded as the most difficult to understand.
6. Bhagavad Gita [Ancient India] Viyasa
Sanskrit poetry, which is well known in ancient and modern Indian society, is known as the holy text of Indian religion.
7. Bhagavad Gita [India] Sri Aropodo
A philosophical classic from one of the Indian "Three Saints" (Mahatma Gandhi, Saint Tagore, and Saint Jeropindo).
8. Defending Marx [f] Louis Althusser
One of the most important classics in Western Marxist texts of the second half of the twentieth century.
9. The Birth of Tragedy [de] Nietzsche
Nietzsche's first more systematic work of aesthetics and philosophy explores the relationship between tragedy and life from the perspective of the philosophy of life.
10. Confessions [Ancient Rome] Augustine
One of the most widely recited of Augustine's writings can be seen as a self-narrated version of Augustine.
11. Theoretical Foundations of Super-Poor Numbers (2nd Edition) [de] Canto
Mathematical classics. For the first time, Canto convinces people that the set of natural numbers and the set of rational numbers are countable, while the set of real numbers is uncountable; the first time it convinces people that infinity not only exists, but that infinity can be compared to size, and even that infinity can perform super-inexhaustible operations.
12. Critique of Pure Reason [de] Kant
Kant's three critical works, and the most special and significant works of his entire philosophical writings, changed the direction and process of the entire development of Western philosophy.
13. General Theory of Pure Phenomenology [de] Husserl
Considered the "first book" within the system of "phenomenology" and "Husserl's philosophy", it is husserl's "divine pen" after years of reflection and preparation since the publication of "Logical Studies".
14. Existence and Time [de] Heidegger
The most influential philosophical work of the twentieth century. It not only influenced a variety of important philosophical schools and important philosophers since then, but also had a broad and profound impact on literary criticism, sociology, theology, psychology, political science, law and other fields.
15. Religion within the Limits of Pure Reason [de] Kant
The further expansion of Kant's three critical theories explores important religious phenomena in human life from the perspective of the limits of reason.
16. The Theory of Moral Sentiments [English] Adam Smith
This book is Smith's ethical work, which mainly elucidates the nature of moral emotion, the nature of moral evaluation, and Smith's ethical thinking aimed at "the happy life of citizens".
17. Moral Metaphysics [de] Kant
Kant thought that moral good and evil, the standard of right and wrong in behavior, were principles of rise and fall beyond experience.
18. A Study of Ethical Principles [English] Hume
It is wrong to argue that all human action stems from selfishness; that everything of value is due either to its effective use or to its suitability.
19. Science in Germany [de] Pierre Dion
Dion's in-depth thinking about the spiritual temperament of science, the value of science, the culture of science, and the theory of the history of science is actually about science as a whole or the science of the world.
20. Selected Philosophical Collections of Diderot [in French] Diderot
It is believed that all the sins that man can commit are not all possible sins; but only those who can commit all possible sins can be punished with an eternal punishment.
21. The Antichrist [de] Nietzsche
Nietzsche's last book before he went mad, full of laughter and invective, was concerned with an eternal question of truth and faith.
22. Principles of Cartesian Philosophy [Netherlands] Spinoza
First published in 1663, spinoza was the only book published under his own name during his lifetime.
23. First Philosophy [de] Husserl
Husserl's conceptual conception of a philosophical system in the form of "first philosophical contemplation" begins with the fundamental opening of true philosophy. He highlighted the most fundamental problems of his own philosophy, and thus showed his philosophy to the world as a new philosophical system.
24. The First Philosophical Meditations - Rebuttals and Defences [Act] Descartes
Descartes made a more in-depth exploration of metaphysical questions such as God and the soul, using the methodological principles set forth in Talking About the Method.
25. Animals IV [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
Aristotle's biological writings still have practical significance for the comparative anatomy of modern animal embryology.
26. Zoology [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
Aristotle's seminal work on biology was the first ancient record of man's extensive knowledge of biology recorded by an academic system.
27. Criticism of Descartes' Meditations [Fa] Gasendi
He opposed Descartes' theory of solipsism and put forward Gasendi's view of mechanical materialism.
28. A Critical Interpretation of Leibniz's Philosophy
Russell's second published work is recognized by Western philosophical circles as the authoritative work of Leibniz's research.
29. Narrative, Analysis and Critique of Leibniz's Philosophy [de] Feuerbach
Feuerbach's early writings, which Lenin gave high praise to.
30. The Multiverse [American] William James
A thorough analysis of the monist idealistic worldview, especially the philosophical thought of Hegel, Fechner, Bergson and others, was thoroughly studied.
31. Epistemological Principles of Occurrence [Switzerland] Piaget
The unique problem of epistemology is the growth of cognition, and the occurrence and development of research cognition is an indispensable part of epistemology.
32. Principles of the Philosophy of Law [de] Hegel
It systematically reflects Hegel's views of law, morality, ethics and the state.
33. The Essence of Pantheism [English] John Toland
The pamphlets written by john Toland, the famous British liberal thinker of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, explore a series of major natural philosophical questions.
34. Categories Explained [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
Two shorter in Aristotle's work on logic, the Reference Book. The Categories describes the theory of logic and formulates the category theory; the Interpretation expounds the general principles of argumentation and discusses the problem of syllogism.
35. Phaedro [Ancient Greece] Plato
The dialogue between Phaedro and Socrates is the main clue, with three articles on love by Lesheas and Socrates as the center of the discussion.
36. Buddhist Logic [Russian] Sherbatsky
The emergence and development of Buddhist logic is discussed, especially the epistemology and logic of late Mahayana Buddhism.
37. Frege – Philosophy of Language
Systematically expounds Frege's philosophy of language; explains how the core content of the philosophy of language is shaped through Frege's work.
38. Analysis of Sensation [O] Maher
The essence of the argument is that it is an element of sensation or a feeling as an element.
39. Sensations and Sensations [English] Austin
One of the few important writings of Austen, the most important philosopher of language in the Cambridge School, starts from everyday language, and through the study of some words, reveals that some philosophical ideas are the result of misuse of language.
40. Letter to Serena [in] Toland
In the form of epistles, from a materialist standpoint, philosophical issues such as the origin of prejudice, the history of the concept of the immortality of the soul, the nature of material existence are discussed.
41. Utilitarian [English] John Mueller
A masterpiece of ethics. Not only is the basic spirit of utilitarianism a fairly complete and clear articulation, but some fundamental problems of ethics are explored from the standpoint of utilitarianism.
42. Process and Reality [English] Whitehead
Whitehead founded a masterpiece of process philosophy or organic philosophy, and is recognized as a philosophical masterpiece.
43. Three Dialogues between Hellas and Philonos
It is believed that matter is not objective, that matter exists only within the scope of being perceived, and that matter is only a combination of some impressions or ideas of man's various sensory perceptions.
44. Structure of behavior [law] Merlot-Ponty
Using the methods of Husserl's phenomenology, Merlor petiti absorbed the structural theory of Gestalt psychology, trying to give philosophical meaning to form and structure. It is believed that behavior is the behavior of the subject, and behavior expresses the eternal struggle of man with nature and society.
45. Hegel's Early Theological Writings [de] Hegel
The first-hand understanding and study of Hegel's early theological thought reflects the ideological context of Hegel's departure from Kant to his own philosophy.
46. Apologetics [Ancient Rome] Del Torjan
One of the great canonical works in the early Christian literature.
47. Memories of Socrates [Ancient Greece] Xenophon
A scholarly documentary written by Xenophon, a disciple of Socrates, he recalls socrates his words and deeds throughout his life, focusing on Socrates' views on political, religious, and moral issues.
48. Drinking [Ancient Greece] Plato
Plato's dialogue-style work, written in the form of dialogue or speech, is set in the context of a conversation between a group of men in ancient Greece in a wine feast, and the subject is the nature of love.
49. Christ Ho-Lo Man [Day] Kō tak Tak Tsui
An atheistic work written before Yukitoku Qiushui was hanged. Denying that Christ is a historical figure indirectly criticizes the myth of the emperor system and various religious superstitions created by the Japanese ruling class, which has had a major impact on modern Japan.
50. Christianity is not mysterious .[English] Toland
Through the discussion of the historical origins of the Bible, it is revealed that the miracles recorded in the Gospels are not mysterious, and only the present is the criterion for testing everything.
51. The Essence of Christianity [de] Feuerbach
One of Feuerbach's major works, published in 1841, played an important role in the development of materialism, and Engels gave it a fairly high evaluation.
52. A Brief Discussion of God, Man, and The Health of The Mind [Netherlands] Spinoza
An early work by the famous Dutch philosopher Spinoza in the 17th century. Although it is not long, it basically outlines the outline of Spinosha's early philosophical system.
53. Sound Thought [f] Holbach
Holbach's masterpiece of atheism, with its passionate language and sharp tone, makes a vivid exposure and profound and pungent critique of Christ and his sins.
54. Structuralism [Switzerland] Piaget
A comprehensive discussion of how structuralism understands structure in the objective world and its application in mathematics, physics, psychology, linguistics, and the social sciences.
55. A Historical Guide to Modern Psychology [U.S.] G. Murphy J. Kovac
The historical development of modern psychology is discussed in the context of philosophy and natural science, and the production process of modern psychology and various psychological schools are discussed in detail. In particular, the eastern psychological thought is specially discussed, which has high reference value for studying the historical development of Western psychology.
56. Experience and Nature [Beauty] John Dewey
Dewey's masterpiece, one of the most important works of the entire pragmatism school. If Dewey built the theoretical edifice of pragmatism, then this book is the cornerstone of this edifice.
57. Spiritual marriage [than] Rusbruck
One of the most important representatives of the Lusbruck Christian tradition of mystical experientialism describes its mystical spiritual path and the mystical experience of the love of God and man.
58. Introduction to Psychoanalysis [Au] Freud
Three topics, which are essentially limited to the psychopathology of everyday life and dreams and neuropathy, discuss the problems of the subconscious, the problem of pansexualism, the question of the dead instinct, and the problem of cultural attitudes.
59. Introduction to Psychoanalysis, New Edition [O] Freud
The most important classic of the psychoanalytic school. The methods of the basic concepts of psychoanalytic theory are well expressed in this work.
60. Phenomenology of Spirit [de] Hegel
Hegel's first independent masterpiece, hegel's vast idealist system of thought and its dialectical methods all originated from this.
61. The Teachings of Qaboos [Persia] Ansur Marai
A popular prose masterpiece of the Persian Middle Ages, it discusses the religion, philosophy, politics, economics, education, and ethics of the Persian Middle Ages.
62. The Norms of Science [in English] Carl Pearson
Classic masterpieces of the philosophy of science, which criticize the basic concepts of modern science and evoke and motivate readers to think for themselves.
63. The Value of Science [act] Henley Pengaller
In the book, Pengaler put forward advanced scientific predictions such as the prototype of relativity and four-dimensional space, which have a profound impact on today's scientific development.
64. Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Research [US] Robert Kim Merton
It marks the emergence of the sociology of science as a discipline and is a must-read for those engaged in the sociology of science.
65. History of Scientific-Theological Controversy [US] Andrew Dixon White
It is one of the earliest classic works that systematically discuss the relationship between science and religion, and is a representative work of a theoretical school on the relationship between science and religion.
66. Science and Method [Act] Henley Poincaré
One of Poincaré's four classics of the philosophy of science truly shows how a great scientist thought in all aspects.
67. Science and Hypothesis [Act] Pengalle
One of Poincaré's four classics of the philosophy of science. The idea that a scientific theory is not a reflection of reality, but a hypothesis. The same set of phenomena can be explained equally effectively with different theories.
68. Science and the Modern World . Whitehead
It summarizes the development process of Western culture under the influence of science after the seventeenth century, with special emphasis on the analysis of the influence of the development of relativity and quantum mechanics on the development of philosophy at the beginning of this century.
69. The Rise of the Philosophy of Science [de] Reichmbaha
Philosophical speculation is a product of a transitional phase that occurs when philosophical questions are asked but do not yet have the logical means to solve them. The purpose of writing this book is to point out that philosophy has progressed from speculation to science.
70. The Scientific Chinese Unrealistic Style [Russian] Herzen
Four brilliant philosophical treatises written by Herzen in the 1840s deal with the process of the emergence, development, and decline of the two schools of thought, classicism and romanticism, in Western Europe.
71. The Visible and the Invisible [Fa] Merlot-Ponty
Merleau-Ponty's most important later writings. With the help of its new philosophical concepts, it criticized the incompleteness of reflective philosophy, including Husserl and his own early philosophy.
72. Laocoön [de] Lessing
It was not only a memorial in the development of German classical aesthetics, but also a powerful weapon in the anti-feudal and anti-ecclesiastical struggle of the Enlightenment.
73. Leibniz and Clarke Polemic Epistles [de] Leibniz
A debate between Leibniz and the Newtonists about some fundamental views of the world. It is a work of great significance in both the history of philosophy and the history of science.
74. The Republic [Ancient Greece] Plato
Plato's masterpiece, recognized by Western philosophers as a "philosophical encyclopedia". Embodying all aspects of Plato's system of thought, the most important thing is to explore the question of the ideal state.
75. Anthology of Critiques of Historical Reason [de] Kant
The central idea is to argue for the belief that humanity is progressing towards a civil society governed by the universal rule of law.
76. History and Class Consciousness [Hungary] Lukács
Running through the idea of the need to restore the true philosophical meaning of Marxism, forgotten and distorted by the leaders of the Second International.
77. Philosophical Basis of Quantum Mechanics [de] Hans Reichmbaha
A masterpiece of philosophical explanations of quantum mechanical systems from a positivist point of view. From the standpoint of positivism, the scientific results of quantum mechanics are analyzed.
78. Linzhong Road [de] Heidegger
If you want to understand the late Heidegger thought, this "Road in the Forest" is indispensable to read.
79. The Theory of the Soul and other [ancient Greek] Aristotle
A seminal work in the history of Western psychology.
80. Selected Philosophical Writings of Ryusan [Ancient Rome] Ryusan
Engels called Lushan "voltaire in ancient Greece and Rome, and was skeptical of any religious superstition." This book is a selection of fourteen philosophical dialogues by Ryuzen from the Lob Classics series.
81. Signpost [de] Heidegger
A collection of essays written by Heidegger in his later years. In particular, it can present Heidegger's thought process in the past half century.
82. Ethics [Netherlands] Spinoza
Spinoza's major works, his philosophical ideas, are basically expressed in this book. His philosophical ideas should be seen as an argument for bourgeois freedom.
83. Ethics [de] Pomfer hall
A masterpiece with a macroscopic perspective, linking the evolution of language to the cultural and social dimensions of altruism and mutual benefit and symbiosis, is a groundbreaking new insight for the fields of biology, linguistics, psychology and sociology.
84. Two Fundamental Questions of Ethics [De] Schopenhauer
It contains two papers on ethics, one on freedom of will and one on the basis of morality.
85. Ethical System [de] Fichte
Fichte systematically studied the treatises of moral philosophy on the basis of his intellectual principles. From the perspective of the history of the development of German classical philosophy, this book has its indelible academic value and occupies an important position in the history of modern European ethics.
86. The Limits of Ethics and Philosophy B. Williams
The publication of this book is a major event in the development of contemporary Anglo-American ethics and even contemporary philosophy. The significance of this book lies in the deep reflection on the self-intoxication of philosophical theory itself, which can be said to be an ethics book for ethicists and a philosophical book for philosophers, which has become a must-read book for ethics majors around the world.
87. Principles of Ethics [E] G. E. Moore
Until the end of the 19th century, ethics and normative ethics were the same concept. In 1903, Moore's Principles of Ethics was published, heralding the birth of another kind of ethics, metaethics.
88. Formalism in Ethics and the Ethics of The Value of Materials [de] Max Scheler
This book forms the core of Scheler's entire philosophical thought. By re-establishing the ontological and epistemological status of emotion in ethics, Scheler opened up a different direction for ethics than Kant's ethics.
89. On Genesis [Ancient Rome] Philo
Summatively synthesizes the essence of Eastern and Western thought throughout the Greek cultural era, combining the Judaism of monotheism with the Greek philosophy of reason or the travelogue of rational theology. A scene of integration was predicted for the later fusion of Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy.
90. On being and essence [meaning] Thomas Aquinas
The most metaphysical of Aquinas's philosophical and theological writings enjoys a lofty place in the history of Western philosophy.
91. On the Genealogy of Morality [de] Nietzsche
Together with The Other Side of Good and Evil, it is Nietzsche's late work and is the text of the most mature stage of his ideological development. Nietzsche said the book was "three crucial preparations by a psychologist to re-evaluate the value of all things."
92. On the History of Religion and Philosophy in the Kingdom of Germany [de] Heinrich Heine
Heine's most brilliant of his political treatises.
93. On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History [Russian] Plekhanov
Theoretically, it sums up another masterpiece of his own struggle against populist and anarchist tactical ideas in the 1880s and 1890s. This is the most comprehensive and complete analysis of this question in The Marxist literature before this, and it is also the only monograph.
94. On Old Age, On Friendship, on Responsibility [Ancient Rome] Cicero
It is not only a masterpiece of ethics, but also a rich and civilized prose masterpiece; we can not only understand Cicero's ethical thought and a lot of historical knowledge from it, but also experience a simple beauty of Cicero's prose.
95. On the Soul [Arab] Ibn Sina
The book is divided into 4 parts dealing with healing logic, the flesh, mathematics, and metaphysics. This book is a generalist philosophy, and the core of the idea is the ontology of existence.
96. On the Passion of the Soul [Act] René Descartes
One of Descartes' most important works on the question of the mind greatly influenced the course of modern theory of mind and body.
97. On the Trinity [Ancient Rome] Augustine
One of Augustine's three most important works (Confessions, The City of God, and On the Trinity). Considered to be the most theoretical work, it is also recognized as representing the peak of Augustine's theological philosophy, and can also be said to be the theoretical peak of the entire godfather philosophy.
98. On divinity [Ancient Rome] Cicero
Theology is an integral part or extension of Cicero's philosophical study. Since these questions are closely related to life beliefs and happiness in life, philosophers must think deeply about these questions.
99. On the Infinite, the Universe, and the Worlds [ Meaning ] Bruno
Bruno's most influential core work in the collection of his entire dialogues, his cosmology, has an indelible enlightening and revealing effect on the development of the entire modern natural science.
100. On the Mission of the Scholar The Mission of Man [de] Fichte
The mission of scholars and human beings is discussed, and it is a concentrated exposition of Fichte's ethical and political views.
101. On the Hidden God [de] Nikolai Cusa
The collection of four important treatises of Nicholas of Cuza is recognized as a precious document of "negation theology".
102. On the Learned Ignorance [de] Nicholas of Cuza
The things in the universe are contradictory and unified with the universe as a whole, that is, the great and the small are unified, and the one and the many are unified.
103. On the System of the Universe [English] Isaac Newton
The original manuscript of the third volume of Newton's epoch-making work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Abbreviated principles, 1687 edition), is an important document in the history of science, which preserves Newton's original ideas about the cosmic system.
104. On Causes, Origins, and Taiyi [Meaning] Bruno
Bruno's dialogue about the universe, which expounds his philosophical and cosmological outlook in satirical, humorous language in the form of dialogue. It occupies an important place in the history of atheism, philosophy and astronomy.
105. On Original Sin and Grace [Ancient Rome] Augustine
It mainly contains Augustine's letters against the Perlagues, closely related to the "theory of original sin" and "predestination", and deals with important categories such as "freedom".
106. The Encyclopedia of Logic [English] Occam
Occam, one of the famous philosophers of the Middle Ages, logicians, and one of the main exponents of nominalism, wrote a great work of logic.
107. Logic [de] Hegel
It is divided into three parts: "theory of existence", "theory of essence" and "theory of concepts", the first two parts are collectively called objective logic, and the third part is called subjective logic.
108. Lecture Notes on Logic [de] Kant
A work by Kant, compiled from students' notes on lectures, but which had been personally approved by Kant before publication, is therefore more authoritative than other editions. In addition to the traditional classification of logical judgments, Kant created modalities, creating a new situation in the content and substance of the study of concepts, developing from formal logic to transcendental logic.
109. Logical studies [de] Husserl
The founding work of the phenomenological movement.
110. Introduction to the Methodology of Logic and Deductive Science [Poland] Tarski
The famous logician Tarsky wrote a systematic exposition of modern mathematical logic.
111. Logic and Knowledge [English] Bertrand Russell
Ten papers by the authors are included, including relational logic, argumentation, and mathematical logic based on type theory. These papers embody the achievements of a great philosopher of our time over a lifetime of fifty consecutive years.
112. The Theory of Logical Philosophy [O] Wittgenstein
Proceeding from the principles of symbology and the necessary relationships between words and things in any language, the results of this investigation are applied to various parts of traditional philosophy.
113. The Grammatical Karmid [Ancient Greece] Plato
Two of Plato's dialogues, the Carmides, discuss the subject of "sophrosyne" (temperance). The dialogue characters in the "Megnon" are Socrates and Theronon, and the theme of the discussion is "whether virtue is teachable". Socrates believed that it was necessary to be clear about "what virtue is" in order to answer other questions related to virtue with certainty.
114. Aesthetics [de] Hegel
In the book, Hegel comprehensively linked the history of the development of human art and established a complete idealistic aesthetic theoretical system.
115. History of Aesthetics [Italy] Croce
It sorts out the aesthetic concepts of the ancient Greco-Roman era, the aesthetic concepts of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and discusses the philosophers and ideas of Vico, Kant, and Schopenhauer in a special chapter.
116. History of Aesthetics [English] Bao Sangkui
A relatively detailed and complete monograph on the history of Western aesthetics, which makes a comprehensive and systematic investigation of the aesthetic development process from ancient Greece and Rome to the present, and reflects the author's idealistic aesthetic history.
117. Aesthetic Principles [Meaning] Croce
The Principles of Aesthetics is part of Aesthetics, and Aesthetics is Croce's first work, which deals not only with general aesthetic problems, but especially with the position of aesthetics in philosophy as a whole, the distinction and relationship between aesthetic activity and other psychic activities.
118. The Matter of Reflection [de] Heidegger
One of heidegger's most important works of the later period. The title of the book embodies a source of Heidegger's thought. The "thought-oriented thing" is obviously proposed by Husserl "oriented to the thing itself".
119. Imitation Theory [de] Auerbach
From the aesthetic point of view, with the eyes of literary historians, a brilliant analysis of the most influential classical literary works in the West in the past three thousand years has been made. Its analytical approach, which focuses on "the question of scale and manner of seriousness, conflict or tragedy", has been widely valued by the academic community.
120. Phenomenology of Inner Time Consciousness [de] Husserl
Accompanied by extremely detailed textual references, it helps to understand the original approaches and connections of Husserl's thinking. This book can be seen as a continuation of Logical Studies. Together, the two constitute Husserl's philosophical consciousness of existence and time.
121. Nietzsche [de] Heidegger
Heidegger's Nietzsche's interpretation has two goals, one is the immediate goal, that is, to know the basic deconstruction of Nietzsche's philosophy, and the other is the farthest goal, that is, the debate on Nietzsche's metaphysics as the completion of metaphysics, which in the sense of existential history is also the preparation for another beginning.
122. Selected Philosophical Writings of Niels Bohr [Denmark] N. Bohr
It covers the philosophical treatises written by Bohr throughout his life, most of which are revised from speeches given on various occasions. His central idea was "complementarity."
123. The Ethics of Nicomachia [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
The first monograph on ethics in Western history, one of the main sources of modern and contemporary ethical thought in the West.
124. The Crisis of European Science and the Phenomenology of Transcendence [de] Husserl
Taking Galileo as a starting point, he examined the thinking of modern science constructed by Galileo in detail with a phenomenological method, and for the first time expounded an important concept of phenomenology, "the living world".
125. The Twilight of the Idol [de] Nietzsche
The author hopes to be able to make a mental inquiry into the eternal idol, with the aim of revaluing moral values, reconstructing moral values, and establishing new moral values.
126. Critique of Judgment [de] Kant
Unlike the first two critiques, the "critique of judgment" is to eliminate the divisions and antagonisms of nature and freedom, phenomena and ontology, knowledge and morality caused by the first two critiques.
127. Bacon's Treatise [English] Bacon
It not only played a role in the creation of a new style of English literature, but also had a great influence on modern materialist philosophy and scientific methods of thought.
128. Pei Dong [Ancient Greece] Plato
Tell the story of Socrates' words and deeds the day before his execution through the memories of Socrates' student Pei Dong. Socrates had soul-immortal conversations with friends and disciples and spent the last days of his life calmly. The topics of the conversation dealt with suicide and the proof of the existence of the soul.
129. General Epistemology [O] Schlicker
A meticulous and in-depth study of the general understanding of philosophy and the natural sciences was carried out.
130. The Wisdom of the Body [Beauty] W.B. Cannon
Walter Cannon is one of the most contributing physiologists of the 20th century in the United States, and this book is his representative work, mainly about the relationship between neural automatic systems and the automatic regulation of physiological processes.
131. Will to Power [de] Nietzsche
A representative work of Nietzsche's philosophical thought in his later years, it is also Nietzsche's most influential philosophical work, and Nietzsche's core ideas, such as strong will, eternal reincarnation, value revaluation, and master morality, have been praised and highlighted in this book.
132. Foundations of all epistemology [de] Fichte
Fichte, one of the important representatives of German classical philosophy, wrote that epistemology was not only the central problem of philosophy, but also philosophy itself.
133. Hermeneutics: Truth and Method [de] Gadamer
Not only was Western philosophy and aesthetics heavily influenced by it, but this influence quickly spread to the humanities of Western literary criticism theory, history, jurisprudence, and theology.
134. Persuasion [Day] Fukuzawa Yukichi
"The Father of Modern Education in Japan" Fukuzawa Yukichi's classic works, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of Japan's political, economic, and cultural concepts and values.
135. The Origin of Man [English] Darwin
It mainly provides a systematic description of artificial selection, and puts forward the theory of sexual selection and human origin.
136. Human Knowledge [English] Russell
The main purpose of this book is to examine the relationship between individual experience and scientific knowledge as a whole.
137. The Theory of Human Understanding [English] Locke
He first criticized Descartes' so-called "idea of talent" in the origin of knowledge and Leibniz's so-called "principle of the practice of talent", an idealistic view of cognition, and thus put forward his famous whiteboard theory, that is, the materialist thesis of great significance that knowledge is the only source is experience.
138. A New Theory of Human Reason [de] Leibniz
One of Leibniz's major works, from the standpoint of idealistic theory, refutes the materialist empiricist views played and argued by Locke in His Theory of Human Reason.
139. Human Reason Studies [E] Hume
A complete discussion of the relationship between moral thought and human cognition is discussed.
140. The Theory of the Origin of Human Knowledge [Act] Condiac
"A work that attributes everything to understanding to a single principle." Deviated from Locke's point of view and went to the forefront of the encyclopedic school. This book is, in a sense, a doctrine of human knowledge.
141. Principles of Human Knowledge [English] George Berkeley
Thinking that what people usually call things is just a collection of ideas, and that ideas exist in the mind of the perceiver, he proposes the idealistic basic principle of "existence is perceived", declaring that the material entity does not exist, but is only an abstract concept.
142. Testimony of Life [India] Robin De la Nate Tagore
In this work, Tagore did not use philosophical preaching, but hoped that the papers would give Western readers the opportunity to access the ancient spirit of India.
143. Man is a machine [law] La Metry
The first systematic work of mechanical materialism in France in the 18th century in the form of open atheism.
144. The Theory of Human Nature [English] Hume
It is believed that all science is related to human nature, and the study of human nature should be the basis of all science.
145. The Usefulness of Man With Man [Beauty] Wiener
The aim "is to clarify that we can only understand society through the study of messages and the study of social communication devices".
146. The Way of Knowing [United States] William Pepperrell Montague
He expounds his views on philosophical issues such as epistemology from the perspective of neonatalism.
147. Cognition and Fallacy [O] Maher
Mach's scientific epistemology and methodology are the clearest, most concentrated, most comprehensive, and most mature exposition, and are the innovative works of Mach's philosophy of science. The book epitomizes Mach's philosophy of science, especially his idea of the "economy of thought."
148. Introduction to the Future Metaphysics of Any Kind that Can Emerge as Science [de] Kant
Kant's most famous shorthand version of the Critique of Pure Reason further highlights Kant's philosophical approach.
149. How to Act with Words [English] Austin
Classics in the philosophical writings of language provide methodologies for the study of the theory of truth, the philosophy of law, and the study of ethical language.
150. The Study of Goodness [Japanese] Kitaro Nishida
Kitaro Nishida's first philosophical work was dubbed Japan's "original philosophy" (commonly known as "Nishida philosophy") by The Japanese bourgeois intellectual circles.
151. The other side of good and evil [de] Nietzsche
One of Nietzsche's important writings of the late period. Nietzsche once said: "The book is fundamentally a critique of modernity, including modern science, modern art, and even modern politics." "His aim is to establish the relationship between morality and necessity, to construct an actionable basis for human behavior." This book is one of Nietzsche's most important contributions to a new moral system, touching on many of the deepest principles of his philosophy.
152. Mystical Theology [Ancient Greece] Dionysius
It points out a path of mystical theology, the path of mystical unity with God. The foundation of this path is God's love.
153. The Divine Theory of Life [India] Sri Aropindo
He discusses in detail the process of human admiration, life and death, elaborates the ideal realm and the inevitability of his "divine life", and constructs the theoretical basis of the divine outlook on life.
154. Collection of Theological Essays Philosophical Consolation [Ancient Rome] Boethius
These include three theological treatises of the ancient Roman philosopher Boethius and his famous book The Solace of Philosophy. Boethius elevated the Christian faith to a systematic theoretical level, proposing the mission and content of "theological" research.
155. Theology and Philosophy [de] Pannenberg
It mainly discusses the relationship between theology and philosophy. Without a comprehensive understanding of philosophy, one cannot understand Christian doctrine, and the relationship between theology and philosophy can be divided into four types: the relationship of opposites, Christianity is the true philosophy, theology is higher than philosophy, and philosophy is higher than theology.
156. Theosophism [de] Leibniz
Leibniz's most important work, the only major work published during his lifetime. Emphasis is placed on the "great question of freedom and necessity" or the question of "human freedom" which "confuses almost the whole of mankind".
157. What is Life [O] Schrödinger
Conceptually prepared for the birth of molecular biology and the discovery of DNA, this book is undoubtedly one of the best options for readers who wish to understand the theory of the origin of life.
158. Sound and Phenomena [f] Derrida
It expounds the issues of sound and order of writing, thus announcing the rise of deconstructivism, shaking the painstakingly constructed humanistic concepts, and arousing the enduring echoes of the theoretical circles.
159. Doctrine of the Holy Religion [India] Jodh Boda
It is a classic and authoritative philosophical work of the vedanta school, a contemporary School of Indian philosophy.
160. Poetics [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
Exploring a series of noteworthy theoretical questions, this monumental work epitomizes the essence of a new, relatively mature poetic thought.
161. History of science, technology and philosophy in the eighteenth century Wolff
It comprehensively and concisely introduces the great progress made by science and technology in the eighteenth century, and briefly introduces the development of psychology, economics, philosophy and other social and humanities in the eighteenth century.
162. History of Science, Technology and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
A comprehensive encyclopedic work on the history of science, it expounds in the form of a monograph on the outstanding achievements of more than a hundred scientists in various disciplines, including Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Tycho, Brahe, Kepler, and Descartes.
163. Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England [American] Robert King Merton
Science is seen not only as a body of knowledge, but also as a social institution, and its interaction with other social systems is studied.
164. Time and Free Will [law] Bergson
He discusses the intensity of the states of consciousness, pointing out that the intensity itself is entirely qualitative; after discussing the individual states of consciousness, he studies the multitudes and continuations they constitute.
165. Critique of Practical Reason [de] Kant
The German philosopher Immanuel Kant is the most widely circulated and influential work, and at the same time one of the most important and far-reaching works in the entire history of Western philosophy. In November 2015, it was named the 20 most influential academic books.
166. History of Experimental Psychology [U.S.] E.G. Pauling
It expounds the history of the formation and development of modern psychology in Western countries under the influence of scientific and philosophical trends, and describes the establishment of experimental psychology and its development of various psychological schools in Germany, Austria, Britain, the United States and other countries.
167. Introduction to Experimental Medicine Research [Act] Claude Bernard
A masterpiece of the experimental scientific method at the end of the nineteenth century. He vigorously advocated experimental science and vigorously criticized the inevitable attitude of not seeking things.
168. Pragmatism [Beauty] William James
Pragmatism is the most influential school of philosophy that has emerged from American soil. James believed that the criterion for judging truth was not principles, categories, and necessary assumptions, but gains, effects, and facts.
169. Teachings of the Thousand Precepts [India] Shang Karma
The religious and philosophical schools founded by Shangkarmon maintain a firm position in Indian intellectual circles, and his ideas are the source of the main currents of thought in modern India, and the book is the best presentation of his ideas.
170. The Mechanization of the World Picture [Netherlands] Edward Jan Dyxterhaus
A world-renowned classic history of science, it won the Hofter Prize at the Dutch National Literary Award in 1952.
171. Facts, Fictions and Predictions [A] Nelson Goodman
Nelson Goodman is a master figure in the fields of analytic philosophy, philosophy of science and aesthetics. The famous philosopher Putnam commented that the book was one of the few books that every serious philosophical researcher of our time had to read.
172. A New Theory of Vision [In] Berkeley
Inheriting and developing the tradition of psychological associativism in empiricism, for the first time explaining pure mental processes with the union of sensations.
173. Dream Interpretation [O] Freud
The iconic work of Freud psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis of dreams in a scientific way.
174. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy Russell
The scientific results identified in the study of mathematical principles are stated.
175. Mathematics, Science, and Epistemology [Hungarian] Lakatos
Collected some of Lakatos's papers on mathematical philosophy and more. It is believed that rebuttal plays a decisive role in mathematics, that the formulation of conjectures does not guarantee the absence of counterexamples, and that the process of mathematical development is a process of replacing the original more naïve conjectures with deeper, more comprehensive, and more complex conjectures.
176. Fundamentals of Mathematics [O] Wittgenstein
The later wittgenstein's research on the philosophy of mathematics crystallized. Its main content is to analyze and criticize the formalist, logicalistic, and intuitive ideological trends in the popular mathematical foundation research according to its later new philosophical understanding.
177. Ways of Thinking [Beauty] Whitehead
Consists of a series of speeches by Whitehead in his later years. There is "expression" before "understanding", and there is a feeling of "importance" before expression.
178. A Book of Ideas [f] Pascal
Pascal's masterpiece was called "France's first prose masterpiece" by the French writer Voltaire.
179. Spinoza Epistles [Netherlands] Spinoza
It contains 87 correspondence between Spinoza and his friends, which can help readers understand Spinoza's philosophical thought, personal life, character, and writings, as well as present a 17th-century picture of social politics, scientific research, and people's spiritual outlook.
180. Quotations from Suluchi [de] Nietzsche
Falsely speaking in the tone of the Zoroastrian prophet Suluchi, the author's radically anti-traditional philosophical ideas are expressed in the form of prose poems.
181. Fundamentals of Arithmetic [de] Frege
Frege laid the groundwork for the logicist program in his mathematical foundational study in philosophical aspects.
182. Theaetete (Ancient Greece) Plato
it is Plato's most important work on the theory of knowledge. This dialogue chronicles a philosophical conversation between Socrates, Theodolo, and Thasted, whose theme is to explore the nature of "knowledge."
183. Talk about the method [law] Descartes
Descartes' debut. Recognized as a manifesto of modern philosophy, it raised the banner of rationalist epistemology.
184. The Theory of the Operation of the Celestial Sphere [Poland] Copernicus
The pioneering work of the modern scientific revolution has played a crucial role in the formation of the modern and contemporary world outlook in the West, and is a great victory for materialism in the struggle against idealism.
185. Celestial Theory Cosmology [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
An important work by the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle. It recounts his observations of meteorology, geology, and astronomy, as well as his description and analysis of these phenomena.
186. Principles of Topological Psychology [de] Kurt Lewin
Since its founding in 1912, Gestalt psychology has always focused on the study of perception, and critics often regret that the principles of Gestalt have not been applied to the psychology of feelings. The study of Lewin and his disciples fills this gap.
187. Why I am not a Christian [English] Bertrand Russell
Including these treatises on religion, Russell emphasized reason, faith, truth, science, and analysis, arguing that religious beliefs were subject to the scrutiny of probability, science, history, and logic.
188. The Titration of Civilization [English] Needham
The famous British science and technology historian Needham himself has the clearest expression and answer to the "Needham question". Borrowing the concept of "titration" in chemical reactions, the social and ideological components of Chinese and Western civilizations are compared to explain why China's scientific and technological achievements were far ahead in the Middle Ages, while the West came to the fore and produced modern science.
189. Introduction to the Theory of Civilization [Japanese] Fukuzawa Yukichi
It clarified the meaning of civilization and held that Western civilization is higher than Japanese civilization, and Japan must take the Western Ocean as its goal and rush to catch up.
190. The Development of My Philosophy [English] Russell
A review of Russell's development of his own philosophical thought.
191. Philosophy of the Physical Sciences [English] Arthur Eddington
Based on quantum mechanics and relativity, it explores the basic philosophical problems in contemporary physics and pushes the study of scientific epistemology to a new stage.
192. Physics [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
A philosophical work with nature as a specific object is different from our current physics, but includes modern physics. Discusses the general laws of movement and change in the material world.
193. Physics and Philosophy [U.S.] W. Heisenberg
It discusses the subversive impact of the birth of quantum mechanics on traditional epistemology.
194. The Purpose and Structure of The Theory of Physics [Law] Dion
It shows Dion's philosophical ideas of science more completely. In this book, Dion constructs the logical edifice of physical theory, establishing the autonomy of physical theory and the realism of order in the context of ontology.
195. The Theory of Materiality [Ancient Rome] Lucretius
According to the atomic materialism pioneered by Democritus, Epicurus's doctrine is elucidated with numerous examples.
196. Origin of species [English] Darwin
The theory of evolution expounded was one of the three major discoveries of natural science in the 19th century and has been hailed as "the book that influenced the course of world history."
197. History of Western Philosophy [English] Russell
It is revealed that "philosophy is an integral part of social and political life, and it is not the isolated thinking of the eminent individual, but the product and cause of the various social characters that once prevailed in various systems."
198. The Myth of Sisyphus [In France] Camus
The canonical work of existentialism, which in poetic language, puts forward one proposition after another that is closely related to human life, that is, the absurd sense of existence in human life.
199. A Brief Theory of Special and General Relativity [U.S.] Einstein
One of the most important classics in physics is Einstein's own popular interpretation of his theory of relativity.
200. The Transcendental Idealist System [de] Schelling
This book expresses all philosophy as the development of consciousness, and is a masterpiece of German classical idealism, marking the establishment of Schelling's philosophical system.
201. Phenomenological Conception [de] Husserl
It marked the second important turning point in the development of Husserl's thought throughout his life. Husserl has basically completed the breakthrough to transcendental phenomenology on the road of phenomenological restoration, and thus became a transcendental conceptualist.
202. Small Logic [de] Hegel
A work sufficient to represent the mature logical system of Hegel in his later years.
203. The theory of the novel [Czech] Lukács
Through the analysis, comparison and concentrated praise and criticism of the characteristics of the protagonists in various different types of novels, a large number of intellectuals express their nostalgia for the epic era, their extreme dissatisfaction with modern capitalist society, and their thinking, exploration and vision of the future world.
204. Analysis of the Heart [English] Russell
A classic in the history of early analytic philosophy. For the first time, Russell's neutral monism was systematically explained, embodying an important transformation of Russell's philosophical thought.
205. The Concept of the Heart [E] Gilbert Ryle
One is to embody a unique approach in modern analytic philosophy; the other is to use this method to make a bold attack on Descartesian psychosomatic dualism, which has enjoyed great influence in the philosophical tradition.
206. New Tools [English] Bacon
One of Bacon's major philosophical works, expounding that the old science could no longer meet the needs of social development, that the era of the new science was coming, and that the new logic was discovered as a tool for eliminating the shortcomings of the old science.
207. The New Realism [U.S.] Holt et al
At the height of "New Realism" in the United States, it is a must-read book to understand the "New Realism" of the early 20th century.
208. The new system and its description [de] Leibniz
Leibniz was the first published work of his lifetime, showing his main philosophical system of thought after his maturity. He elaborates on his views on the ancient philosophical question of the relationship between form and soul, and proposes the theory of "predetermined harmony".
209. Metaphysics [Ancient Greece] Aristotle
It examines the formation of human knowledge and then puts forward the theory of universal knowledge, which fundamentally lays the basic concepts and problems of Western philosophical thought.
210. Introduction to Metaphysics [de] Heidegger
Questioning "existing problems" as the basic theme of metaphysics, believing that metaphysics should ask about "being" rather than "being".
211. Sexual Psychology
The mileage-branded work on sexual psychology is a "popular version" of the "Research Record" of The Magnificent Book of Theory, which is strictly selected and beautifully written, and is a textbook work.
212. Pocket Theology [f] Paul Holbach
In the form of a dictionary, Christianity and the compilation of many concepts associated with Christianity are interpreted and analyzed, starting from facts, exposing the absurdity of Christian thought and the sins of the monks.
213. The Philosophical Writings of Adam Smith [English] Adam Smith
The manuscript covers: astronomy, philosophy, physics, logic, metaphysics, external senses, imitation art, music, dance, and poetry. This book is an extremely valuable document for a comprehensive understanding of Adam Smith's thought.
214. Aristotle's Syllogism [Poland] Lucassewicz
Using a formal method, a rigorous deductive system of Aristotle's syllogism was constructed, like a mathematical calculus system.
215. Jesus Biography [in France] Ernest Renant
An excellent primer on Christian culture.
216. The Biography of Jesus (All 2 Volumes) [de] Strauss
Strauss destroyed the historical foundations of traditional Christian theology by reducing jesus Christ who performed miracles to the "jesus of history."
217. One year and a half, and a half a year [In Days] Zhongjiang Zhaomin
An important philosophical work in the history of modern Japanese philosophy, it is also a unique materialist work in Japan before Marxism was introduced to Japan.
218. The Origin of Art [de] Grosse
The production, formation and development of primitive art are discussed and demonstrated in detail, and the purposes, methods, primitive ethnic groups, human body decoration, decoration, plastic arts, dance, poetry, music, etc. of art science are introduced.
219. Art is Experience [Beauty] John Dewey
Classic works of aesthetics of the 20th century. The book mainly elaborates on the continuity between experience as art and the source of ordinary experience, "everyday life".
220. The Inquiry of Meaning and Truth [English] Russell
In 1938, Russell was invited to lecture at Oxford University in the United States, where he taught a course called "Language and Facts". The transcript of this course is the basis of this book. In his book, the author distinguishes between two forms of epistemology: the first accepts our knowledge as a matter of course; the second requires us to conduct a critical examination of knowledge itself.
221. The Plea of Socrates by Socrates Kristo [Ancient Greece].
The book contains three works by Plato, recounting three dialogues by Socrates around the accusations of Socrates.
222. Cosmological System Theory [f] Pierre Simon Laplace
Independently proposed another nebula hypothesis of the origin of the solar system.
223. Primitive Thinking [Law] Levi-Bryuer
A book on the worldview of primitive tribes. Using the comparative method of sociology, the records of Nineteenth-century Western travelers, naturalists and missionaries on the customs, institutions, beliefs, and myths of the underdeveloped peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are widely quoted.
224. On the way to the language [de] Heidegger
A major work of Heidegger's later period concentrates on his later ideas on language. The basic ideas of this book revolve around the two core words of Ereignis and Sage.
225. The Wisdom of God as Manifested in Creation [English] John Ray
It is not only a representative work of causal natural theology, but also the richest and most comprehensive exposition of the naturalistic knowledge of the time. Classic works in the field of naturalism have high reference value.
226. Philosophical Dictionary [Fa] Voltaire
It sharply criticizes the superstition and ignorance brought about by religious fanaticism, emphasizes the power of reason, and believes that only from reason can we bring light to mankind.
227. The Transformation of Philosophy [American] Dewey
From the history of scientific methodology, the development of natural science, and the contradiction between scientific truth and the value of life, we look for the possibility and inevitability of philosophical transformation, look for the growth point of his philosophical development, and put forward the task of philosophical transformation.
228. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature [Beauty] Richard Rorty
It is not only a book that provides a comprehensive review of the currents of analytic philosophy and its consequences from several aspects of philosophy and culture, but also a book that systematically reflects on the philosophical problems of traditional idealism in the West for two thousand years.
229. Philosophical Treatise [de] Martin Heidegger
Heidegger's post-1930s work represents Heidegger's late thought and has been hailed as a huge work comparable to Existence and Time.
230. Philosophical fragment [Denmark] Kierkegaard
It is regarded as the "existential Bible." The book engages in intellectual debates amid tensions between knowledge and faith, Socrates' testament, and the gospel.
231. Lectures on the History of Philosophy [de] Hegel
The pioneering work of the "History of Philosophy", Engels called it "one of Hegel's most genius works".
232. Course on the History of Philosophy [de] Wendelban
The neo-Kantian point of view systematically expounds the previous philosophical system and its development history, especially the history of the formation and development of philosophical problems and philosophical concepts.
233. Philosophical Brief [Fa] Voltaire
Also known as the English Book Jane, it is an important work published in the form of letters during Voltaire's retreat to England from 1726 to 1729, immersed in the investigation of the British political system, philosophy and literature, and returned to China.
234. Philosophical Studies [O] Wittgenstein
Later wittgenstein's masterpiece. It mainly criticizes its early ideas about language, mind, and world.
235. Philosophical Grammar [O] Wittgenstein
An important work of Wittgenstein in the later period can be said to be the prototype of his later masterpiece "Philosophical Studies".
236. Philosophy as a strict science [de] Husserl
A long essay published in 1911 in the German philosophical journal Logos by Edmond Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, was translated from the original text and refuted with reference to several editions.
237. Truth, Meaning, and Method [U.S.] Davidson
The fields covered are the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of action, which deal with the question of the meaning of language, the question of truth, the problem of allegations, etc.
238. The theory of intellectual improvement [Netherlands] Spinoza
Spinoza's work on methodology and epistemology can be seen as an introduction to his central work, Ethics.
239. The Wise Man [Ancient Greece] Plato
Plato's late works, based on the ancient Greek edition of The Oxford Classics, are Bernett's proofreadings, in addition to References to The Loeb Classics, as well as Campbell's Proofreading Notes.
240. The Conception of Nature [English] Collingwood
It introduces the concept of natural philosophy behind Western science, and points out that the concept of nature, as the foundation of science, is inextricably linked to scientific progress.
241. The System of Nature [f] Hallbach
A purely philosophical work, but by no means an incredible book of heaven stuffed with obscure and peculiar terms. It is a true reflection of the thoughts and feelings of a progressive thinker who lived on the eve of the French Revolution in the eighteenth century.
242. Natural Philosophy [de] Hegel
Somewhere between The Little Logic and the Philosophy of Mind, it is an integral part of Hegel's Encyclopedia of Philosophy and an important aspect of his system of objective idealism.
243. Natural Philosophy [de] Moritz Schlicker
The merging or merging of the different branches of the natural sciences—that is, simple propositions attributed to increasingly common propositions—can only take place from below in a bottom-up direction.
244. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Considered the greatest scientific work of all time, Newton's masterpiece had a huge impact on physics, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
245. Introduction to Natural Philosophy [de] Ostwald
Be the first helper and guide in acquiring comprehensive concepts about the outer world and inner life.
246. Dialogues between Natural Religions [E] Hume
A total of twelve essays, all of which are in the genre of dialogue, reveal his views on religion, the existence of God, and other issues through arguments.
247. The transcendence of the self [fa] Sartre
Sartre's earliest work, with this work, began the exploration of Existence and Nothingness.
248. The Nature of Religion [de] Feuerbach
Feuerbach further argues his materialist ideas in this book, arguing that human dependence is the foundation of religion.
249. The Natural History of Religion [English] Hume
He pioneered the study of Western religious philosophy, sociology of religion and psychology of religion.
250. The Various Religious Experiences of [Beauty] William James
William James, the first american philosopher and psychologist, wrote a book that discussed the role of religion in terms of personal experience.
251. Religion and Science [English] Russell
It chronicles the conflicts and struggles between science and theology since the Renaissance.
252. The Last Meditation [Act] Pengalle
It contains nine essays and lectures by Poincaré on mathematics and science and their philosophy during his final scientific career, containing some of his notable insights.
253. The World as Will and Appearance [de] Schopenhauer
This philosophical masterpiece, which later influenced Nietzsche, Wagner, Thomas Mann, and even existentialism, contains all the details of Schopenhauer's philosophy, and he spent his long life explaining or supplementing the work.
254. From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe [Fa] Alexander Kovaré
Classic masterpieces of the history of science. Human thought underwent a profound revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries, and modern science and philosophy were both the root causes and results of this revolution, and the history of modern science and philosophy must be studied in reference to each other.
255. On the OneNess of Reason [Meaning] Thomas Aquinas
It has not only epistemological and anthropological value, but also has obvious philosophical historical significance: it is important not only for the in-depth understanding of the history of Western medieval epistemology, but also for the in-depth understanding of the entire ancient Western epistemological history.
256. The Social Function of Science [E] J.D. Bernard
The purpose of this book is to refute the popular clamor of the time to curb the development of science because of its use as evil, and to propose the establishment of science and sociology of science that study the laws of science's development itself.
257. History of Science [In] Dampier
It briefly recounts the historical development of Western science and scientific thought from ancient Greece and Rome (both ancient Egypt and Babylon) to the 1940s, interspersed with complex disputes and fusion relationships between science, philosophy and religion, providing important clues for further study of the history of science.
258. Wild Thinking [Act] Levi Strauss
Mainly studying the characteristics of the "concreteness" and "wholeness" thinking of uncivilized human beings, the concrete thinking of uncivilized people and the abstract thinking of civilized people are not two different ways of thinking that belong to the two different levels of "primitive" and "modern" or "primary" and "advanced", but two ways of thinking that have always existed in human history that have developed in parallel with each other, the cultural functions of various divisions, and complement each other.
259. Cultural Sciences and Natural Sciences [de] H. Lee Celtic
Proceeding from the neo-Kantian Freiburg school of thought, this book distinguishes between cultural science and natural science, points out their differences in research objects and research methods, and discusses the relationship between historical research and value evaluation, as well as the question of objectivity of historical research derived from it.
260. Computers and the Human Brain [Beauty] Jo von Norwimann
Noryman's unfinished speech prepared for the Silliman Lecture from 1955 to 1956 is a summary of the author's research in the field of computing over the past decade or so. This book is an important original document in the field of computers and artificial intelligence, which is highly forward-looking and points the way for the innovation and development of computers and the research of robots.
261. On the First Principles [English] division
In this work, through the exploration of existence, first existence, cause, and infinity, the author provides an unparalleled proof of the existence of God from the perspective of the first principles, a more elaborate proof different from Anselm's innate proof and Aquinas's acquired proof.
262. Stages of the Path of Life [Denmark] Kierkegaard
Kierkegaard wants us to choose ourselves in the face of subjective individual survival feelings, to penetrate the aesthetic life, to discover the misfortunes and pains hidden behind it after enjoying the illusions and pleasures brought by life, and then to recognize the limitations of ethical life, so as to finally enter the quiet religious stage.
263. Moral Language [English] Richard Malvern Hale
"Moral Language" is the foundation work that established Hale's important academic status, which is of great significance to the study of modern Western metaethics, and is also a famous work in the field of modern ethics.
264. The Rig Vedas Selected Divine Comedy
The Rig Vedas are the most important work in the Vedas and are the oldest and most important collection of poetry in India. The content of the Rig Vedas is more complex, ranging from ancient myths and legends to depictions and interpretations of natural and real social life, as well as various contents related to sacrifice and witchcraft.
265. The Yoga Sutra [Ancient India] Bowl of Fortune
After the appearance of the Yoga Sutra, the yogic practice methods handed down from ancient times in India were summarized and summarized. There are many annotations and re-annotations on it in later Generations in India, the most important of which is the commentary of Vishnu. This book is based on the translation of the Commentaries on Viyasa.
266. The Sutra of Victory [Ancient India] Moon Joy Commentary
This book is the oldest and most important Sanskrit classic in the extant triumphalist literature, which can be compared and complemented by Master Xuanzang's translation of the Ten Sentences of The Doctrine of Victory, providing basic original materials for the study of Indian philosophy and Buddhism.
267. On Man [meaning] Thomas Aquinas
Two issues were mainly discussed: one was "human nature" and the other was "the origin of man". In it, Aquinas showed that the union of the human soul with the human body is an essential or substantive union, and made a fairly sufficient explanation and argument for the synthesis and totality of man, thus achieving a multifaceted transcendence of traditional Western anthropology.
268. On Objects (e. Hobbes).
Based on the new development of mathematics and mechanics in the 17th century, Hobbes systematically expounded his mechanical materialist view of nature for scholastic philosophy. He believed that the only object of philosophy was a space-occupying object that existed independently of people's thoughts. The general cause of everything is movement. Motion is essentially the displacement of an object. Everything is subject to causal necessity, there is nothing accidental objectively, and there is no "free will" beyond causal necessity.
269. On the Sense of Beauty and the Sense of the Sublime [de] Kant
An important aesthetic treatise by Kant. It not only explores the definition and difference between beauty and sublime in the form of beauty, but also implies the thinking on how beauty and sublime are possible.
270. The Ethical Method [English] Henry Sitwick
One of the most influential works of moral philosophy since the end of the nineteenth century. Not only is the main moral philosophy system of the past classically studied, but the conclusions it contains and the rebellion expressed by critics against it have given rise to the study of ethics in the 20th century, which has become a must-read for researchers of moral philosophy.
271. Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint [de] Brentano
In this book, Brentano makes his famous distinction between "mental phenomena" and "physical phenomena."] The publication of this work influenced the phenomenological movement of one of the most important philosophical currents of the twentieth century.
272. Philosophy of the Greek Tragic Age [de] Nietzsche
This book is an unfinished and unpublished early work by Nietzsche, written after The Birth of Tragedy and in the same vein. The book introduces and discusses the thoughts of five Greek philosophers, namely Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Anaxagoras.
273. System of Ethics [de] Friedrich Bauerson
This book is an important attempt to systematize ethics in the atmosphere of German philosophy and classical culture, and is of great significance to the research and development of ethics.
274. Nature and the Greeks Science and Humanism [O] Erwin Schrödinger
First published in the 1950s, this book is a compilation of two of Schrödinger's lectures, and is Schrödinger's most famous collection of lectures on his ideas on the history and philosophy of science. It reflects the profound thoughts of a great scientist and is still outdated to this day.
275. Collected Speeches and Essays [de] Heidegger
The thread that runs through the book is one of Heidegger's basic propositions, namely that thought must "go back", but this is not a retro cliché, Heidegger's focus is "current", and "current" is "current", but it lies in the mutual call of "source" and "future". This book is one of Heidegger's works, and most of the articles are elegant and poetic, and relatively easy to read.
276. Newton's Study [act] Alexander Kovarre
This book uses the method of conceptual analysis to illustrate how basic scientific ideas relate to the mainstream philosophical ideas of the same era and are determined by empirical control. Covaré did not hide Newton's genius, and also dared to point out Newton's weaknesses and shortcomings and mistakes, and fulfilled the duty of a historian. The first of these, "The Meaning of Newton's Synthesis," is a classic in the field of the history of scientific thought.
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