Nanjing is known as the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, and these six dynasties refer to the State of Wu and the Eastern Jin Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, plus the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen Dynasties of the Southern Dynasties during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, all of which were fixed in Nanjing. In addition to the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, Nanjing has many aliases: Jinling, Moling, Stone City, Jianye, Jiankang, Taicheng and so on.
During the Warring States period, the king of Chu Wei wanted to rely on the Yangtze River Graben to plot the world, so he began to build a city here, named Jinlingyi, which is the origin of the ancient name of Nanjing Jinling. When Qin Shi Huang was passing by here on his tour, the accompanying warlocks looked at Guan Tianxiang and told him: Jinling has a royal spirit, which makes Qin Shi Huang very unhappy, so he changed Jinling to Mo Ling, "Mo" means forage, Qin Shi Huang belittled that this place is only worthy of a horse ranch, and chiseled mountains and water to vent the king's qi.
Sun Quan claimed the title of empress, and Eastern Wu built the capital here, and Sun Quan changed the name "Moling" to "Jianye", which means "to establish the imperial merits". Sun Quan vigorously developed production and made important contributions to the development of the Jiangnan region, and Jianye, as the political, economic, cultural and military center of Eastern Wu, made great progress.
Sun Quan built Stone City as a military fortress in Qingliangshan, Zhongshan Longpan, Shicheng Tiger Ju, and after the Civil War, Stone City has always been a place of contention for soldiers, and the last main battlefield of the Western Jin Dynasty to destroy Wu is here.
The Tang Dynasty poet Liu Yuxi's "XisaiShan Huaigu" describes this incident:
Wang Maolou shiped down to Yizhou, and the Jinling King's qi was eclipsed.
The Chihiro Iron Cable sinks to the bottom of the river, and a piece of stone descends...
Stone City, which is still standing today
The Western Jin dynasty general Wang Mao drove a warship down the Yangtze River from Yizhou, intent on destroying Wu, and the Wu lord Sun Hao (Sun Quan's grandson) thought that by virtue of the natural danger of the Yangtze River, he could intercept the enemy with iron cables, but as a result, the Western Jin Dynasty cut the iron cables and captured the capital, and Sun Hao could only go out of the city with a white flag and surrender.
After the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, it changed "Jianye" to "Jianye".
After destroying Shu and swallowing Wu, the Western Jin Dynasty ended the situation of division since the end of the Han Dynasty and achieved unification. However, the situation of peace and stability did not last for several years, the Western Jin Dynasty due to the rebellion of the Eight Kings, the rapid decline of national strength, the inward migration of the various nationalities took the opportunity to raise troops to rebel, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Qiang, And Ji are the five larger Hu tribes, the Hu people established dozens of countries, sixteen of which are relatively long-standing, relatively large influence countries, five Hu sixteen countries incessantly fighting. The Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by former Zhao, founded by the Xiongnu, and the north entered a chaotic period of Wuhu Chaohua.
In order to escape the chaos of war, the imperial family, the warriors, and the people of the Yellow River Basin of the Jin Dynasty entered the stable Yangtze River Basin, known in history as the southern crossing of the Yiguan, and China entered the stage of division and confrontation between the north and the south. After Sima Rui, the king of Langya, crossed to the south, with the support of the Jin Dynasty clan and the Southern and Northern Shi clans, he also chose to build the capital in Nanjing, and changed "Jianye" to "Jiankang", and the subsequent Southern Dynasty has always used this name and has always regarded Jiankang as the capital. Both the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty built the central government and imperial palace in Taicheng (the former site was on the shore of present-day Xuanwu Lake), and Taicheng became one of the other names for Nanjing.
The southern crossing of the crown not only enabled the Han people to preserve the Zhengshuo of Chinese civilization in Nanjing, but also brought further development to the economy and culture of Jiangnan.
Dressed in crowns to cross the south
In the south of Nanjing, there is a place called Xinting, where people from Nandu often gather, and they sigh while lamenting that "the scenery here is the same as that of the hometown, but our hometown has been trampled by the iron hooves of foreign races, when will we be able to return to our hometown?", while weeping, the prime minister Wang Dao said: "When the royal family of Gongxunli, Kefu Shenzhou, how to be a Prisoner of Chu"! Call on everyone to go back to their hometown.
The fall of the Central Plains made it always their mission to carry out the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains and recover their homeland. Zu Ti, who heard the chicken dancing and struck the middle stream, was an outstanding representative of it, but due to the internal struggle for power and profit in the Jin Dynasty and the each with its own concerns, Zu Ti's Northern Expedition was under the constraints of everywhere and failed.
In 383, Former Qin raised troops from all over the country and launched a war against the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Battle of Shuishui was a life-and-death battle of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it was also a famous historical example of a battle in which the weak won more than the weak, and the Battle of Shuishui ended with a great victory for the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The victory in the Battle of Shuishui effectively curbed the invasion of the ethnic minorities in the north from the south, and created conditions for the social and economic recovery and development of the Jiangnan region, especially the continuation and development of the Central Plains culture that was exiled to the south.
The Battle of Shuishui also made commander Xie An show his personal charm. When the triumphant news of victory came, Xie An pressed the ecstasy in his heart, and understated a sentence that "the children have been broken thieves" once again interpreted Wei Jin's demeanor to the extreme. Obediently, this is a great victory for 80,000 people to beat millions of people to the ground!
In 420, Liu Yu, a powerful minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, forced the Jin Dynasty to take the throne and establish the Liu Song Dynasty, and history entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. The Southern Dynasty lasted through the four dynasties of Liu Song, Xiao Qi, Xiao Liang, and Southern Chen, all of which were founded by the Han Chinese for a total of 169 years. The Southern Dynasty inherited the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Lower Qi Sui Dynasty, because of the Zhengshuo of Huaxia, it has always been regarded as an orthodox dynasty.
Liu Yuxiong was able to roughly plan, two Northern Expeditions, destroying southern Yan, breaking Northern Wei, and later Qin, recovering a lot of lost land, the Song Dynasty is the longest existing dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, nearly 60 years, and it is also the largest one in the territory, south over Jiaotong, West Bao Sword Pavilion, north of the Yellow River, and around the East Sea, seven parts of the world and four. Xin Qijie praised him as "an iron horse, swallowing like a tiger." "
Portrait of Liu Yu
Xiao Daocheng was really forced to usurp the Song Dynasty. Xiao Dao cost is the old emperor's orphan minister, but the little emperor Liu Yu is not only cruel, it is simply perverted, Liu Yu is perverted, Liu Yu is obsessed with the law, he likes to abuse and kill people with his own hands, he carries needles, chisels, saws and other tools at any time, he cuts his stomach and hearts when he does not agree, kills dozens of people every day, and turns the government affairs hall into a slaughterhouse, as for the abuse and killing of ordinary people, there are countless things. Liu Yu died, played with Xiao Daocheng's body, and actually took Xiao Daocheng's navel eye as a target, and wanted to shoot Xiao Daocheng, how can such a scum assist? Xiao Daocheng eventually overthrew Liu Song and established the Xiao Qi Dynasty.
Xiao Daocheng learned the lessons of the Song Dynasty, treated people generously, and pursued frugality, but the descendants of later generations embarked on the old road of the Song Dynasty, killing each other, the monarchs were jealous, and the extravagance was extravagant. Xiao Baojuan, the Marquis of Dongxia, was absurd and cruel, and regarded the people as grass and mustard, the courtiers were almost killed by him, xiao Yi, the great hero of the counter-rebellion, was also poisoned by him, and Xiao Yi's younger brother Yongzhou stabbed Shi Xiaoyan, in a rage, and led his troops to attack Jiankang, ending Qi's rule. Xiao Qi enjoyed the country for only 24 years.
Xiao Yan lived a long life, being the emperor for nearly half a century, he worked hard in the first half of his life, and after hundreds of years of development in the Jiangnan region, he was already at its peak by the time of Liang, and the early Xiao Liang period was the most prosperous period of economic and cultural prosperity in the Southern Dynasty.
Portrait of Xiao Yan
Hou Jing's rebellion changed everything, Hou Jing was originally a rebel general of Eastern Wei, and the ministers knew something about his character and ambitions, and all opposed taking him in, but Xiao Yan had an obsession with recovering lost land, and wanted to borrow Hou Jing's strength to go north, but still insisted on taking him in. Hou Jing eventually launched an armed rebellion and invaded Jiankang, starving the elderly Liangwu emperor Xiao Yan alive in Taicheng.
Northern Qi took advantage of the chaos to seize the land north of the Xiaoliang River and the two banks of the Huai River, and Western Wei took the places of Bashu and Jingxiang, and within a few years, the land was lost two-thirds.
In the process of crusade and annihilation of Hou Jing, Chen Baxian gradually rose, and eventually, Chen Baxian established himself on behalf of Liang and established the Chen Dynasty. Due to the devastating damage of the Hou Jing Rebellion to the Southern Dynasty, when the Chen Dynasty was established, there was already a phenomenon of the Northern Dynasty turning stronger and the Southern Dynasty becoming weaker. The Chen Dynasty was the smallest in territory, controlling only the areas east of Jiangling, south of the Yangtze River, and north of Jiaotong. Chen Ba first resisted the invasion of Northern Qi, and the situation gradually improved, but after the lord Chen Shubao took the throne, he ignored political affairs and was busy writing "Flowers in the Backyard of the Jade Tree" and building a golden house of Tibetan Jiao, and was tired of women, and was eventually destroyed by the Sui Dynasty.
"Jiangnan Jialidi, Jinling Imperial Prefecture" Xiao Qi poet Xie Shuo wrote about the characteristics of Nanjing.
The Six Dynasties is an era of frequent political power struggles and changes, and it is also an era in which the fate of life is wandering and turning, the lessons of ruling the country, the feelings of rise and fall, the suffering of life, "the old affairs of the Six Dynasties flow with the flowing water", "the Six Dynasties are like dreams and birds crying", "the rise and fall of people, the mountains and rivers are empty terrain." The backyard flowers a song, the resentment is unbearable", the special history of the Six Dynasties has given Nanjing a unique temperament. Zhu Ziqing said: The peddlers and pawns in Nanjing all carry the smoke and water vapor of the Six Dynasties.
Among the four ancient capitals (Luoyang, Xi'an, Nanjing, and Beijing), Nanjing is the only city without a foreign regime. Whenever the Central Plains are occupied by foreign nationalities and the Han nation is about to suffer a catastrophe, due to the geographical location and the dangerous mountains and rivers, the Han people usually choose to retreat to Nanjing, recuperate and regroup in Nanjing, and use Nanjing as the base camp for the Jedi counterattack, so Nanjing is regarded as the rejuvenation of the Han nation. In history, Nanjing has suffered many disasters of war, but it has stubbornly reorganized the rivers and mountains again and again, making indelible contributions to the continuation, development and spread of Chinese civilization. Nanjing is an indomitable city, a city related to the sufferings and hardships of the nation, and has a special emotion and status in the hearts of the sons and daughters of China.
Author: Zhu Tangyu
Bibliography "Zizhi Tongjian", "The New Language of the World"