Yang Jian
It was a glorious world, and it was full of strength as if it had taken a tonic. That force came from all the coastlines of Europe to our hearts. Yet we did not anticipate that what pleased us was also a danger. The storm of pride and confidence that struck Europe at that time carried dark clouds in itself. The prosperity of all sides may be too rapid, the european countries and european cities may be too powerful too rapidly, and the feeling of being full of strength always induces people and countries to use or abuse that power.
—Stephen Zweig, "Yesterday's World"
First, drive slowly, Josep Broz
In October 1912, Josip Broz, a young man from the province who had just settled in Vienna, wrote a letter to his mother in his hometown of Kumrovac announcing his peace. The mother's letter was replied in a bit of a hurry: Go and find Martin, who lives in Neustadt Vienna.
Martin was the boss of the Brodz family, eight years older than Joseph, and ten years before he came out. Martin worked as a wrench at the Metro train station, a nice errand. Martin not only has a stable job, but also has a comfortable family, and has married and had children. Of the seven children the Broz family successfully supported, Martin's development corresponded to his ranking, and he was the first to not let his mother worry.
Martin and Josep, along with the broz family's five other children, are a reflection of the dramatic increase in Croatia's population in the late nineteenth century. But in the Zagokol region, to which Kumrovac belongs, the barren land is not enough to feed the population with a year-round harvest. For the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the only resource zagol could come up with was manpower.
Like many local farm boys, Joseph was eager to try his luck in cities, such as Vienna. That meant escaping the oppression of the Magyars, who ruled them directly within the Austro-Hungarian Dual empire, and the economic entanglement of their father, who had a habit of drinking heavily. Needless to say, more money, unlocked cupboards, thick strappy overalls and girls with thin waists were on Joseph's list of imagining city life. In Joseph's wandering worldview, there is a set of arguments that seem to be unbreakable, stemming from the deception of his elementary school teacher: the future belongs to the mechanical workers. If you can understand the mystery of a lock, you will naturally build sewing machines, bicycles, cars, railways and bridges, so you have the key to open the world...
In March 1911, Joseph went on a long journey with a set of "Sherlock Holmes Detective Collections" in his bag. He first worked for four months in an auto repair factory in Zagreb, adding a set of clothes of the city style, which is fashionable for every migrant worker; then he went to Kamnik, where he worked for ten months at the largest hardware factory in the region, and participated in a sports club with a strong Slavic color, the "Eagle Society", against the "Vulture Society" sheltered by the Church of Rome; just as the Kamnik hardware factory was going downhill, Joseph, together with more than fifty workers, was pulled by train to the small bohemian town of Chinchinev. When he arrived at the local area, he learned that they had been used to fill the labor gap created by the strike of the local workers; three months later, he came to the beer city of Pilsen to get a job at the Skoda Arsenal. Soon left again, going to Mannheim and Ruhr in Germany.
Eventually, Josip came to Vienna, the Austro-Hungarian capital, like a wire attracted by a magnet. Hanging in the newsstand next to the train station was a shoddy imitation of Klimt's Madame Marie Bruni, which somehow touched the softest part of the traveler's heart. After 19 months away from home, he wrote his first letter to his mother, who dialed him.
Defecting to his eldest brother Martin began the following year of Joseph's life.
Joseph Broz Tito
Less than a month after settling down at Martin's house, Joseph and his eldest brother became colleagues at the Metro train station. Before Christmas, Josip was hired by the Daimler Automobile Plant for his skills in mechanics. He works as a test driver, fiddling with the latest Mercedes Simplex cars. Looking at the big guys with their horsepower, bulky brass castings, weird rubber ball horns and brake exteriors, 20-year-old Joseph Brotz felt like he was at the top of the mechanical world. Whenever he wears a hunting suit, dust goggles, and drives a car on the road paved four years ago to celebrate the diamond jubilee of the old emperor Franz Joseph's ascension to the throne, pedestrians stop to watch, and he looks like the Batman of that era. Batman's idol is Emile Jelinek, who won the "Journey to Nice" car race. The man was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat who worked part-time as an agent for Daimler's products, and his youngest daughter, Mercedes, a name that became an immortal brand in the automotive world.
Of course, Batman's upward curve of life doesn't stop there. Entering 1913, Good Luck committed himself to him in a more flattering gesture. Joseph was an over-energetic young man, and Mercedes Auto only satisfied the vanity of his profession, but it was far from enough to drain his energy. In his spare time, he developed two hobbies, fencing and ballroom dancing. The former hobby earned him a silver medal in the Austro-Hungarian Army Fencing Competition in May of the following year, an Olympic-level event; the latter hobby allowed him to find himself spoiled by the world.
Joseph on the dance floor is popular, and his athletic figure, crisp steps, and uninhibited temperament cultivated by traveling around the world make him the most anticipated dance partner for women, all of whom have slender waists. One of them, a lady in a stiff baleen corset, later became Joseph's regular dance partner. Her name was Lisa Spuner, the typical bourgeois lady, with unattainable vision, but would fatally be captured by the prodigal son. There is no way to verify whether Joseph and Lisa met on the dance floor, but their relationship quickly surpassed that of their dance partners, and the shadows followed each other like glue. Lisa has the willfulness characteristic of her class, and when love comes, this charming character will be infinitely magnified. Lisa paid for Joseph's fencing class, waltz jump, and gave Joseph pocket money several times the test driver's salary, only to ask him to stop by the ready-to-wear store to buy a few seasonal dresses during the test drive.
Soon, Lisa Schurner became pregnant. This was not good news for her, and Joseph's age was not yet able to handle their relationship with prudence. He had forsaken her, a woman who had provided for him, and time had given him a plausible reason. In October 1913, at the age of 21, Josip Broz was conscripted into the army and returned to his native Croatia as a soldier of the 25th Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Volunteer Army to garrison Zagreb.
This year in Vienna was a pleasant time in Josip's life. Although, in recalling this past, he claimed that he did not have spare money to go into viennese cafes. But under the sustenance of Lisa Spuner, he was cheerful as a playboy, and it seemed insincere to say that the "workers' nobility" was not sincere. Enjoying a life of luxury became his lifelong hobby. Most of the people who play with heavy hearts have a sense of political coldness, and it is difficult to say that Joseph had any clear ideological position at that time. Admittedly, as a Croat, he had an instinctive aversion to being a second-class citizen within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. But the experience of traveling around eased his nationalist sentiments. Overall, he has not been too deeply branded by politics.
Joseph Broz's dramatic transformation into a political figure was reshaped by his more legendary experience after he joined the army, and he created Yugoslavia, which was remembered or complained about by people in different countries that were split after the dissolution of Yugoslavia. His later name was Tito.
At that time, Joseph would not know what kind of card Tito was later. Josip at the time, and even Tito later, would not have known what a magnificent set Joseph had accidentally broken into.
In Vienna in 1913, four heavyweight politicians shared the stage: Tito, Hitler, Stalin and Trotsky, who would turn the world political scene in the first half of the twentieth century. The four of them had an intersection in time, that is, in the 20 days from late January to mid-February 1913, Stalin lived briefly in Vienna. This time period became the greatest common denominator of the four historical protagonists on the Viennese set. But at that time, except for Stalin and Trotsky, the rest of the people did not know each other.
Historical big data, amorous and ruthlessly locked them in.
Second, come, play chess with Monsieur Bronstein
In 1913, when Broz drove a Mercedes for a ride through the streets of Vienna, Trotsky had already lived in the city for six years. Broz did not know Trotsky, who was a political man at the time. Trotsky also did not know Broz, who at that time was the absolute boss of the exiled politician community.
Broz first heard of Trotsky, probably during the October Revolution of 1917. Coincidentally, he was in Russia. In April 1915, while fighting the Russians in Galicia, the Austro-Hungarian soldier Broz was wounded and captured by a Spear of a Chelkes cavalryman. For the next four years, Broz stayed in Russia and experienced the revolution that changed the history of mankind, and it was Trotsky who stood in the position of C of the revolutionary leadership team.
Broz's first impression of Trotsky was probably during the Russian Civil War in 1919. As a member of the International Red Guards, Broz hid in a Kazakh village 65 kilometers from Omsk in order to escape the pursuit of the Kolchak bandit army. At the end of the year, the Red Army defeated the Kolchak bandit army and recaptured Omsk, and the commander-in-chief of the Red Army was none other than Trotsky.
In July 1935, Broz had changed his name to Tito, and as a representative of the Yugoslav Communist Party, he participated in the Seventh Congress of the Comintern in Moscow. During the conference, Trotsky, one of the founders of the Comintern, was a taboo name. By then, the man with the name had been in exile abroad for six years, and five years later he had his own end in Mexico.
The concoctors of the theory of permanent revolution practiced their aesthetics by constant exile.
His stay in Vienna was the second exile in Trotsky's lifetime. When he entered austria-Hungary in October 1907, his fake passport contained his real name: Braunstein. Trotsky was a pseudonym he used during his first exile in 1902. Document forgery is a common tactic of exiles. But the style of the old Emperor Franz Joseph obviously infected the whole country, and the old and neglectful, and the tolerance and indulgence that accompanied it, completed Trotsky. The Prophet and Satan, with his trademark thick black hair, broad forehead, goatee beard and clipped-nose glasses, made his way into the heart of Europe's most decadent empire. He was 28 years old.
Trotsky's favorite German-speaking city was not Vienna, but Berlin. Berlin had a spirit that fascinated him, and there were like-minded friends with him, including Kautsky, a little old man with bright hair and bright eyes, and a skinny old man who was stubborn and somewhat convulsive. But the Berlin police were not his friends, and the police refused him a long stay because of passport problems.
Trotsky
Inexplicably, Trotsky was much harsher on Vienna, which accepted him. His pickiness can be seen in his words, he said that life here is as busy as a little squirrel pedaling a wheel, and the people here are full of city smirks.
The busy and bustling city took in the Trotsky family for seven years.
They rented a villa area in Hutterdorf on the outskirts of the city, a ski slope nearby. This is a characteristic property that combines the beauty of autumn and winter, through the window you can see the autumn colors of the autumn leaves of the mountains, and not far through the fence into the snowy wilderness. Trotsky's wife, Shedova, once praised the house she rented as "too good to imagine", and Trotsky's youngest son, Seryosha, was born here in 1908. Unfortunately, Trotsky's family could only enjoy autumn and winter. Because after the beginning of spring, the landlords raised the rent slightly, they had to move to Siferin, which was also a suburb but more affordable.
Economic constraints from time to time were fundamental to Trotsky's Life in Vienna. Holguín Holguín, a Russian-American socialist who visited Trotsky, who lived in Severin, recalled: "The family was poorer than the ordinary workers, the man was dressed in cheap clothing, the hostess had a busy chore, and the two lovely boys were left unattended." The furniture was extremely rudimentary, and the only thing that added color to the house was the books piled up in the corners. ”
Books that add color to the house can sometimes come in handy. When family expenses were tight, Trotsky would pick up a few books and send them to the used bookstore for money. His wife, Shedova, was as familiar with the old bookstore as she was with the pawnshop. When the bullets are all gone, the extremely rudimentary furniture will pay the rent arrears.
Theoretically, Trotsky should not be so tight. For seven years in Vienna, he was a special correspondent for the Kiev Thought newspaper, and he was also a contributing writer for six newspapers in Russia, Germany and Belgium. For newspaper publishers, his pen name Andit Otto is a golden sign, a guarantee of circulation.
The income from the manuscript fee was enough to make the life of the Trotsky family beyond the Vienna middle class. Life was so hard because Trotsky invested the money he had earned from the newspaper in another newspaper, his own newspaper, Pravda. Running a newspaper of his own was Trotsky's need to occupy the position of public opinion. In the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party at that time, he was a third way outside the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. He wants to use infectious words to influence ordinary workers in the country.
Pravda was founded in October 1908 and printed in Vienna, but its readers were in Russia, and in between was censorship by the Tsarist government. This wall is insurmountable. Pravda, which piled up in the port of Odessa, explains why Trotsky, the editor-in-chief, was poor. More importantly, the editor-in-chief, who had hoped to use Pravda to reconcile Lenin and Martov, found himself a target for both factions. The disorderly publication cycle shows how outdated the newspaper is, weekly, monthly, quarterly. In April 1912, Trotsky's Pravda ceased publication. Meanwhile, another newspaper, Pravda, was launched in St. Petersburg, and its editor-in-chief was Joseph Jugaszvili, who was invisible. Dzugashvili's Pravda is the "Pravda" in the history of the United Communist Party, and Trotsky's Pravda can only be called The Vienna Pravda. The man who stripped Trotsky of the honor of being the founding editor-in-chief of Pravda later stole much more from him.
Frustrated for a while, Trotsky boarded a train bound for Belgrade in October 1912, the same month that Joseph Broz arrived in Vienna. He will cover the First Balkan War as a military correspondent for the Kiev Thought newspaper.
The Balkan wars had some effect on Trotsky's personal life. Serbia's expansion in the war caused uneasiness in austria and Hungary, and the hostility between the two countries made the war inevitable. On July 28, 1914, World War I broke out. The streets of Vienna were covered with "extermination of Serbs," while Trotsky's youngest son, Seryosha, was chanting "Long live the Serbs" on the lawn in front of his house. The son's side does not represent the father's position, and the most difficult political spectrum for the father to see is Slavism. But the Austrians, whose national sentiment had reached a boiling point, did not care about this, and the wave of expulsion of Russian immigrants began. A week after the outbreak of the war, the Trotsky family hurriedly bid farewell to Vienna and passed through Zurich to Paris.
In Trotsky's biography written by Isaac Doycher, the seven years of the master's stay in Vienna are defined as chapters of "no political achievements." But high-profile political socialization is a highlight of the chapter "No Political Achievements."
At the home of Kautsky, a young old man in Berlin, Trotsky became acquainted with Rudolf Hilfatin, the author of Finance Capital, who later served as Minister of Finance of the Weimar Republic. Hilfertin marketed Trotsky to friends in Vienna, a group of left-wing politicians, including Carl Renner, who served as Chancellor of Austria after World War I, and Otto Powell, who was foreign minister of the government.
Trotsky met with future Prime Ministers and Ministers, preferably at the Vienna Central Café. He couldn't resist the temptation of coffee, and he couldn't give up his fascination with chess. After listening intently and with bewilderment to the sermons of his Viennese friends, Trotsky would always invite them to a game of chess, combing through the chaotic thoughts on a black-and-white 64-grid chessboard. His chess friends quickly outperformed political circles, and many of the cultural people who spent their time in the central café often came together and humiliated themselves in front of the wide-headed Russians. Trotsky was Kasparov of the Central Café, and his defeated generals gathered the most literate local writers: Schnitzler, Karl Klaus, and Altenberg. Many years later, when Carl Klaus saw in the newspapers the news of the October Revolution and the photographs of its leaders, he exclaimed, "Who would have thought that Mr. Bronstein had done this!" ”
Mr. Brownstein played a very big game of chess, a game that changed the course of history in the 20th century. Perhaps, when playing chess, he was still anxious about his inaction.
Third, mediocre, the most outstanding mediocre
In 1913, around the end of January, during a break in interviews on the Balkan wars, Trotsky made a brief return to Vienna. One day he met with Skobelev, a member of the Mensheviks, at the old Bolshevik Troyanovsky house, an apartment building at 30 Castle Street at Schönbrunn Palace. Trotsky and Skobelev, who had worked together on the editorial board of Pravda, had fond memories in common, and the warm scene of their conversation in the pantry was almost picturesque.
Suddenly, a short, gray-faced, haggard stranger with a numb face broke into the painting. An important detail, the numb-faced stranger did not knock on the door before entering the pantry. This surprised Trotsky. Keenly aware of Trotsky's astonishment, he paused at the door, his throat making an unpleasant sound. Then, with an empty cup in his hand, he walked to the cooking table, picked up the teapot and filled the cup with water, and walked out without saying a word.
Skobelev told Trotsky that this man was his Caucasian fellow, who had just come from Krakow and lived in the Troyanovsky house, whose name was Joseph Zhugashvili. Yes, it was Jugarshvili, the founding editor of Pravda in the history of the United Communist Party.
Before Dzhugashvili left for Vienna, he published an article criticizing Trotsky in the Social-Democrat newspaper, describing the object of his criticism as "a vain Hercules who loves to quarrel and love to shout". At the end of the article, Dzhugashvili signed "Stalin" for the first time. From then on, Dzhugashvili became Stalin.
This exchange without dialogue was the first official meeting between Stalin and Trotsky. For the next dozen years, two peers will co-star in a rivalry scene within the party. In 1939, a year before Trotsky was sent by Stalin's Assassin Ramon Mercad to chop his head with an ice axe, Trotsky first revealed in his memoirs his encounter with Stalin at Troyanovsky's house. He was impressed by the chilling feeling that Stalin had left him at the time, the gloomy appearance of the Georgians, the hostile eyes and the throat sound that echoed like the sound of a log cabin in the wasteland, reproduced in his memory until death.
Little did Trotsky know that Vienna in 1913 was not the first time the two had met, at least not Stalin's first meeting with Trotsky.
Six years earlier in Vienna, in May 1907, the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held in London. At the London Conference, Trotsky preached for the first time the theory of permanent revolution as a hero of the square. Trotsky's empty-eyed and tongue-in-cheek posture was seen by a Georgian representative outside the main seat. He was Dzhugashvili, who was not yet called Stalin. When Trotsky denounced the workers' fighting squad for populist terrorism, the gloomy hemp face of the Georgian flashed with imperceptible anger, and he was Lenin's favorite captain. Dzugashvili did not participate in the discussion of the combat brigade, and it was Lenin who appeared on behalf of the Bolsheviks, but he silently and firmly remembered Trotsky and defined Trotsky in his private report: flashy.
Trotsky also defined Stalin as the most outstanding mediocre.
Stalin was Trotsky's perfect counter-version. God blessed Trotsky with boundless intellect and extraordinary charm, and with an empty end. Stalin, on the other hand, was so talented and bored that he could get what he wanted. It turned out that Stalin was the man who crushed an era with his personal strength, and the source of strength was his distinct goal-oriented personality. From the son of a shoemaker and a student of the Theological Seminary in Tbilisi, to the father of the peoples and the master of the Kremlin, he has always been consistent.
From left to right: Stalin, Lenin and Kalinin (1919)
If Dzhugashvili in 1907 was still ivan an insignificant passer-by in the party, Stalin in 1913 had entered the center of power. During this period of six years, Lenin struggled against all the opposition in the Party and urgently needed to strengthen his alliance. Stalin, on the other hand, was his good student, a good assistant, a calculus formula derived by him as an axiom.
Whether agreed or not, the unconditional implementation of Lenin's instructions throughout the clock is the most outstanding feature of the mediocre.
Before going to Vienna, Stalin went to Krakow, where Lenin summoned him. Or rather, Vienna is an additional question to go to Krakow, because going to Vienna is exactly what Lenin gave him instructions in Krakow.
In Krakow, the days spent with Lenin gave Stalin a taste of the sweetness of following Lenin. He was a guest of Honor at Lenin's house, and in order for him to come over for dinner every day, Krupskaya specially prepared his favorite pre-dinner beer for him. Lenin had the knack for making his subordinates feel at ease and comfortable, and when the other side had relaxed, he gave the task: the miraculous Georgian, put aside what he was doing for a moment, and write a long article on the national question.
Stalin came to Vienna in late January 1913 with a fake passport given to him by Lenin, which contained the false name Stavros Papasopoulos. The names of the Greeks, the attire of the Russians, the exactly Caucasian appearance, were so obviously out of place that they were strangely ignored by the border guards.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire had long been maddened by its kaleidoscopic nation, and the languages allowed in the empire were as high as ten, so the parliament simply abolished the interpreters, and the parliamentarians communicated directly with body language, and the highest form of communication was fighting. For Stalin, who devoted himself to the study of nationalities, was there a sparrow more suitable for dissection than the Austro-Hungarian Empire? His wooden suitcase was filled with books and materials about sparrows.
Stalin's residence in Vienna, the Troyanovsky home, was chosen by Lenin for him. When he was ushered into the room on the ground floor by the nanny, he found that the owner had prepared a desk and a sofa for him to sit on. Enough is enough. Moreover, Troyanovsky's house was close to the Vienna Library, where the collection of books was far from comparable to that of Krakow.
In order to accomplish one thing, Stalin's state would quickly switch to Puritan mode. During his more than 20 days in Vienna, his routine was tiresome, like a kind of rhythmic copying and pasting. In the morning, I went to the library and returned to my apartment in the afternoon to write. In the evening, he would take a break and look out the window to enjoy the nearby streetscape. The setting sun casts over the snow-capped castle street, giving the pavement a dull golden color. Stalin was not a man of imagination, but he had a strong sense of prosperity falling into ruins and falling into silence. The scene in front of us is like the Austro-Hungarian Empire, everyone understands that it is only one step away from the wind and rain, but no one knows how to adjust the clock of history.
Schönbrunn Palace is not far away, and the old emperor Franz Joseph lives in it. After the loss of his beloved son and wife, the owner of Schönbrunn Palace claimed to be a "lonely soul who could not find a home". The lone soul interacted with his subjects in a strange way, and every morning when he rode to the Hofburg Palace in a carriage, the crowd of onlookers at the gate of Schönbrunn Palace was in a commotion. Stalin, who went to the library, occasionally cats in the crowd. The people on the carriage knew in their hearts that the greater excitement was actually waiting for the day when he suddenly left the palace. The old emperor was proud of his discovery, and a mischievous smile appeared on his face, and a round smoke ring spat out from the snow-white bushes. By this time, he had reigned for 65 years, and he had made himself a legend, and a joke. Every decree he gave in German at the Hofburg Palace was translated into nine other imperial Chinese, including the Russian language common to Troyanovsky's family. Incredibly, nine foreign languages, the old emperor can actually master.
As soon as the national question was touched upon, Stalin's mind returned to the main topic. It's time to work. He was going to continue writing his long essay, entitled "The National Question and Social Democracy." This is the same essay as the Austrian Social-Democrat Otto Powell, the one who played chess with Trotsky at the Central Café. Stalin's compositions are aimed at Powell and his Austrian Social-Democratic Party as critical objects. In order to reach a compromise with Franz Joseph, the Austrian Social Democratic Party abandoned the principle of unity and split the grass-roots party organizations according to different nationalities. The problem was that Powell did not have the language talent of the old emperor.
Stalin's work was efficient, and when he met Trotsky, he framed the article, and by mid-February 1913 he had completed the first draft of the article. He boarded the train back to Russia.
From going to Krakow at the end of December 1912 to meeting Lenin, to returning to Russia in mid-February 1913, Stalin's longest experience of living abroad was Stalin's longest experience. His "National Question and Social Democracy", which he wrote in Vienna for more than 20 days, was soon published in three issues by the Petersburg magazine Enlightenment, but the author himself could not see the mimeograph magazine for the first time.
Less than a week after stalin returned to St. Petersburg, he was arrested at a ball commemorating International Women's Day. He was exiled to Siberia, no more, no less, for four full years. This was stalin's longest and last loss of freedom.
Fourth, the struggle against all decadent art
During his time in Vienna, on several occasions, in order to reward Stalin, who had worked hard to write a book, the Troyanovskys would invite him to take a walk in schönbrunn Palace Park. In front of the walking adults, is the running pet Galina, the landlord's six-year-old daughter. Stalin loved the child so much that she reminded him of her son Yakov, who was far away in Georgia. Whenever Stalin promised Galina "Caucasian green chocolate", the little girl always rejected it uninterestingly. Yes, the sound coming from deep in the throat of caucasians is too harsh.
The embarrassed Stalin did not know that around the same time, the unsuccessful art test taker Adolf Hitler was also frequenting Schönbrunn Palace Park, looking for inspiration for his new work "Arc de Triomphe". Hitler, who walked around Schönbrunn Palace Park, looked like this: medium height, skinny, sad face, ice blue eyes, second-hand black tweed coat, and occasionally a few dry coughs.
It was a stereotype of his appearance over the past five years of life in Vienna, which he called "the most tragic moment" and, of course, the "most comprehensive school".
Perhaps Stalin had passed Hitler by, or perhaps not at all. There is no evidence to prove the former low probability event. Even if two great passers-by did have a quick glimpse of Schönbrunn Palace Park, they would not leave the slightest trace in their memories filled with grand narratives. This is the third category of cognition, which they don't know what they don't know.
Stalin and Hitler really began to calculate and ponder each other as heavyweight opponents until Hitler came to power 20 years later. Going back 20 years, Hitler pondered: What a great loss to the world if I failed to pass the Academy of Fine Arts. Perhaps, fate has destined me to do something else?
Fate was destined for Hitler to do something else, so he set up hellish obstacles in his pursuit of art.
In October 1907, the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts published the list. For Hitler, a failed candidate from Linz, the school has only a few comments: Adolf Hitler, born on April 20, 1889, Catholic. The re-examination paintings are mediocre, have no human figures, lack of creativity, and do not pass the grades, and will not be admitted.
This was Hitler's second visit to Vienna, his first admission to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts.
After losing the first battle, Hitler returned to his hometown to accompany his mother, Clara Hitler, who was suffering from breast cancer, on his last journey. Clara hopes that her baby son will have a stable career and get ahead. If she had taken a long time off, she would have found that her wish had been half fulfilled, and Hitler had come out on top, but his work was never stable, whether in art or politics.
In February 1908, Hitler came to Vienna for the third time and prepared for the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts for the second time. His friend Kubizek walked with him. Hitler had both good hopes for friendship and the future: he was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts, and Kubizek was admitted to the Conservatory. Halfway through his wish, Kubizek entered the Conservatory without even getting his admission to the Academy of Fine Arts.
In the years that followed, Hitler had a miserable life. His mother left him little money and he had to move out of the house he had rented in Stonepagas. Because Kubizek returned home to treat an eye disease, Hitler did not leave the new address to the landlord, Mrs. Chakrez, and the two disappeared. But even if Hitler left a new address, it would not help, because soon he would be moving again, and the new address would become more and more personal, low-class inns, cafes, parks, under the porches, on lounge chairs. Artists always have to wander, and Hitler's misfortune is that he has not yet become an artist, but has become a professional tramp.
It was not until February 1910, when the Homeless House in Mannerheim housed Hitler, that he ended his wandering career. Located on the banks of the Danube River, Mannerheim was the second largest Jewish ghetto in Vienna, where Hitler lived for three years and three months.
Despite the hardships of life, Hitler was not dead to the muse. After settling down in the Homeless House, he had the idea of applying for the Academy of Fine Arts for the third time. He approached Professor Chell of the Hof Museum and asked the professor for help in recommending him to the Academy of Fine Arts. The professor looked at the study he had brought and said: From an architectural point of view, it is a bunch of accurate drawings, but as a painting I was not impressed.
Many of Hitler's works, especially architectural paintings, are very good, but lack artistry. In terms of technique, he was more of an engineer than an artist. What a painful realization. It is often said that the Fuehrer was a painter delayed by politics, but in fact he was an architect or urban planner who was delayed by painting. Entering the School of Architecture was Hitler's original dream. It required a high school diploma, but he didn't.
Hitler, who was beaten by Professor Cher, tended to be calm. He did two pragmatic things: first, he began to sell paintings, fist products or architectural paintings, Minnokot Church, Vienna Opera Corner, Triumphal Arch and so on. The paintings were either printed on postcards or sold directly for a good price through the dealer Jacob Aldenberg; second, after settling down to feed himself, he became interested in politics, and the dormitory on the third floor of the Homeless House was the stage for his speeches. The more he talks about politics, the more people will come to listen to him. It turned out that the speech was God's reward for his meal. Later, the stage of his speech extended beyond Vienna and beyond austria-Hungary, and all the German mediocre people became his audience.
Politics also gave him a perspective that looked beyond art. Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, why did I fail so many times? The examiners had long been captured by Klimt and Schiller's apprentices! Erotic, glamorous, depraved, decadent modernism is eroding the healthy body of art. Classicism was not applauded, but separatist painting exhibitions were in full swing. Viennese art has gone off track because the city is full of exotic flavors. German became a vulnerable people in the ubiquitous Czech, Romanian, Magyar, Slavic and Yiddish languages.
Hitler, who returned to His senses, stood at the level of a savior and reflected on his personal encounters. Who is it that makes him unhappy? Oh, and mostly the hateful Jews. Klimt and Schiller's apprentices are both Jewish, Mahler, who only makes noise, is Jewish, Hewich, who cries out "freedom for art", Dr. Bullock, who fails to save his mother, is Jewish, Aldenberg, the dealer who exploited him, is Jewish, Mrs. Chakrés, who urges him to pay his rent all day, is jewish... Qi lived. Later, Hitler would carry out a genocide against the Jews to dispel his frustrations in the artistic path of his early years. Klimt and Schiller were relatively lucky, Hitler did not have a chance to clean them up, and the Spanish flu of 1918 took them away.
Hitler in World War I (first from left)
From frustrated art examinees to excited speakers, Hitler made a magnificent and terrifying transformation. The pluralistic cosmopolitan city of Vienna could not tolerate him. Not long after admiring the Arc de Triomphe in Schönbrunn Park, in May 1913 Hitler left the Homeless House in Mannerheim carrying a bulging broken pocket. His next stop was Munich, a truly German and non-Austro-Hungarian city. A year later, he joined the army on his own initiative and went to the Western Front as a soldier of the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment of the German Army. Pandora's box was opened.
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The satirist Carl Klaus said that Berlin is serious but not desperate, and Vienna is desperate but not serious. In Vienna at the beginning of 1913, there was a wave of freedom that knew that great trouble was coming, but let it go. The old emperor Franz Joseph's superhuman tenacity in life exacerbated this unserious attitude in despair. His nephew, Franz Ferdinand, who had been crown prince in 1889, waited a quarter of a century, but could not wait for the day he would take the throne, but waited for the muzzle of the Principe black hole. His encounter is more like an apocalyptic farce.
Vienna is the breeding ground for this banter. People here, whether locals or foreign careerists, adventurers or players, use this place as a stage to practice here in public. Tito, Hitler, Stalin and Trotsky, whose stories are also part of vienna's collective mythology. You can simulate and extrapolate their meeting point on stage, true or false, if there is none: Trotsky and Stalin meet unexpectedly at Troyanovsky's house, Stalin and Hitler pass by in Schönbrunn Palace Park, Tito drives Mercedes through the door of the Central Café, and inside the café Trotsky is humiliating Karl Klaus with a royal car transposition... If you believe in the contingencies of history, you can take myths as facts, after all, they did share the stage.
When the energetic free electrons leave Vienna, even more wonderful and cruel stories will be staged. World War I was the driving force behind the new story, destroying the Austro-Hungarian Empire as well as the Russian Empire, austria-Hungary's rival. Hitler, a citizen of austria-Hungary, established rule in Germany and made enemies of three others; Tito, another citizen of Austria-Hungary, had a new homeland, Yugoslavia, a prisoner, hero and ruler, who made enemies of Hitler, took Stalin as a teacher and then turned against him, and Trotsky, based on his taboo name; Trotsky and Stalin joined forces to create the Soviet Union, but soon became an enemy of the gods. In the end, Stalin eliminated his former enemy Hitler, and also destroyed his former comrade-in-arms Trotsky, and also expelled the vengeful Tito, and took it all in one shot.
Luckily, tito, who was expelled, lived 27 more years than Stalin. In his later years, he tasted fine wine and cigars in the palace on the island of Brijuni, reminiscing about the happy times in Vienna.
bibliography:
The Biography of Tito, by Phyllis Oti, Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, September 1979
Tito's Self-Description, edited by Damjanovich et al., Xinhua Publishing House, October 1984
Hitler's Biography: From Beggar to Führer, by John Tolan, International Cultural Publishing Company, November 2010
Hitler's Art Thief by Susan Ronald, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, October 2019
Trotsky's Autobiography: My Life, by Trotsky, Shanghai People's Publishing House, July 2014
The Prophet Trilogy, by Isaac Doycher, Central Compilation Press, January 1999
Biography of Stalin, by Robert Hsieh Weisi, Chinese Publishing House, February 2014
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Yesterday's World: Memories of a European, by Zweig, Triptych Books, March 1991
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"Open the Door of the Cafe", Zhang Yao, Oriental Publishing Center, April 1999 edition
Editor-in-Charge: Zang Jixian
Proofreader: Liu Wei