"Ancient capital of China" refers to the ancient capital city adopted by the Ancient Capital Society of China and recognized by domestic historians. The eight ancient capitals of China include Eight cities of Luoyang, Xi'an, Nanjing, Beijing, Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Anyang and Zhengzhou, of which Xi'an, Luoyang, Nanjing and Beijing are known as the four ancient capitals of China.
Pilgrimage
The nine volumes of the "Notes on the Water Classic" say: The Mountains and Seas Sutra has a mountain of songs, which is named after it. It was the capital of the four dynasties of the Shang Dynasty and the capital of the Wei state in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the former capital of the two dynasties. In the era of the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese capital Chaoge was very prosperous, and the history records that "the song of the song is fifty miles at night, and the eight hundred princes are chaoling mountain". King Wu daisy, king Yu of Muye after the defeat of the army, the soldiers withdrew to Luyi and died. After King Wu keshang, the soldiers arrived at Chaoge and moved Jiuding to Chaoge.
Pickaxe Kyo
In the northwest of Chang'an District, present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi, it was the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, also known as Xidu and Zongzhou, and after King Wu of Zhou ascended the throne, he moved from Feng to the capital Ofhojing, and the poem "Shi Daya Wen Wang Yousheng" has: "King Kaobwei, the mansion is Hojing." ”
Xianyang
Located in the hinterland of the Qinchuan River in Shaanxi Province, weishui runs through the south, the mountains are in the north, and the mountains and rivers are yang, so it is called Xianyang. In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified China, set up counties and counties, and set up internal history in Gyeonggi around Xianyang, and ruled over the counties of Guanzhong.
Changan
Sheng Tang Chang'an, with a circumference of 35.56 kilometers and an area of about 84 square kilometers, is 9.7 times the area within the current Xi'an City Wall, 2.4 times that of Han Chang'an City, 1.8 times that of Sui and Tang Luoyang City, 1.7 times that of Yuan Dadu, 1.9 times that of Ming Nanjing City, 1.4 times that of Ming and Qing Beijing City, 7 times that of Constantinople repaired in 447 AD, and 6 times that of Baghdad repaired in 800 AD. 2 times, 7 times the ancient Roman city. The world's first city with a population of one million.
Luoyang
One of the four ancient capitals of China, the ancient capital of the Thirteen Dynasties, with a history of more than 1500 years, it is the earliest city in The history of China, the city with the most dynasties and the longest duration. Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, or theology either originate here, or be first transmitted here, or be greater than this. Since ancient times, Luoyang has the saying of "eight passes and capitals, surrounded by mountains on eight sides, and five waters around The city of Luocheng", so it has the name of "the arch of the rivers and mountains, the shape is better than the world", "the world is in the middle of the world, the ten provinces are through the Qu", "there is no two places under the whole world, and there is no one in the four seas".
Jiankang
After the destruction of Wu, the history of the city wall of Nanjing was created. The king of Chu Wei defeated the yue kingdom, and the stone mountain built a city to set up Jinlingyi. At the beginning of the establishment of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Jianguo, called Jianye, was the beginning of the establishment of the capital of Nanjing. Sima Rui built the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with Jiankang as the capital. The Southern Dynasty Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen successively set the capital Jiankang. In 937, Nanjing became the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty, known as Jiangning Province. Zhu Yuanzhang called himself emperor and established the Ming Dynasty, with "Ying Tian" as "Nanjing".
Tokyo
In history, seven dynasties such as Wei, Liang, Jin, Han, Zhou, Song and Jin were founded here, and the history is called the ancient capital of the Seven Dynasties. In addition, the Liang Kingdom, the Later Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty during the Western Han Dynasty (now known as the Xia Dynasty, the Great Qi Dynasty and the Later Song Dynasty), also known as the ancient capital of the Ten Dynasties. In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty in Kaifeng City, after 9 emperors and 168 years, it was the most brilliant and dazzling period in the history of Kaifeng, with economic prosperity, rich in the world, a population of over one million, beautiful scenery, and magnificent momentum, not only the political, economic and cultural center of the country, but also one of the most prosperous metropolises in the world at that time. The history books even describe Kaifeng with "eight wildernesses contending, all countries salty".
mostly
Beijing had different titles in different dynasties: Ji, Youzhou, Youdu (Tang Dynasty), Nanjing (Five Dynasties), Yanshan (Northern Song Dynasty), Zhongdu, Daxing (Jin Dynasty), Dadu, Khan Bali, Beiping (Ming Hongwu First Year), Beijing (Ming Yongle First Year), Jingshi (Ming Yongle Eighteenth Year). In addition, there are: Jicheng, Yandu, Yanjing, Jingcheng, Khancheng, Wanping, Chang'an, Chunming, Nichixia, Dijing, Jingyi, Jingguo, Jinghua and so on.
Lin'an
The sound of music coming from the mouths of the craftsmen of the restaurants and teahouses, the laughter of the citizens, the tune of the silk and bamboo orchestra, and the sound of drinking with pain, spread to the deep palace and to the ears of Emperor Renzong. Emperor Renzong couldn't help but ask the palace people: Where is this for fun? When the palace people told him that this was a folk restaurant for fun, Renzong couldn't help but sigh that he was cold and cold in the palace, and envied the night market life outside the high wall... The emperor envied the nightlife of the ancient capital at that time, which was imaginable and prosperous.
Dunhuang
Dunhuang is famous for its former splendor and profound cultural connotations. Located on the Silk Road, the main transportation route of ancient China to the Western Regions, Central Asia and Europe, Dunhuang once had a prosperous commercial activity. Famous for its "Dunhuang Grottoes" and "Dunhuang Murals", it is the site of the World Heritage Mogao Grottoes and the Yumen Pass and Yangguan on the border of the Han Great Wall.
The eight ancient capitals accumulate years
1. Xi'an
Western Zhou: 1027 BC - 771 BC 256 years
Qin: 350 BC - 207 BC 143 years, Qin 350 BC moved
Western Han Dynasty: 202-9 BC 211 years
New: 9-23 years counted as 14 years
Emperor Gengshi of the Han Dynasty: 24-25 years counted as 1 year
Eastern Han Dynasty: 190-195 5 years
Western Jin Dynasty: 304-306 2 years
313-316 counts 3 years
Former Zhao: 319-328 9 years
Former Qin: 351-385 counted 34 years
Later Qin: 386-416 31 years
Western Wei: 534-556 22 years
Northern Zhou: 557-581 24 years
Sui: 581-619 Counted Chang'an as the capital for 23 years, Luoyang as the capital for 15 years
Tang: From 618 to 907, Chang'an was the capital for 223 years, Luoyang was the capital for 56 years (including 15 years of WuZhou), and another 10 years were taken refuge or patrolled outside the two capitals.
Total: 1001
2. Luoyang
Xia: 1938-1857 BC 81 YEARS
1589-1558 BC 31 years
Shang: 1558-1527 BC The capital of the Shang Dynasty was 31 years old
Western Zhou: 1020-771 BC 249 years
Eastern Zhou: 771-256 BC 515 years
Western Han Dynasty: 202 BC counts as 1 year
Emperor Gengshi of the Han Dynasty: 23-24 years counted as 1 year
Eastern Han Dynasty: 25-190 years counted as 165 years
Cao Wei: 221-265 years counted as 45 years
Western Jin Dynasty: 265-311 46 years
Northern Wei: 493-534 41 years
Sui: 604-619 counts 15 years
Wang Zheng: 619-621 counts 2 years
Tang: 618-907 Luoyang was the capital for 56 years (including 15 years of Wuzhou), Chang'an was the capital for 223 years, and another 10 years were taken refuge or patrolled outside the two capitals.
Dayan: 756-757 759-762 4 years
Rear beam: 909-913 4 years
Later Tang: 923-936 13 years
Later Jin: 936-937 counted as 1 year
Republic of China: 1932 counts as 1 year
Total: 1302
3. Beijing
Yan: 177, 403-226 BC
Former Yan: 7 years 350-357 years
King: 60 years, 1152-1160, 1162-1214
Yuan: 97, 1271-1368
Ming: 223, 1421-1644
Qing: 268, 1644-1912
Republic of China: 17 years, 1912-1928
People's Republic of China: 1949-present, 72 years
Total: 921
4. Open
Xia: 1847-1622 BC Emperor Zhu to Emperor Zhao, 225 years
Warring States Wei: 364-225 BC 139 years
Rear beam: 907-909 913-923 12 years
Later Jin: 937-947 10 years
Later Han: 947-951 counted as 4 years
Later week: 951-960 9 years
Northern Song Dynasty: 960-1127 167 years
Daqi: 1232-1237 counts 5 years
Gold: 1161, 1214-1234 counted 20 years
Han Song: 1358-1359 1 year
Total: 592 years
5. Nanjing
Eastern Wu: 229-280 49 265-267 moved to the capital Wuchang 2 years
Eastern Jin Dynasty: 317-420 103
Southern Dynasty: 420-589 167 552-554 Moved to the capital Gangneung for 2 years.
Southern Tang: 937-976 39 years
Southern Song Dynasty: 1129-1138 9 years
Ming: 1368-1421 53 years
Nanming: 1644-1645 1 year
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: 1853-1864 11 years
Republic of China: 1927-1937, 1946-1949 13 years
Total: 445 years
6． Hangzhou
Wu Yue: 907-978, 71 years
Southern Song Dynasty: 1138-1276 138 years
Total: 209
7． Anyang
Xia: 1622 BC - 1589 BC, Emperor Yinjia to Emperor Fa, counting 33 years
Zhongshang: The Capital of the Emperor River, 30 years
Late Shang: 1300-1027 BC 273 years
Later Zhao: 335-350 years counted as 15 years
Ran Wei: 350-352 years
Former Yan: 357-370 years counted as 13 years
Eastern Wei: 534-550 16 years
Northern Qi: 550-577, 27 years
Total: 409 years
8． Zhengzhou
Early summer: 1969-1957 12 BC
1954-1938 BC 16 years
Emperor Yu and Emperor Qi, Fan 28 years
Hayasho: 1527-1377, 150
Zhongshang: 1377-1347 BC Kuidu, 30 years
Zheng: 403-375 BC, 28 years
Han: 375-230 BC, 145 years
Total: 381 years
Shangqiu Ancient City
From the beginning of China's first dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, to the People's Republic of China, there were 220 cities in Chinese history as capital cities. The more famous ones are the eight ancient capitals and Shangqiu, Datong, Dali, Jiangling, Yinchuan, Lhasa, Chengdu, etc. Among these ancient capitals, several issues that are more hotly debated are: the length of time of the establishment of the capital, the time of the establishment of the capital, and the number of dynasties of the capital. At present, there are many opinions, there are many answers in the media, and historians have different arguments.
1． Let's talk about the length of time it took to build the capital
The three ancient capitals with the longest capital are undoubtedly Luoyang, Xi'an, Beijing. The 906 year of the founding of the capital of Beijing is accurate, and the time of the construction of the capital of Xi'an and Luoyang is inconclusive, mainly because of the three dynasties of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, if calculated according to the Bamboo Book Chronicle of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, luoyang jiandu should be more than 1300 years, and Xi'an is 1001 years. However, the authenticity of the book is more controversial in the field of historiography. There should have been two capitals in the Western Zhou Dynasty, namely Xi'an and Luoyang, which has been proved by modern archaeology, and the Jin text of the Western Zhou Dynasty clearly records that King Wu placed the Jiuding, which symbolized kingship, in Luoyang, and moved east to Luoyang (1020 BC) in the fifth year of his reign. And Luoyang placed the eighth division of the army, the pickaxe capital placed the sixth division, the King of Zhou Mu traveled around the world is also from the Luoyang Royal City, Luoyang built the Ming Hall, the Temple, indicating that Luoyang was not only the political center at that time, but also the country's ceremonial sacrifice center and military center. The Shang Dynasty moved the capital to five places successively, but the main three were Xi Bo, Bo and Yin, and xi bo was now Luoyang Yanshi Shangcheng, which is consistent with the records of the Bamboo Secretary Year. The Xia Dynasty also moved the capital many times, Luoyang occupies an important position, second only to another capital city, Kaifeng, because Kaifeng was flooded by the Yellow River many times, the groundwater level is too high, it is still a blind spot in the field of archaeology, but we can not deny its history as a capital, in fact, only the Xia Dynasty according to the bamboo book chronicle records 225 years, the Northern Song Dynasty is also as long as 167 years. The site of Erlitou, the capital of luoyang xia dynasty, has been confirmed by archaeology. Therefore, Sima Qian's statement that the three generations of capitals were all between Heluo is not unreasonable, and the content recorded in the Bamboo Book is also credible.
2. Morning and evening of the construction of the capital
According to the comprehensive view of modern archaeological achievements and ancient records: the ruins of Dengfeng Wangchenggang in Zhengzhou, that is, Xiadu Yangcheng, are the earliest capital cities in China, followed by the Xiadu Erlitou site of Luoyang Yanshi. However, anyang is generally regarded as the earliest ancient capital of China in foreign countries, because it has been confirmed by the excavation of oracle bones.
3. The number of dynasties in the capital
Generally speaking, only the three ancient capitals of Nanjing, Luoyang, and Xi'an claim to be the ancient capitals of China's dynasties with the most capitals, in fact, they can be compared by the following:
Luoyang: Emperor Zhao, Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Western Han (Gao Zuchu), Emperor Gengshi, Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms Period Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei (only moved from Datong in 493), Sui, Tang, Zheng, Dayan, Later Liang, Later Jin (Gao Zuchu), And Later Tang all used Luoyang as the capital, and the Republic of China once moved its capital here, called Xingdu. The Wagang army also took it as its capital, but for a very short time, the Western Han, Xin, Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, Northern Song, and Jin Dynasty also used Luoyang as the capital.
Xi'an: Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Xin, Gengshi Emperor, Eastern Han (Emperor Xian), Western Jin (Emperor Huan), Former Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, tang built the capital here, and was also the capital of the peasant revolt regimes such as Chimei, Lulin, Daqi (Huangchao), and Dashun (Li Zicheng), but for a very short time.
Nanjing: Nanjing is the capital of eastern Wu, Eastern Jin, Southern Dynasty (Song, Qi, Liang, Chen Four Dynasties), Yang Wu, Southern Tang, Southern Song Dynasty, Southern Ming, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and Republic of China.
To be clear:
1. During the Five Emperors period, the Xia Shang Western Wednesday Dynasty should not be recorded;
2. Xianyang, the capital of Qin, should not be counted as Xi'an, nor should Yangzhou, the capital of Yang Wu, be counted as Nanjing;
3. Emperor Gengshi, Xin Mang, and Wu Zhou should not be regarded as dynasties, and the time of less than two years is not counted;
4. Except for the Taiping Heavenly Domain, other peasant revolt regimes did not act as dynasties due to their short age;
According to this standard: Luoyang is the ancient capital of the 11 dynasties, Xi'an is the ancient capital of the 10 dynasties, and Nanjing is the ancient capital of the 11 dynasties.